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Devasia AG, Shanmugham M, Ramasamy A, Bellanger S, Parry LJ, Leo CH. Therapeutic potential of relaxin or relaxin mimetics in managing cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 229:116507. [PMID: 39182735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an escalating global prevalence. Despite the abundance and relative efficacies of current therapeutic approaches, they primarily focus on attaining the intended glycaemic targets, but patients ultimately still suffer from various diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. There is a need to explore innovative and effective diabetic treatment strategies that not only address the condition itself but also combat its complications. One promising option is the reproductive hormone relaxin, an endogenous ligand of the RXFP1 receptor. Relaxin is known to exert beneficial actions on the cardiovascular system through its vasoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Nevertheless, the native relaxin peptide exhibits a short biological half-life, limiting its therapeutic potential. Recently, several relaxin mimetics and innovative delivery technologies have been developed to extend its biological half-life and efficacy. The current review provides a comprehensive landscape of the cardiovascular effects of relaxin, focusing on its potential therapeutic applications in managing complications associated with diabetes. The latest advancements in the development of relaxin mimetics and delivery methods for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun George Devasia
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Meyammai Shanmugham
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore; A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laura J Parry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Chacar S, Abdi A, Almansoori K, Alshamsi J, Al Hageh C, Zalloua P, Khraibi AA, Holt SG, Nader M. Role of CaMKII in diabetes induced vascular injury and its interaction with anti-diabetes therapy. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:369-382. [PMID: 38064002 PMCID: PMC10943158 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder denoted by chronic hyperglycemia that drives maladaptive structural changes and functional damage to the vasculature. Attenuation of this pathological remodeling of blood vessels remains an unmet target owing to paucity of information on the metabolic signatures of this process. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is expressed in the vasculature and is implicated in the control of blood vessels homeostasis. Recently, CaMKII has attracted a special attention in view of its chronic upregulated activity in diabetic tissues, yet its role in the diabetic vasculature remains under investigation.This review highlights the physiological and pathological actions of CaMKII in the diabetic vasculature, with focus on the control of the dialogue between endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Activation of CaMKII enhances EC and VSMC proliferation and migration, and increases the production of extracellular matrix which leads to maladaptive remodeling of vessels. This is manifested by activation of genes/proteins implicated in the control of the cell cycle, cytoskeleton organization, proliferation, migration, and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is paralleled by impaired nitric oxide signaling, which is also influenced by CaMKII signaling (activation/oxidation). The efficiency of CaMKII inhibitors is currently being tested in animal models, with a focus on the genetic pathways involved in the regulation of CaMKII expression (microRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphisms). Interestingly, studies highlight an interaction between the anti-diabetic drugs and CaMKII expression/activity which requires further investigation. Together, the studies reviewed herein may guide pharmacological approaches to improve health-related outcomes in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chacar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abdulhamid Abdi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalifa Almansoori
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jawaher Alshamsi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cynthia Al Hageh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pierre Zalloua
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali A Khraibi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- SEHA Kidney Care, SEHA, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Raina J, Firdous A, Singh G, Kumar R, Kaur C. Role of polyphenols in the management of diabetic complications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155155. [PMID: 37922790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder that will affect, about 693 million adults by 2045 worldwide, (>50% increase from 2017). The conventional treatment of the disease, include the oral hypoglycemic drugs which are given in combination with other drugs and are known to possess various adverse effects like gastrointestinal disturbance, nausea, water retention etc. PURPOSE: Due to the urgent need of combating this disorder without side effects, the alternative and complementary therapies should be explored due to their natural origins and comparable safety. Herbal sources serve as new leads, due to the presence of phytoconstituents with potential therapeutic properties, efficacy and safety. In this review, we tried to summarise the polyphenolic phytoconstituents effective in the treatment of diabetic complications. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using 4 databases (Google scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Embase) for the identification of relevant data. Search was performed using various key words such as "diabetes", "polyphenols", "marine sources","anti-diabetic polyphenols". The in vitro studies involving the cell lines used in diabetes and animal models were also considered for inclusion. Additional research papers were identified by reviewing abstracts, scrutinizing reference lists, and reviewing previously published review articles. RESULTS Polyphenols, a group of phytoconstituents are known worldwide for their tremendous antioxidant potential. So, various research groups have explored their mechanism and therapeutic value in diabetic complications, to improve the insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, in controlling the glycemic conditions. CONCLUSION Polyphenols exhibit effective therapeutic potential in managing diabetic complications through their multifaceted mechanism of action. They exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycemic properties, which collectively contribute to their beneficial effects in mitigating diabetic complications. Thus, the inclusion of polyphenols into the diet, may be cosidered as an approach of managing diabetes on long term basis. In this review, we have tried to identify polyphenols effective in diabetes and summarize their mechanism of action along with their potential, for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevika Raina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | | | - Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
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Xiang J, Mlambo R, Shaw I, Seid Y, Shah H, He Y, Kpegah JKSK, Tan S, Zhou W, He B. Cryopreservation of bioflavonoid-rich plant sources and bioflavonoid-microcapsules: emerging technologies for preserving bioactivity and enhancing nutraceutical applications. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1232129. [PMID: 37781117 PMCID: PMC10538722 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1232129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioflavonoids are natural polyphenolic secondary metabolites that are medicinal. These compounds possess antitumor, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-psoriasis properties to mention a few. Plant species that contain bioflavonoids should be preserved as such. Also, the bioactivity of the bioflavonoids as neutraceutical compounds is compromised following extraction due to their sensitivity to environmental factors like light, pH, and temperature. In other words, the bioflavonoids' shelf-life is affected. Scientists noticed that bioflavonoids have low solubility properties, poor absorption, and low bioavailability following consumption. Researchers came up with methods to encapsulate bioflavonoids in order to circumvent the challenges above and also to mask the unpleasant order these chemicals may have. Besides, scientists cryopreserve plant species that contain bioflavonoids. In this review, we discuss cryopreservation and bioflavonoid microencapsulation focusing mainly on vitrification, slow freezing, and freeze-drying microencapsulation techniques. In addition, we highlight bioflavonoid extraction techniques, medicinal properties, challenges, and future perspectives of cryopreservation and microencapsulation of bioflavonoids. Regardless of the uniqueness of cryopreservation and microencapsulation as methods to preserve bioflavonoid sources and bioflavonoids' bioactivity, there are challenges reported. Freeze-drying technology is costly. Cryoprotectants damage the integrity of plant cells, to say the least. Researchers are working very hard to overcome these challenges. Encapsulating bioflavonoids via coaxial electrospray and then cryopreserving the micro/nanocapsules produced can be very interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xiang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ronald Mlambo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ibrahim Shaw
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yimer Seid
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hamid Shah
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongju He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Julius K S K Kpegah
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binsheng He
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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Drożdż D, Drożdż M, Wójcik M. Endothelial dysfunction as a factor leading to arterial hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2973-2985. [PMID: 36409370 PMCID: PMC10432334 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension remains the main cause of cardiovascular complications leading to increased mortality. The discoveries of recent years underline the important role of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in initiating the development of arterial hypertension. The endothelium lines the interior of the entire vascular system in the body and acts as a physical barrier between blood and tissues. Substances and mediators produced by the endothelium exhibit antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Oxidative stress and inflammation are conditions that damage the endothelium and shift endothelial function from vasoprotective to vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic, and pro-apoptotic functions. A dysfunctional endothelium contributes to the development of hypertension and further cardiovascular complications. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of ED-associated hypertension. New technologies provide tools to identify pathological changes in the structure and function of the endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) contributes to the development of arterial hypertension and should be considered in therapeutic strategies for children with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Drożdż
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Drożdż
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Deapartment of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Leo CH, Ong ES. Recent advances in the combination of organic solvent-free extraction, chemical standardization, antioxidant assay, and cell culture metabolomics for functional food and its by-product. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37574586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2245040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods and their by-products contain a wide range of bioactive components with an array of health benefits and were proposed to improve public health, well-being, and others. To achieve a circular economy, the processing and extraction of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and others from functional food and agri-food wastes will require the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable, and a low-cost solution. Extraction methods that can eliminate the use of organic solvents, suitable for use in the laboratory and production of extracts will be covered. This will include subcritical water extraction (SBE), pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and others. Based on the selected analytical methods, the determination of the marker or bioactive compounds and chemical fingerprints will provide the control measures to identify the batch-to-batch variation of the composition of the functional food products obtained. The combination of chemical standardization with antioxidant assay, such as DPPH and ABTS+ will provide further information on the quality of the extracts. Lastly, to ascertain the biological and physiological relevance of the antioxidant properties of the target sample, treatment of the antioxidant compounds or extracts was carried out using cellular models, and validated using other experimental endpoints, such as metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huei Leo
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Healthcare Education, Entrepreneurship and Research (CHEERS), Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
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Mahmud AR, Ema TI, Siddiquee MFR, Shahriar A, Ahmed H, Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan M, Rahman N, Islam R, Uddin MR, Mizan MFR. Natural flavonols: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for various diseases. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 12:47. [PMID: 37216013 PMCID: PMC10183303 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonols are phytoconstituents of biological and medicinal importance. In addition to functioning as antioxidants, flavonols may play a role in antagonizing diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and viral and bacterial diseases. Quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and fisetin are the major dietary flavonols. Quercetin is a potent scavenger of free radicals, providing protection from free radical damage and oxidation-associated diseases. Main body of the abstract An extensive literature review of specific databases (e.g., Pubmed, google scholar, science direct) were conducted using the keywords "flavonol," "quercetin," "antidiabetic," "antiviral," "anticancer," and "myricetin." Some studies concluded that quercetin is a promising antioxidant agent while kaempferol could be effective against human gastric cancer. In addition, kaempferol prevents apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells via boosting the function and survival rate of the beta-cells, leading to increased insulin secretion. Flavonols also show potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics, restricting viral infection by antagonizing the envelope proteins to block viral entry. Short conclusion There is substantial scientific evidence that high consumption of flavonols is associated with reduced risk of cancer and coronary diseases, free radical damage alleviation, tumor growth prevention, and insulin secretion improvement, among other diverse health benefits. Nevertheless, more studies are required to determine the appropriate dietary concentration, dose, and type of flavonol for a particular condition to prevent any adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902 Bangladesh
| | - Tanzila Ismail Ema
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | | | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka, 1217 Bangladesh
| | - Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan
- Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
| | - Nova Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Rahatul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Jelinic M, Jackson KL, O'Sullivan K, Singh J, Giddy T, Deo M, Parry LJ, Ritchie RH, Woodman OL, Head GA, Leo CH, Qin CX. Endothelium-dependent relaxation is impaired in Schlager hypertensive (BPH/2J) mice by region-specific mechanisms in conductance and resistance arteries. Life Sci 2023; 320:121542. [PMID: 36871935 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are hallmarks of hypertension, and major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. BPH/2J (Schlager) mice are a genetic model of spontaneous hypertension, but little is known about the vascular pathophysiology of these mice and the region-specific differences between vascular beds. Therefore, this study compared the vascular function and structure of large conductance (aorta and femoral) and resistance (mesenteric) arteries of BPH/2J mice with their normotensive BPN/2J counterparts. MAIN METHODS Blood pressure was measured in BPH/2J and BPN/3J mice via pre-implanted radiotelemetry probes. At endpoint, vascular function and passive mechanical wall properties were assessed using wire and pressure myography, qPCR and histology. KEY FINDINGS Mean arterial blood pressure was elevated in BPH/2J mice compared to BPN/3J controls. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was attenuated in both the aorta and mesenteric arteries of BPH/2J mice, but through different mechanisms. In the aorta, hypertension reduced the contribution of prostanoids. Conversely, in the mesenteric arteries, hypertension reduced the contribution of both nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. Hypertension reduced volume compliance in both femoral and mesenteric arteries, but hypertrophic inward remodelling was only observed in the mesenteric arteries of BPH/2J mice. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first comprehensive investigation of vascular function and structural remodelling in BPH/2J mice. Overall, hypertensive BPH/2J mice exhibited endothelial dysfunction and adverse vascular remodelling in the macro- and microvasculature, underpinned by distinct region-specific mechanisms. This highlights BPH/2J mice as a highly suitable model for evaluating novel therapeutics to treat hypertension-associated vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jelinic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristy L Jackson
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly O'Sullivan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaideep Singh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Giddy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Minh Deo
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Parry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Head
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Science, Math and Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore.
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Shanmugham M, Bellanger S, Leo CH. Gut-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040504. [PMID: 37111261 PMCID: PMC10142468 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a biologically active gut microbiome-derived dietary metabolite. Recent studies have shown that high circulating plasma TMAO levels are closely associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, contributing to endothelial dysfunction. There is a growing interest to understand the mechanisms underlying TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction mediated by TMAO is mainly driven by inflammation and oxidative stress, which includes: (1) activation of foam cells; (2) upregulation of cytokines and adhesion molecules; (3) increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (4) platelet hyperreactivity; and (5) reduced vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of TMAO in inducing endothelial dysfunction and the mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis and progression of associated disease conditions. We also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyammai Shanmugham
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6434-8213
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FT-IR and FT-Raman fingerprints of flavonoids - A review. Food Chem 2022; 393:133430. [PMID: 35696953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites commonly found in plants. They are known for their antioxidant properties, are part of the defense mechanisms of plants and are responsible for the pigmentation of fruit and flowers petals. Consumption foods rich in flavonoids in the daily diet brings a number of pro-health benefits - for example blood pressure regulation, delaying the aging process or anti-cancer effect. These compounds in synthetic or natural form are also used in pharmacy. The profile of flavonoid compounds can be quickly, accurately and easy determine in the test sample by using the infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Those methods are successfully used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Spectroscopy methods allow us to determine the chemical structure of these compounds. This review describes and compares differences between the spectroscopic spectra of individual compounds with the chemical structure for the flavonoids subgroups: flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols and anthocyanins.
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Leo CH, Foo SY, Tan JCW, Tan UX, Chua CK, Ong ES. Green Extraction of Orange Peel Waste Reduces TNFα-Induced Vascular Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091768. [PMID: 36139842 PMCID: PMC9495443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange peel waste (OPW) is known to contain an abundant amount of polyphenols compounds such as flavonoids, well-reported for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While OPW is generally regarded as a food waste, the opportunity to extract bioactive compounds from these “wastes” arises due to their abundance, allowing the investigation of their potential effects on endothelial cells. Hence, this study aims to use a green extraction method and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) to extract bioactive compounds from OPW. Liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were subsequently used to identify the bioactive compounds present. Through the optimization of the extraction temperature for PHWE, our results demonstrated that extraction temperatures of 60 °C and 80 °C yield distinct bioactive compounds and resulted in better antioxidant capacity compared to other extraction temperatures or organic solvent extraction. Despite having similar antioxidant capacity, their effects on endothelial cells were distinct. Specifically, treatment of endothelial cells with 60 °C OPW extracts inhibited TNFα-induced vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in vitro, suggesting that OPW possess vasoprotective effects likely mediated by anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huei Leo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6434-8213
| | - Su Yi Foo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Joseph Choon Wee Tan
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - U-Xuan Tan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Chee Kai Chua
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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12
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Anti-Inflammatory and Active Biological Properties of the Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Luteolin and Luteolin 7-Glucoside. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061155. [PMID: 35334812 PMCID: PMC8949538 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are interesting molecules synthetized by plants. They can be found abundantly in seeds and fruits, determining the color, flavor, and other organoleptic characteristics, as well as contributing to important nutritional aspects. Beyond these characteristics, due to their biochemical properties and characteristics, they can be considered bioactive compounds. Several interesting studies have demonstrated their biological activity in different cellular and physiological processes in high-order organisms including humans. The flavonoid molecular structure confers the capability of reacting with and neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), behaving as scavengers in all processes generating this class of molecules, such as UV irradiation, a process widely present in plant physiology. Importantly, the recent scientific literature has demonstrated that flavonoids, in human physiology, are active compounds acting not only as scavengers but also with the important role of counteracting the inflammation process. Among the wide variety of flavonoid molecules, significant results have been shown by investigating the role of the flavones luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (LUT-7G). For these compounds, experimental results demonstrated an interesting anti-inflammatory action, both in vitro and in vivo, in the interaction with JAK/STAT3, NF-κB, and other pathways described in this review. We also describe the effects in metabolic pathways connected with inflammation, such as cellular glycolysis, diabetes, lipid peroxidation, and effects in cancer cells. Moreover, the inhibition of inflammatory pathway in endothelial tissue, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, demonstrates a key role in the progression of such phenomena. Since these micronutrient molecules can be obtained from food, their biochemical properties open new perspectives with respect to the long-term health status of healthy individuals, as well as their use as a coadjutant treatment in specific diseases.
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13
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Kalai FZ, Boulaaba M, Ferdousi F, Isoda H. Effects of Isorhamnetin on Diabetes and Its Associated Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and a Post Hoc Transcriptome Analysis of Involved Molecular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:704. [PMID: 35054888 PMCID: PMC8775402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2DM), is a major public health problem globally. DM is characterized by high levels of glycemia and insulinemia due to impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity of the cells, known as insulin resistance. T2DM causes multiple and severe complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy causing cell oxidative damages in different internal tissues, particularly the pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, liver, and kidneys. Plant extracts and their bioactive phytochemicals are gaining interest as new therapeutic and preventive alternatives for T2DM and its associated complications. In this regard, isorhamnetin, a plant flavonoid, has long been studied for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review describes its impact on reducing diabetes-related disorders by decreasing glucose levels, ameliorating the oxidative status, alleviating inflammation, and modulating lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation by regulating involved signaling pathways reported in the in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, we include a post hoc whole-genome transcriptome analysis of biological activities of isorhamnetin using a stem cell-based tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Zar Kalai
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Mondher Boulaaba
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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14
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Kaempferol, Myricetin and Fisetin in Prostate and Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113750. [PMID: 34836005 PMCID: PMC8621729 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate and bladder cancer represent the two most frequently diagnosed genito-urinary malignancies. Diet has been implicated in both prostate and bladder cancer. Given their prolonged latency and high prevalence rates, both prostate and bladder cancer represent attractive candidates for dietary preventive measures, including the use of nutritional supplements. Flavonols, a class of flavonoids, are commonly found in fruit and vegetables and are known for their protective effect against diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, a higher dietary intake of flavonols was associated with a lower risk of both bladder and prostate cancer in epidemiological studies. In this systematic review, we gathered all available evidence supporting the anti-cancer potential of selected flavonols (kaempferol, fisetin and myricetin) against bladder and prostate cancer. A total of 21, 15 and 7 pre-clinical articles on bladder or prostate cancer reporting on kaempferol, fisetin and myricetin, respectively, were found, while more limited evidence was available from animal models and epidemiological studies or clinical trials. In conclusion, the available evidence supports the potential use of these flavonols in prostate and bladder cancer, with a low expected toxicity, thus providing the rationale for clinical trials that explore dosing, settings for clinical use as well as their use in combination with other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.
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15
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Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Okra Seeds Reveals Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Vasoprotective Activities. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081645. [PMID: 34451690 PMCID: PMC8399463 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) is a commonly consumed vegetable that consists of the seeds and peel component which are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study is to utilize pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from different parts of okra. A single step PHWE was performed at various temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C) to determine which extraction temperature exhibits the optimum phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The optimum temperature for PHWE extraction was determined at 80 °C and the biological activities of the different parts of okra (Inner Skin, Outer Skin and Seeds) were characterized using antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), α-glucosidase and vasoprotective assays. Using PHWE, the different parts of okra displayed distinct phytochemical profiles, which consist of primarily polyphenolic compounds. The okra Seeds were shown to have the most antioxidant capacity and antidiabetic effects compared to other okra parts, likely to be attributed to their higher levels of polyphenolic compounds. Similarly, okra Seeds also reduced vascular inflammation by downregulating TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 and SELE expression. Furthermore, metabolite profiling by LC/MS also provided evidence of the cytoprotective effect of okra Seeds in endothelial cells. Therefore, the use of PHWE may be an alternative approach for the environmentally friendly extraction and evaluation of plant extracts for functional food applications.
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16
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Ong ES, Pek CJN, Tan JCW, Leo CH. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effect of Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111110. [PMID: 33187302 PMCID: PMC7697190 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is widely noted for its nutritional value. The seed is the main edible part of the plant and exists in at least three different colors: white, red and black. This study utilized a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the extraction of phytochemicals from quinoa. Chemical fingerprints with LC/UV and LC/MS using a targeted approach and pattern recognition tools were used to evaluate the quinoa extracts. The antioxidant properties for various types of quinoa were evaluated using DPPH assay, ABTS assay and the cytoprotective effect of quinoa extracts were investigated in HMEC-1 cell line. Distinctive chemical profiles obtained from black and red quinoa were well correlated with the antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects. The combination of PHWE, chemical standardization with LC/UV and LC/MS, pattern recognition tools and biological assay provided an approach for the evaluation and eventual production of quinoa extracts for functional food.
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17
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Li J, Luan Q, Han J, Zhang C, Liu M, Ren Z. CsMYB60 directly and indirectly activates structural genes to promote the biosynthesis of flavonols and proanthocyanidins in cucumber. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:103. [PMID: 32637131 PMCID: PMC7327083 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main pigments in the black spines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit, and CsMYB60 is a key regulator of the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs. However, in cucumber, the tissue distribution pattern of flavonols and PAs and the mechanism of their biosynthesis regulated by CsMYB60 remain unclear. In this study, we clarified the tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids and the unique transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber. CsMYB60 activated CsFLS and CsLAR by binding to their promoters and directly or indirectly promoted the expression of CsbHLH42, CsMYC1, CsWD40, and CsTATA-box binding protein, resulting in the formation of complexes of these four proteins to increase the expression of Cs4CL and interact with CsTATA-box binding protein to regulate the expression of CsCHS, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs in cucumber. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis, which will facilitate molecular breeding to improve fruit quality in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Qianqian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Cunjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
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18
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Taguchi K, Tano I, Kaneko N, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T. Plant polyphenols Morin and Quercetin rescue nitric oxide production in diabetic mouse aorta through distinct pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110463. [PMID: 32768953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Various plant-derived polyphenols benefit cardiovascular function by protecting endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production through as yet unclear mechanisms. This study compared the effects of two structurally similar polyphenols, Morin (MO) and Quercetin (QU), on endothelial function in isolated aorta from control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Vascular function under treatment with MO, QU, and various signaling pathway modulators was measured by isometric tension in an organ bath system, NO production by chemical assay and HPLC, and changes in protein signaling factor expression or activity by western blotting (WB). Both polyphenols acted as potent vasodilators and this effect was associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). An Akt inhibitor blocked MO- and QU-induced vasorelaxation as well as Akt phosphorylation. However, inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) suppressed only QU-induced vasorelaxation, NO production, and AMPK phosphorylation. These results suggested that plant polyphenols MO and QU both promote eNOS-mediated NO production and vasodilation in diabetic aorta, MO via Akt pathway activation and QU via PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathway activation. Elucidation of these pathways may define effective therapeutic targets for diabetic vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tano
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kaneko
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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19
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Wiggenhauser LM, Kroll J. Vascular Damage in Obesity and Diabetes: Highlighting Links Between Endothelial Dysfunction and Metabolic Disease in Zebrafish and Man. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:476-490. [PMID: 30378499 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666181031101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is an initial pathophysiological mechanism of vascular damage and is further recognized as an independent predictor of negative prognosis in diabetes-induced micro- and macrovascular complications. Insight into the capability of zebrafish to model metabolic disease like obesity and type II diabetes has increased and new evidence on the induction of vascular pathologies in zebrafish through metabolic disease is available. Here, we raise the question, if zebrafish can be utilized to study the initial impairments of vascular complications in metabolic disorders. In this review, we focus on the advances made to develop models of obesity and type II diabetes in zebrafish, discuss the key points and characteristics of these models, while highlighting the available information linked to the development of endothelial dysfunction in zebrafish and man. We show that larval and adult zebrafish develop metabolic dysregulation in the settings of obesity and diabetes, exhibiting pathophysiological mechanisms, which mimic the human condition. The most important genes related to endothelial dysfunction are present in zebrafish and further display similar functions as in mammals. Several suggested contributors to endothelial dysfunction found in these models, namely hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperleptinaemia are highlighted and the available data from zebrafish are summarised. Many underlying processes of endothelial dysfunction in obesity and diabetes are fundamentally present in zebrafish and provide ground for the assumption, that zebrafish can develop endothelial dysfunction. Conservation of basic biological mechanisms is established for zebrafish, but focused investigation on the subject is now needed as validation and particularly more research is necessary to understand the differences between zebrafish and man. The available data demonstrate the relevance of zebrafish as a model for metabolic disease and their ability to become a proponent for the investigation of vascular damage in the settings of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moritz Wiggenhauser
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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20
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The Novel Small-molecule Annexin-A1 Mimetic, Compound 17b, Elicits Vasoprotective Actions in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041384. [PMID: 32085666 PMCID: PMC7073122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family are a group of G-protein coupled receptors that play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes. It is well-established that activation of FPRs can have cardioprotective properties. Recently, more stable small-molecule FPR1/2 agonists have been described, including both Compound 17b (Cmpd17b) and Compound 43 (Cmpd43). Both agonists activate a range of signals downstream of FPR1/2 activation in human-engineered FPR-expressing cells, including ERK1/2 and Akt. Importantly, Cmpd17b (but not Cmpd43) favours bias away from intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation in this context, which has been associated with greater cardioprotection in response to Cmpd17b over Cmpd43. However, it is unknown whether these FPR agonists impact vascular physiology and/or elicit vasoprotective effects in the context of diabetes. First, we localized FPR1 and FPR2 receptors predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells in the aortae of male C57BL/6 mice. We then analysed the vascular effects of Cmpd17b and Cmpd43 on the aorta using wire-myography. Cmpd17b but not Cmpd43 evoked a concentration-dependent relaxation of the mouse aorta. Removal of the endothelium or blockade of endothelium-derived relaxing factors using pharmacological inhibitors had no effect on Cmpd17b-evoked relaxation, demonstrating that its direct vasodilator actions were endothelium-independent. In aortae primed with elevated K+ concentration, increasing concentrations of CaCl2 evoked concentration-dependent contraction that is abolished by Cmpd17b, suggesting the involvement of the inhibition of Ca2+ mobilisation via voltage-gated calcium channels. Treatment with Cmpd17b for eight weeks reversed endothelial dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic aorta through the upregulation of vasodilator prostanoids. Our data indicate that Cmpd17b is a direct endothelium-independent vasodilator, and a vasoprotective molecule in the context of diabetes.
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21
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Burton-Freeman B, Brzeziński M, Park E, Sandhu A, Xiao D, Edirisinghe I. A Selective Role of Dietary Anthocyanins and Flavan-3-ols in Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:E841. [PMID: 31013914 PMCID: PMC6520947 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of DM and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Because it is a progressive disease, prevention, early detection and disease course modification are possible. Diet plays a critical role in reducing T2DM risk. Therapeutic dietary approaches routinely recommend diets high in plant foods (i.e., vegetables, fruits, whole-grains). In addition to essential micronutrients and fiber, plant-based diets contain a wide-variety of polyphenols, specifically flavonoid compounds. Evidence suggests that flavonoids may confer specific benefits for T2DM risk reduction through pathways influencing glucose absorption and insulin sensitivity and/or secretion. The present review assesses the relationship between dietary flavonoids and diabetes risk reduction reviewing current epidemiology and clinical research. Collectively, the research indicates that certain flavonoids, explicitly anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols and foods rich in these compounds, may have an important role in dietary algorithms aimed to address diabetes risk factors and the development of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Burton-Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Michał Brzeziński
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
- Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Amandeep Sandhu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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22
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Metabolic Syndrome: Preventive Effects of Dietary Flavonoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64181-6.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Liu M, Zhang C, Duan L, Luan Q, Li J, Yang A, Qi X, Ren Z. CsMYB60 is a key regulator of flavonols and proanthocyanidans that determine the colour of fruit spines in cucumber. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:69-84. [PMID: 30256979 PMCID: PMC6305189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spine colour is an important fruit quality trait that influences the commercial value of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). However, little is known about the metabolites and the regulatory mechanisms of their biosynthesis in black spine varieties. In this study, we determined that the pigments of black spines are flavonoids, including flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified CsMYB60 as the best candidate for the previously identified B (Black spine) locus. Expression levels of CsMYB60 and the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were higher in black-spine inbred lines than that in white-spine lines at different developmental stages. The insertion of a Mutator-like element (CsMULE) in the second intron of CsMYB60 decreased its expression in a white-spine line. Transient overexpression assays indicated that CsMYB60 is a key regulatory gene and Cs4CL is a key structural gene in the pigmentation of black spines. In addition, the DNA methylation level in the CsMYB60 promoter was much lower in the black-spine line compared with white-spine line. The CsMULE insert may decrease the expression level of CsMYB60, causing hindered synthesis of flavonols and PAs in cucumber fruit spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Cunjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Lixin Duan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianqian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Aigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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24
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Structure-Based Classification and Anti-Cancer Effects of Plant Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092651. [PMID: 30200668 PMCID: PMC6163735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of malignant cancers affect the global human population. Although a wide variety of approaches to cancer treatment have been studied and used clinically (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy), the toxic side effects of cancer therapies have a negative impact on patients and impede progress in conquering cancer. Plant metabolites are emerging as new leads for anti-cancer drug development. This review summarizes these plant metabolites with regard to their structures and the types of cancer against which they show activity, organized by the organ or tissues in which each cancer forms. This information will be helpful for understanding the current state of knowledge of the anti-cancer effects of various plant metabolites against major types of cancer for the further development of novel anti-cancer drugs.
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Chen X, Qian J, Wang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Han J, Khan Z, Chen X, Wang J, Liang G. Kaempferol attenuates hyperglycemia-induced cardiac injuries by inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Endocrine 2018; 60:83-94. [PMID: 29392616 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress is an attractive strategy to against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Kaempferol (KPF) exerts both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pharmacological properties. However, little is known about the effect of KPF on protecting myocardial injury in diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of KPF on DCM and underlying mechanism. METHODS Anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress activities of KPF were evaluated in H9c2 cells or primary cardiomyocytes by real-time quantitate PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and FACS. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus mice were constructed. Corresponding to experiments in vitro, the therapeutic effect of KPF was also assessed using heart tissues from mice. RESULTS KPF significantly inhibited high glocose (HG) induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and generation of ROS, leading to reduced fibrotic responses and cell apoptosis in vitro. KPF mediated DCM protective effects through inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nucleus translocation and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf-2). In STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model, KPF prevented diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis. These changes were also accompanied by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic mice hearts. CONCLUSION KPF is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of DCM, mechanically linked to inhibition of NF-κB and Nrf-2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieli Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jibo Han
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zia Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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The inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) RNAse inhibitor, 4µ8C, is also a potent cellular antioxidant. Biochem J 2018; 475:923-929. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-transmembrane endonuclease that is activated in response to ER stress as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic activation of the UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many common diseases including diabetes, cancer, and neurological pathologies such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease. 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-8-carbaldehyde (4µ8C) is widely used as a specific inhibitor of IRE1α ribonuclease activity (IC50 of 6.89 µM in cultured cells). However, in this paper, we demonstrate that 4µ8C acts as a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, both in a cell-free assay and in cultured cells, at concentrations lower than that widely used to inhibit IRE1α activity. In vitro we show that, 4µ8C effectively decreases xanthine/xanthine oxidase catalysed superoxide production with an IC50 of 0.2 µM whereas in cultured endothelial and clonal pancreatic β-cells, 4µ8C inhibits angiotensin II-induced ROS production with IC50 values of 1.92 and 0.29 µM, respectively. In light of this discovery, conclusions reached using 4µ8C as an inhibitor of IRE1α should be carefully evaluated. However, this unexpected off-target effect of 4µ8C may prove therapeutically advantageous for the treatment of pathologies that are thought to be caused by, or exacerbated by, both oxidative and ER stress such as endothelial dysfunction and/or diabetes.
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Calorio C, Donno D, Franchino C, Carabelli V, Marcantoni A. Bud extracts from Salix caprea L. inhibit voltage gated calcium channels and catecholamines secretion in mouse chromaffin cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:168-175. [PMID: 29157811 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salix caprea L. is an ornamental plant with prominent antioxidant activity. In the last decades Salix caprea bud extracts (SCBEs) have been used for the treatment of oxidative stress related disorders. PURPOSE A large part of cellular functions depends on the amount of intracellular Ca2+ concentration which in turn is mainly determined by Ca2+ ions movements across plasma membrane as well as by Ca2+ released from the stores. For better evaluating the mechanism of action of SCBEs, we focused on the effect of SCBEs on voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) functioning and related catecholamines secretion in mouse chromaffin cells (MCCs). These latter are neuroendocrine cells that share a wide variety of functions with neurons. They are particularly interesting for studying the relationship between VGCCs activation and catecholamines secretion both in control and under stressful conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We focused on the effect of SCBEs on VGCCs being these latter considered one of the main pathway of Ca2+ influx across plasma membrane. Ca2+ currents and capacitance changes were measured in patch clamp experiments performed in voltage clamp configuration. RESULTS We show that SCBEs inhibited VGCCs in a dose dependent manner. On average, the saturating concentration of SCBEs (SCBEsmax) is able to block 36% of the maximum Ca2+ current amplitude (ICa) without selectivity for L (ICa, L) or non-L type (ICa, non-L) Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, ICa inhibition is not followed by alteration of VGCCs gating kinetics, but is responsible for a marked decrease of Ca2+ dependent catecholamines secretion. CONCLUSION We conclude that the ability of SCBEs to inhibit VGCCs function, known to be potentiated during oxidative stress, could contribute to the already known antioxidant properties of Salix caprea L. We finally suggest that the inhibitory effect of SCBEs on catecholamines secretion may contribute to treat stress dependent cellular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calorio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Dario Donno
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, To, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Sifuentes-Franco S, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD, Miranda-Díaz AG. The Role of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Autophagy in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1673081. [PMID: 29204450 PMCID: PMC5674726 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1673081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most frequent and prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The state of persistent hyperglycemia leads to an increase in the production of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favors deregulation of the antioxidant defenses that are capable of activating diverse metabolic pathways which trigger the presence of nitro-oxidative stress (NOS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hyperglycemia provokes the appearance of micro- and macrovascular complications and favors oxidative damage to the macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) with an increase in products that damage the DNA. Hyperglycemia produces mitochondrial dysfunction with deregulation between mitochondrial fission/fusion and regulatory factors. Mitochondrial fission appears early in diabetic neuropathy with the ability to facilitate mitochondrial fragmentation. Autophagy is a catabolic process induced by oxidative stress that involves the formation of vesicles by the lysosomes. Autophagy protects cells from diverse stress factors and routine deterioration. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the appearance of complications in DM will facilitate the selection of specific therapeutic options based on the mechanisms involved in the metabolic pathways affected. Nowadays, the antioxidant agents consumed exogenously form an adjuvant therapeutic alternative in chronic degenerative metabolic diseases, such as DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sifuentes-Franco
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Fermín Paul Pacheco-Moisés
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
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Kunasegaran T, Mustafa MR, Achike FI, Murugan DD. Quercetin and pioglitazone synergistically reverse endothelial dysfunction in isolated aorta from fructose-streptozotocin (F-STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kahlberg N, Qin CX, Anthonisz J, Jap E, Ng HH, Jelinic M, Parry LJ, Kemp-Harper BK, Ritchie RH, Leo CH. Adverse vascular remodelling is more sensitive than endothelial dysfunction to hyperglycaemia in diabetic rat mesenteric arteries. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:325-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cui B, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Hu J, Yin W, Feng Y, Xie Q, Chen G. Anthocyanins and flavonols are responsible for purple color of Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet pods. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:183-190. [PMID: 26995313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lablab pods, as dietary vegetable, have high nutritional values similar to most of edible legumes. Moreover, our studies confirmed that purple lablab pods contain the natural pigments of anthocyanins and flavonols. Compared to green pods, five kinds of anthocyanins (malvidin, delphinidin and petunidin derivatives) were found in purple pods by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the major contents were delphinidin derivatives. Besides, nine kinds of polyphenol derivatives (quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol and apigenin derivatives) were detected by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the major components were quercetin and myricetin derivatives. In order to discover their molecular mechanism, expression patterns of biosynthesis and regulatory gens of anthocyanins and flavonols were investigated. Experimental results showed that LpPAL, LpF3H, LpF3'H, LpDFR, LpANS and LpPAP1 expressions were significantly induced in purple pods compared to green ones. Meanwhile, transcripts of LpFLS were more abundant in purple pods than green or yellow ones, suggestind that co-pigments of anthocyanins and flavonols are accumulated in purple pods. Under continuously dark condition, no anthocyanin accumulation was detected in purple pods and transcripts of LpCHS, LpANS, LpFLS and LpPAP1 were remarkably repressed, indicating that anthocyanins and flavonols biosynthesis in purple pods was regulated in light-dependent manner. These results indicate that co-pigments of anthocyanins and flavonols contribute to purple pigmentations of pods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Room 515, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
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Kuschnerus K, Landmesser U, Kränkel N. Vascular repair strategies in type 2 diabetes: novel insights. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 5:374-86. [PMID: 26543824 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.05.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired functions of vascular cells are responsible for the majority of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently a better understanding of mechanisms contributing to development of vascular dysfunction and the role of systemic inflammatory activation and functional alterations of several secretory organs, of which adipose tissue has more recently been investigated, has been achieved. Notably, the progression of vascular disease within the context of T2D appears to be driven by a multitude of incremental signaling shifts. Hence, successful therapies need to target several mechanisms in parallel, and over a long time period. This review will summarize the latest molecular strategies and translational developments of cardiovascular therapy in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Kuschnerus
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie, Berlin, Germany
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