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Bigal ME, Walter S, Rapoport AM. Fremanezumab as a preventive treatment for episodic and chronic migraine. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:719-728. [PMID: 31043094 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1614742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The importance of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathogenesis is well established. Fremanezumab is a humanized IgG2a monoclonal antibody that binds to CGRP. Areas covered: In this paper, we review the development of fremanezumab, from early development into approval. The authors focus on the efficacy and safety of fremanezumab in both migraine stages. The authors highlight studies conducted in special populations and focus on unique aspects of its development, as well as on clinical pearls supported by the data. Expert opinion: Fremanezumab was shown to be effective in episodic and chronic migraine, with a monthly and quarterly dose of administration, as monotherapy and add-on therapy. As with other monoclonal antibodies, the anti-CGRP onset of action was remarkably quick, and the effect seems to be maintained over time. No overt safety concerns emerged from the clinical studies, although long-term surveillance is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan M Rapoport
- c Department of Neurology , The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, Chellman GJ, Balasubramanian G, Rubio-Beltran E, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Monticello TM. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:224-238. [PMID: 31085251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have been implicated as a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. Thus, erenumab, a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the CGRP receptor, administered as a once monthly dose of 70 or 140 mg has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Due to the species specificity of erenumab, the cynomolgus monkey was used in the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies to support the clinical program. There were no effects of erenumab on platelets in vitro (by binding, activation or phagocytosis assays). Specific staining of human tissues with erenumab did not indicated any off-target binding. There were no erenumab-related findings in a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys or in vitro in human isolated coronary arteries. Repeat-dose toxicology studies conducted in cynomolgus monkeys at dose levels up to 225 mg/kg (1 month) or up to 150 mg/kg (up to 6 months) with twice weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses showed no evidence of erenumab-mediated adverse toxicity. There were no effects on pregnancy, embryo-fetal or postnatal growth and development in an enhanced pre-postnatal development study in the cynomolgus monkey. There was evidence of placental transfer of erenumab based on measurable serum concentrations in the infants up to 3 months post birth. The maternal and developmental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg SC Q2W). These nonclinical data in total indicate no safety signal of concern to date and provide adequate margins of exposure between the observed safe doses in animals and clinical dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Dean
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Gary J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV, 89511, USA
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Hargreaves R, Olesen J. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Modulators - The History and Renaissance of a New Migraine Drug Class. Headache 2019; 59:951-970. [PMID: 31020659 DOI: 10.1111/head.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence pointed to an important role for CGRP in migraine. These included the anatomic colocalization of CGRP and its receptor in sensory fibers innervating pain-producing meningeal blood vessels, its release by trigeminal stimulation, the observation of elevated CGRP in the cranial circulation during migraine with normalization concomitant with headache relief by sumatriptan, and translational studies with intravenous (IV) CGRP that evoked migraine only in migraineurs. The development of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists (CGRP-RAs) that showed clinical antimigraine efficacy acutely and prophylactically in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials subsequently gave definitive pharmacological proof of the importance of CGRP in migraine. More recently, CGRP target engagement imaging studies using a CGRP receptor PET ligand [11 C]MK-4232 demonstrated that there was no brain CGRP receptor occupancy at clinically effective antimigraine doses of telcagepant, a prototypic CGRP-RA. Taken together, these data indicated that (1) the therapeutic site of action of the CGRP-RAs was peripheral not central; (2) that IV CGRP had most likely evoked migraine through an action at sites outside the blood-brain barrier; and (3) that migraine pain was therefore, at least in part, peripheral in origin. The evolution of CGRP migraine science gave impetus to the development of peripherally acting drugs that could modulate CGRP chronically to prevent frequent episodic and chronic migraine. Large molecule biologic antibody (mAb) approaches that are given subcutaneously to neutralize circulating CGRP peptide (fremanezumab, galcanezumab) or block CGRP receptors (erenumab) have shown consistent efficacy and tolerability in multicenter migraine prevention trials and are now approved for clinical use. Eptinezumab, a CGRP neutralizing antibody given IV, shows promise in late stage clinical development. Recently, orally administered next-generation small molecule CGRP-RAs have been shown to have safety and efficacy in acute treatment (ubrogepant and rimegepant) and prevention (atogepant) of migraine, giving additional CGRP-based therapeutic options for migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hargreaves
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School and Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide of importance in migraine pathogenesis. Its central role in migraine was proven pharmacologically by the development of CGRP receptor antagonists. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP or its receptor are effective in the preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine and are considered potential breakthroughs in their treatment. Fremanezumab (previously known as TEV-48125, LBR-101, or RN-307) is a humanized IgG2a monoclonal antibody that binds to CGRP. The development of this antibody validated the role of CGRP in chronic migraine and the drug has been recently approved in the US by the FDA, while it continues to be reviewed by other regulatory agencies. Herein we provide an in-depth review of its development. We start by summarizing its in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, and the phase I studies. We then review the late-stage clinical development, with a focus on its efficacy, safety, similarities, and uniqueness relative to other CGRP antibodies. We close by discussing lessons learned on the mechanisms of migraine and areas for future development and exploration.
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Ferroni P, Barbanti P, Della-Morte D, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E, Guadagni F. Redox Mechanisms in Migraine: Novel Therapeutics and Dietary Interventions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1144-1183. [PMID: 28990418 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Migraine represents the third most prevalent and the seventh most disabling human disorder. Approximately 30% of migraine patients experience transient, fully reversible, focal neurological symptoms (aura) preceding the attack. Recent Advances: Awareness of the hypothesis that migraine actually embodies a spectrum of illnesses-ranging from episodic to chronic forms-is progressively increasing and poses novel challenges for clarifying the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine as well as for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Several theories have evolved to the current concept that a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors may play a role in migraine pathogenesis, although their relative importance is still being debated. CRITICAL ISSUES One critical issue that deserves a particular attention is the role of oxidative stress in migraine. Indeed, potentially harmful oxidative events occur during the migraine attack and long-lasting or frequent migraine episodes may increase brain exposure to oxidative events that can lead to chronic transformation. Moreover, a wide variety of dietary, environmental, physiological, behavioral, and pharmacological migraine triggers may act through oxidative stress, with clear implications for migraine treatment and prophylaxis. Interestingly, almost all current prophylactic migraine agents exert antioxidant effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing awareness of the role of oxidative stress and/or decreased antioxidant defenses in migraine pathogenesis and progression to a chronic condition lays the foundations for the design of novel prophylactic approaches, which, by reducing brain oxidative phenomena, could favorably modify the clinical course of migraine. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1144-1183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Barbanti
- 3 Headache and Pain Unit, Department of Neurological, Motor and Sensorial Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy .,4 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata ," Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, "A. Moro" University , Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- 6 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, "A. Moro" University , Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
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Negro A, Curto M, Lionetto L, Giamberardino MA, Martelletti P. Chronic migraine treatment: from OnabotulinumtoxinA onwards. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1217-27. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1200973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yao G, Han X, Hao T, Huang Q, Yu T. Effects of rizatriptan on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and cholecystokinin in the periaqueductal gray of a rat migraine model. Neurosci Lett 2015; 587:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Walter S, Alibhoy A, Escandon R, Bigal ME. Evaluation of cardiovascular parameters in cynomolgus monkeys following IV administration of LBR-101, a monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide. MAbs 2014; 6:871-8. [PMID: 24866108 PMCID: PMC4171022 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-validated target for migraine therapy and a known potent systemic vasodilator. LBR-101 is a monoclonal antibody against CGRP in clinical development for the preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine. Understanding the hemodynamic and cardiovascular consequences of chronic CGRP inhibition is therefore warranted. Given the conservation in CGRP sequence between monkeys and humans, addressing this question in monkeys is ideal as it allows dosing at super-therapeutic levels. To this end, two independent studies were conducted in monkeys: a single dedicated cardiovascular safety study and a repeat-dose, chronic study, both with electrocardiogram and hemodynamic assessments. LBR-101 was very well tolerated in both studies, with no clinically significant changes noted in any hemodynamic parameter, nor any relevant changes noted in any ECG parameter. In cynomolgus monkeys, cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters do not appear to be affected by long-term inhibition of CGRP with LBR-101.
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Bigal ME, Walter S, Bronson M, Alibhoy A, Escandon R. Cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters in women following prolonged CGRP inhibition using LBR-101, a monoclonal antibody against CGRP. Cephalalgia 2014; 34:968-76. [PMID: 24662322 DOI: 10.1177/0333102414527646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular effects of acute calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibition are well described, but the effects of sustained inhibition warrant further exploration in humans. OBJECTIVES The objective of this article is to assess the effects of sustained CGRP inhibition on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECGs in healthy women ≥ 40 years of age. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 31 women (mean age = 56) were randomized to receive placebo or an anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody at doses up to 2000 mg. Participants were confined for seven days and followed for 168 days. Cardiac telemetry was conducted for eight hours after infusion completion. Hemodynamic assessments and ECGs were conducted six times during Day 1 and periodically for three months. RESULTS No clinically relevant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, or ECG parameters (RR, PR, QRS, or QTcF) were observed when comparing baseline vs. post-dose time-points or in-between groups. No significant changes were seen for adjusted QTcF (baseline subtracted and placebo and baseline subtracted). No significant differences or relevant abnormalities were seen when comparing parameters obtained at Tmax vs. any other time-point. CONCLUSION Sustained CGRP inhibition was not associated with hemodynamic or ECG changes in a population at an increased age risk for cardiovascular events.
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Behm MO, Blanchard RL, Murphy MG, Palcza JS, Harris DE, Butterfield KL, Smith WB, Preston RA, Chodakewitz JA, Krucoff MW. Effect of telcagepant on spontaneous ischemia in cardiovascular patients in a randomized study. Headache 2013; 51:954-60. [PMID: 21631478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of the study was to explore the safety and tolerability of telcagepant in patients with stable coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND Triptans are effective acute anti-migraine drugs whose vasoconstrictive effects limit their use in patients at risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Telcagepant, a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, is being developed for the acute treatment of migraine. Antagonism of calcitonin gene-related peptide, which does not appear to cause vasoconstriction, may allow for treatment of migraine in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, patients with documented stable coronary artery disease were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences: telcagepant then placebo, or placebo then telcagepant. In each treatment period, patients received 2 doses of telcagepant 300-mg or placebo 2 hours apart. They remained in the research center for 24 hours after receiving the first dose of each period, during which time continuous 12-lead ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring was performed. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were enrolled; all patients completed the study and were included in all analyses. Telcagepant was generally well tolerated. No laboratory or serious adverse experiences were reported, and no patient discontinued due to an adverse experience. There were no consistent treatment-related changes in laboratory, vital signs or electrocardiogram safety parameters. Three patients (2 after receiving placebo and 1 after receiving telcagepant) experienced ST segment depression during the study; none of these patients reported chest pain. CONCLUSIONS Two doses of 300-mg telcagepant, administered 2 hours apart, did not appear to exacerbate spontaneous ischemia and were generally well tolerated in a small cohort of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Results of this study support further evaluation of telcagepant in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
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Bigal ME, Walter S, Rapoport AM. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and Migraine Current Understanding and State of Development. Headache 2013; 53:1230-44. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan M. Rapoport
- Department of Neurology; The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles; CA; USA
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Bigal ME. Clinical Trials Update - 2012: Year in Review - A Comment. Headache 2013; 53:1003-4. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Han X, Civiello RL, Conway CM, Cook DA, Davis CD, Macci R, Pin SS, Ren SX, Schartman R, Signor LJ, Thalody G, Widmann KA, Xu C, Chaturvedula PV, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. The synthesis and SAR of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists derived from tyrosine surrogates. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4723-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of telcagepant on exercise time in patients with stable angina. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91:459-66. [PMID: 22278333 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Telcagepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist being evaluated for acute migraine treatment. CGRP is a potent vasodilator that is elevated after myocardial infarction, and it delays ischemia during treadmill exercise. We tested the hypothesis that CGRP receptor antagonism does not reduce treadmill exercise time (TET). The effects of supratherapeutic doses of telcagepant on TET were assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period, crossover study in patients with stable angina and reproducible exercise-induced angina. Patients received telcagepant (600 mg, n = 46; and 900 mg, n = 14) or placebo and performed treadmill exercise at T(max) (2.5 h after the dose). The hypothesis that telcagepant does not reduce TET was supported if the lower bound of the two-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) for the mean treatment difference (telcagepant-placebo) in TET was more than -60 s. There were no significant between-treatment differences in TET (mean treatment difference: -6.90 (90% CI: -17.66, 3.86) seconds), maximum exercise heart rate, or time to 1-mm ST-segment depression using pooled data or with stratification for dose.
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Ho TW, Ho AP, Chaitman BR, Johnson C, Mathew NT, Kost J, Fan X, Aurora SK, Brandes JL, Fei K, Beebe L, Lines C, Krucoff MW. Randomized, controlled study of telcagepant in patients with migraine and coronary artery disease. Headache 2012; 52:224-35. [PMID: 22221076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of telcagepant in patients with migraine and coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists, such as telcagepant, may be useful for acute migraine treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease, a population for whom triptans are contraindicated. METHODS Randomized, double-blind, two-period (6 weeks per period) crossover study in patients with stable coronary artery disease and migraine. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either: (1) Period 1: telcagepant (280-mg tablet/300-mg capsule), Period 2: acetaminophen (1000-mg); or (2) Period 1: placebo for attack 1 then acetaminophen for subsequent attacks, Period 2: telcagepant. Patients could treat up to 12 migraine attacks per period to assess the tolerability of telcagepant. The primary efficacy analysis evaluated telcagepant vs placebo on 2-hour pain freedom during the first attack of Period 1. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-five of the planned 400 patients were enrolled, and 114 took at least one dose of treatment. Telcagepant was not statistically different from placebo for 2-hour pain freedom (25.0% vs 18.9%, odds ratio = 1.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.62, 4.25]). The median number of attacks treated per period was 3. No cardiovascular thrombotic adverse events occurred within 14 days of dosing. CONCLUSION The study was underpowered due to enrollment difficulties and did not demonstrate a significant efficacy difference between telcagepant and placebo for the treatment of a migraine attack in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Telcagepant was generally well tolerated for acute intermittent migraine treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Ho
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 19454-1099, USA.
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Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neuroscience 2010; 169:683-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chan KY, Edvinsson L, Eftekhari S, Kimblad PO, Kane SA, Lynch J, Hargreaves RJ, de Vries R, Garrelds IM, van den Bogaerdt AJ, Danser AHJ, Maassenvandenbrink A. Characterization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) in human isolated coronary arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:746-52. [PMID: 20573757 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.165993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a role in primary headaches, and CGRP receptor antagonists are effective in migraine treatment. CGRP is a potent vasodilator, raising the possibility that antagonism of its receptor could have cardiovascular effects. We therefore investigated the effects of the antimigraine CGRP receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) [N-[(3R,6S)-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azepan-3-yl]-4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide] on human isolated coronary arteries. Arteries with different internal diameters were studied to assess the potential for differential effects across the coronary vascular bed. The concentration-dependent relaxation responses to human alphaCGRP were greater in distal coronary arteries (i.d. 600-1000 microm; E(max) = 83 +/- 7%) than proximal coronary arteries (i.d. 2-3 mm; E(max) = 23 +/- 9%), coronary arteries from explanted hearts (i.d. 3-5 mm; E(max) = 11 +/- 3%), and coronary arterioles (i.d. 200-300 microm; E(max) = 15 +/- 7%). Telcagepant alone did not induce contraction or relaxation of these coronary blood vessels. Pretreatment with telcagepant (10 nM to 1 microM) antagonized alphaCGRP-induced relaxation competitively in distal coronary arteries (pA(2) = 8.43 +/- 0.24) and proximal coronary arteries and coronary arterioles (1 microM telcagepant, giving pK(B) = 7.89 +/- 0.13 and 7.78 +/- 0.16, respectively). alphaCGRP significantly increased cAMP levels in distal, but not proximal, coronary arteries, and this was abolished by pretreatment with telcagepant. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression and colocalization of the CGRP receptor elements calcitonin-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 in the smooth muscle cells in the media layer of human coronary arteries. These findings in vitro support the cardiovascular safety of CGRP receptor antagonists and suggest that telcagepant is unlikely to induce coronary side effects under normal cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Chan
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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