1
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Zhang Y, Han H, Qian Y, Wang Q, Jiang M. Advanced glycation end products promote the progression of chronic kidney diseases by targeting calpain 6. Amino Acids 2023:10.1007/s00726-023-03282-5. [PMID: 37243758 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are produced by glycosylation or oxidation of proteins and lipids and are tightly involved in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) process. Calpain 6 (CAPN6) is a non-classical calpain that has been reported to be overexpressed in CKD. This study aimed to explore the effects of AGEs in CKD progress and their correlation with CAPN6. AGEs production was measured using ELISA. The CCK-8 assay was used to test cell proliferation. mRNA and protein levels were tested using qRT-PCR and western blot. The progress of glycolysis was tested by calculating the ATP and ECAR content in HK-2 cells. The expression of AGEs and CAPN6 was significantly increased in patients with CKD3, CKD4, and CKD5. AGEs treatment inhibited cell proliferation and glycolysis and accelerated apoptosis. Additionally, CAPN6 knockdown effectively reversed the effects of AGEs in HK-2 cells. In addition, overexpressed CAPN6 played similar role to AGEs, which suppressed cell proliferation and glycolysis and facilitated apoptosis. Moreover, the administration of 2-DG, a glycolysis inhibitor, counteracted the effects of CAPN6 silencing in HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, CAPN6 interacts with NF-κB and PDTC reduced CAPN6 expression in HK-2 cells. This investigation revealed that AGEs facilitate CKD development in vitro by modulating the expression of CAPN6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- Department of TCM, Shanghai YangPu District KongJiang Hospital, ShuangYang Rd No. 480, YangPu District, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Haiqiong Han
- Shanghai Jiading District Jiangqiao Town Community Health Service Center, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Jinyao Rd No. 100, Jiangqiao Town, Jiading District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Urology, Shanghai YangPu District KongJiang Hospital, ShuangYang Rd No. 480, YangPu District, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Out-Patient Emergency, Shanghai YangPu District KongJiang Hospital, ShuangYang Rd No. 480, YangPu District, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Minmin Jiang
- Geriatric Department, Shanghai YangPu District KongJiang Hospital, ShuangYang Rd No. 480, YangPu District, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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2
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Javidan A, Jiang W, Yang L, Frony AC, Subramanian V. Celastrol Supplementation Ablates Sexual Dimorphism of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:603. [PMID: 37189351 PMCID: PMC10136124 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are permanent dilations of the abdominal aorta with 4-5 times greater prevalence in males than in females. The aim of this study is to define whether Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii, supplementation influences angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs in hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS Age-matched (8-12 weeks old) male and female low-density lipoprotein (Ldl) receptor-deficient mice were fed a fat-enriched diet supplemented with or without Celastrol (10 mg/kg/day) for five weeks. After one week of diet feeding, mice were infused with either saline (n = 5 per group) or AngII (500 or 1000 ng/kg/min, n = 12-15 per group) for 28 days. RESULTS Dietary supplementation of Celastrol profoundly increased AngII-induced abdominal aortic luminal dilation and external aortic width in male mice as measured by ultrasonography and ex vivo measurement, with a significant increase in incidence compared to the control group. Celastrol supplementation in female mice resulted in significantly increased AngII-induced AAA formation and incidence. In addition, Celastrol supplementation significantly increased AngII-induced aortic medial elastin degradation accompanied by significant aortic MMP9 activation in both male and female mice compared to saline and AngII controls. CONCLUSIONS Celastrol supplementation to Ldl receptor-deficient mice ablates sexual dimorphism and promotes AngII-induced AAA formation, which is associated with increased MMP9 activation and aortic medial destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Javidan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ana Clara Frony
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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3
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Lowis C, Ramara Winaya A, Kumari P, Rivera CF, Vlahos J, Hermantara R, Pratama MY, Ramkhelawon B. Mechanosignals in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1021934. [PMID: 36698932 PMCID: PMC9868277 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1021934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has shown that mechanical and frictional forces exert distinct effects in the multi-cellular aortic layers and play a significant role in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). These mechanical cues collectively trigger signaling cascades relying on mechanosensory cellular hubs that regulate vascular remodeling programs leading to the exaggerated degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), culminating in lethal aortic rupture. In this review, we provide an update and summarize the current understanding of the mechanotransduction networks in different cell types during AAA development. We focus on different mechanosensors and stressors that accumulate in the AAA sac and the mechanotransduction cascades that contribute to inflammation, oxidative stress, remodeling, and ECM degradation. We provide perspectives on manipulating this mechano-machinery as a new direction for future research in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Lowis
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life-Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aurellia Ramara Winaya
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life-Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puja Kumari
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cristobal F. Rivera
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John Vlahos
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rio Hermantara
- Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life-Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yogi Pratama
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Muhammad Yogi Pratama,
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Bhama Ramkhelawon,
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4
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Edaravone Attenuated Angiotensin II-Induced Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081117. [PMID: 36009011 PMCID: PMC9405883 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to define whether edaravone, a free-radical scavenger, influenced angiotensin II (AngII)-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) formation. Methods: Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (8–12 weeks old) were fed with a normal diet for 5 weeks. Either edaravone (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. After 1 week of injections, mice were infused subcutaneously with either AngII (1000 ng/kg/min, n = 16–17 per group) or saline (n = 5 per group) by osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks. Results: AngII increased systolic blood pressure equivalently in mice administered with either edaravone or saline. Edaravone had no effect on plasma total cholesterol concentrations and body weights. AngII infusion significantly increased ex vivo maximal diameters of abdominal aortas and en face atherosclerosis but was significantly attenuated by edaravone administration. Edaravone also reduced the incidence of AngII-induced AAAs. In addition, edaravone diminished AngII-induced aortic MMP-2 activation. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that edaravone ameliorated mRNA abundance of aortic MCP-1 and IL-1β. Immunostaining demonstrated that edaravone attenuated oxidative stress and macrophage accumulation in the aorta. Furthermore, edaravone administration suppressed thioglycolate-induced mice peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) accumulation and mRNA abundance of MCP-1 in MPMs in male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. In vitro, edaravone reduced LPS-induced mRNA abundance of MCP-1 in MPMs. Conclusions: Edaravone attenuated AngII-induced AAAs and atherosclerosis in male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via anti-oxidative action and anti-inflammatory effect.
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5
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Liu J, Wang Q, Wei Y, Zhang S, Chai E, Tang F. Calpain inhibitor prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by regulating mRNA expression of genes related to cholesterol uptake and efflux. Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104276. [PMID: 34742813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that a calpain inhibitor (CAI) prevents the development of atherosclerosis in rats. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CAI (1 mg/kg) on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and explore the underlying mechanism by analyzing the expression of genes related to the uptake and efflux of cholesterol. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques were evaluated. The activity of calpain in the aorta and that of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum were assessed. Lipid profiles in the serum and liver were examined. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured. The mRNA expressions of CD68, TNF-α, IL-6, CD36, scavenger receptor (SR-A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), liver-x-receptor alpha (LXR-α), and ATP-binding cassette transporter class A1 (ABCA1) in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages were also evaluated. RESULTS CAI reduced calpain activity in the aorta. CAI also impeded atherosclerotic lesion formation and mRNA expression of CD68 in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages of ApoE KO mice compared with those of mice receiving HFD. However, CAI had no effect on body weight and lipid levels in both the serum and liver. CAI significantly decreased MDA, oxLDL, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and increased SOD activity in the serum. Moreover, CAI significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages. In addition, CAI significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A and upregulated the expression of genes involved in the cholesterol efflux pathway, i.e., PPAR-γ, LXR-α, and ABCA1 in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSIONS CAI inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE KO mice, and this effect might be related to the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation and the improvement of cholesterol intake and efflux pathways.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calpain/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Leupeptins/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Liu
- Medical Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Erqing Chai
- Emergency General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China.
| | - Futian Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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6
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Muniappan L, Okuyama M, Javidan A, Thiagarajan D, Jiang W, Moorleghen JJ, Yang L, Balakrishnan A, Howatt DA, Uchida HA, Saido TC, Subramanian V. Inducible Depletion of Calpain-2 Mitigates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1694-1709. [PMID: 33761765 PMCID: PMC8062307 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Aortic Rupture/chemically induced
- Aortic Rupture/enzymology
- Aortic Rupture/genetics
- Aortic Rupture/prevention & control
- Calpain/deficiency
- Calpain/genetics
- Calpain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeleton/enzymology
- Cytoskeleton/pathology
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Rats
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Muniappan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michihiro Okuyama
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aida Javidan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haruhito A. Uchida
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Okuyama M, Jiang W, Yang L, Subramanian V. Mst1/2 Kinases Inhibitor, XMU-MP-1, Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Ascending Aortic Expansion in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Circ Rep 2021; 3:259-266. [PMID: 34007939 PMCID: PMC8099673 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-20-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Ascending and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAs) are asymptomatic, permanent dilations of the aorta with surgical intervention as the currently available therapy. Hippo-Yap signaling cascade plays a critical role in stem cell self-renewal, tissue regeneration and organ size control. By using XMU-MP-1, a pharmacological inhibitor of the key component of Hippo-Yap signaling, MST1/2, we examined the functional contribution of Hippo-Yap in the development of AAs in Angiotensin II (AngII)-infused hypercholesterolemic mice. Methods and Results:
MST, p-MST, p-YAP, p-MOB and TAZ proteins in AngII-infused ascending and abdominal aortas were assessed by immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. To examine the effect of MST1/2 inhibition on AAs, western diet-fed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor −/− mice infused with AngII were administered with either vehicle or XMU-MP-1 for 5 weeks. Hippo-YAP signaling proteins were significantly elevated in AngII infused ascending and abdominal aortas. XMU-MP-1 administration resulted in the attenuation of AngII-induced ascending AAs without influencing abdominal AAs and aortic atherosclerosis. Inhibition of Hippo-YAP signaling also resulted in the suppression of AngII-induced matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity, macrophage accumulation, aortic medial hypertrophy and elastin breaks in the ascending aorta. Conclusions:
The present study demonstrates a pivotal role for the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in AngII-induced ascending AA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Okuyama
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
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8
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Fisetin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5570885. [PMID: 33954178 PMCID: PMC8057890 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the efficacy and safety of polyphenols in human health; however, the verification of their efficacy remains insufficient. The aim of this study was to examine whether fisetin, one of flavonoids prevalently present in fruits and vegetables, could suppress lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. LPS increased proinflammatory mRNA abundance (MCP 1, IL-1β, and iNOS) but were suppressed by fisetin. The increment of nitric oxide by LPS, an oxidative stress factor, was attenuated by fisetin. In addition, LPS-enhanced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK and JNK) was reduced. Finally, fisetin attenuated the expression or activity of uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9, which are known as associated factors of macrophage recruitment or infiltration. In conclusion, fisetin is a promising therapeutic agent for macrophage-related inflammation diseases, like sepsis and atherosclerosis.
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9
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Cooper HA, Cicalese S, Preston KJ, Kawai T, Okuno K, Choi ET, Kasahara S, Uchida HA, Otaka N, Scalia R, Rizzo V, Eguchi S. Targeting mitochondrial fission as a potential therapeutic for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:971-982. [PMID: 32384150 PMCID: PMC7898955 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potential contributor to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). In aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), exposure to AngII induces mitochondrial fission via dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). However, pathophysiological relevance of mitochondrial morphology in AngII-associated AAA remains unexplored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial fission is involved in the development of AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was performed on human AAA samples and revealed enhanced expression of Drp1. In C57BL6 mice treated with AngII plus β-aminopropionitrile, AAA tissue also showed an increase in Drp1 expression. A mitochondrial fission inhibitor, mdivi1, attenuated AAA size, associated aortic pathology, Drp1 protein induction, and mitochondrial fission but not hypertension in these mice. Moreover, western-blot analysis showed that induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2, which precedes the development of AAA, was blocked by mdivi1. Mdivi1 also reduced the development of AAA in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice infused with AngII. As with mdivi1, Drp1+/- mice treated with AngII plus β-aminopropionitrile showed a decrease in AAA compared to control Drp1+/+ mice. In abdominal aortic VSMCs, AngII induced phosphorylation of Drp1 and mitochondrial fission, the latter of which was attenuated with Drp1 silencing as well as mdivi1. AngII also induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and enhanced leucocyte adhesion and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in smooth muscle cells, which were attenuated with mdivi1. CONCLUSION These data indicate that Drp1 and mitochondrial fission play salient roles in AAA development, which likely involves mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory activation of VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Aminopropionitrile
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dynamins/genetics
- Dynamins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/genetics
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/pathology
- Mitochondrial Dynamics/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Phosphorylation
- Quinazolinones/pharmacology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Cooper
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kyle J Preston
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Keisuke Okuno
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shingo Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nozomu Otaka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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10
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Cheng H, Cheng Q, Bao X, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Hua Q, Liu W, Tang S, Feng D, Luo Z. Over-activation of NMDA receptors promotes ABCA1 degradation and foam cell formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158778. [PMID: 32745694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an essential regulator of intracellular cholesterol efflux. Secreted cholesterol binds to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in peripheral blood to constitute high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) complexes. ABCA1 protein on the surface of macrophages acts as a crucial controller in preventing cholesterol accumulation. Importantly, ABCA1 is unstable and easily degraded via a series of biochemical activities, including but not limited to calpain-mediated and ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated processes. How accelerated ABCA1 degradation impacts disordered lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation is unclear. N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors with high calcium permeability. Calcium influx via NMDARs activates downstream signaling pathways. Over-activation of NMDARs stimulated by NMDA contributes to dysfunctional lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation via promotion of calpain-mediated ABCA1 proteolysis. However, increased NMDAR activity does not affect liver X receptor expression or ABCA1 mRNA levels. Following NMDA receptor silencing or calpain inhibition, NMDA treatment did not reduce ABCA1 protein levels, nor caused lipid accumulation in macrophages. In addition, NMDAR over-activation activates NF-κB signaling to promote IL-1β and IL-6 macrophage marker expression. However, NMDAR silencing and calpain inhibition reduce inflammatory macrophage responses. In summary, our study suggests that NMDAR activation reduces surface ABCA1 protein, promotes lipid accumulation, and induces the production and secretion of many inflammatory mediators in macrophages, possibly through enhanced calpain-mediated ABCA1 protein degradation. Thus, the NMDAR receptor may be a novel pharmacologic target for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingmei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingwen Bao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongyu Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanghang Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzhong Hua
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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11
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Dókus LE, Yousef M, Bánóczi Z. Modulators of calpain activity: inhibitors and activators as potential drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:471-486. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1722638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Endre Dókus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Impact of Dysfunctional Protein Catabolism on Macrophage Cholesterol Handling. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1631-1643. [PMID: 29589525 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326165234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein catabolism in macrophages, which is accomplished mainly through autophagy- lysosomal degradation, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and calpains, is disturbed in atheroprone vessels. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that defects in protein catabolism interfere with cholesterol handling in macrophages. Indeed, decreases in autophagy facilitate the deposition of cholesterol in atheroprone macrophages and the subsequent development of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques due to impaired catabolism of lipid droplets and limited efferocytic clearance of dead cells. The proteasome is responsible for the degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporters, which leads to impaired cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Overactivation of conventional calpains contributes to excessive processing of functional proteins, thereby accelerating receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and slowing cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, calpain-6, an unconventional nonproteolytic calpain in macrophages, potentiates pinocytotic uptake of native LDL and attenuates the efferocytic clearance of dead cells. Herein, we focus on recent progress in understanding how defective protein catabolism is associated with macrophage cholesterol handling and subsequent atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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13
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Bandaru S, Ala C, Salimi R, Akula MK, Ekstrand M, Devarakonda S, Karlsson J, Van den Eynden J, Bergström G, Larsson E, Levin M, Borén J, Bergo MO, Akyürek LM. Targeting Filamin A Reduces Macrophage Activity and Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2019; 140:67-79. [PMID: 31014088 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.039697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The actin-binding protein FLNA (filamin A) regulates signal transduction important for cell locomotion, but the role of macrophage-specific FLNA during atherogenesis has not been explored. METHODS We analyzed FLNA expression in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques by immunofluorescence. We also produced mice with Flna-deficient macrophages by breeding conditional Flna-knockout mice ( Flna o/fl) with mice expressing Cre from the macrophage-specific lysosome M promoter ( LC). Atherosclerosis in vivo was studied by transplanting bone marrow from male Flna o/fl/ LC mice to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient ( Ldlr-/-) mice; and by infecting Flna o/fl and Flna o/fl/ LC mice with AdPCSK9 (adenoviral vector overexpressing proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9). Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice were infected with AdPCSK9 and then treated with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin to inhibit FLNA cleavage. RESULTS We found that macrophage FLNA expression was higher in advanced than in intermediate human atherosclerotic plaques. Flna o/fl/ LC macrophages proliferated and migrated less than controls; expressed lower levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2; exhibited reduced foam cell formation and lipid uptake; and excreted more lipids. The deficiency of Flna in macrophages markedly reduced the size of aortic atherosclerotic plaques in both Ldlr-/-BMT: Flnao/fl/LC and AdPCSK9-infected Flna o/fl/ LC mice. Intima/media ratios and numbers of CD68-positive macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques were lower in Flna-deficient mice than in control mice. Moreover, we found that STAT3 interacts with a calpain-cleaved carboxyl-terminal fragment of FLNA. Inhibiting calpain-mediated FLNA cleavage with calpeptin in macrophages reduced nuclear levels of phosphorylated STAT3, interleukin 6 secretion, foam cell formation, and lipid uptake. Finally, calpeptin treatment reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaques in C57BL/6 mice infected with AdPCSK9. CONCLUSIONS Genetic inactivation of Flna and chemical inhibition of calpain-dependent cleavage of FLNA impaired macrophage signaling and function, and reduced atherosclerosis in mice, suggesting that drugs targeting FLNA may be useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidar Bandaru
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chandu Ala
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Salimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Murali K Akula
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy (M.K.A., J.K., M.O.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matias Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (M.E., G.B., M.L., J.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sravani Devarakonda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Karlsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy (M.K.A., J.K., M.O.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.K.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Human Structure and Repair, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Ghent University, Belgium (J.V.d.E.)
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (M.E., G.B., M.L., J.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg, Sweden (G.B.)
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Max Levin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (M.E., G.B., M.L., J.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (M.E., G.B., M.L., J.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy (M.K.A., J.K., M.O.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.O.B.)
| | - Levent M Akyürek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (S.B., C.A., R.S., S.D., J.V.d.E., E.L., L.M.A.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Göteborg, Sweden (L.M.A.)
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14
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Okuyama M, Uchida HA, Hada Y, Kakio Y, Otaka N, Umebayashi R, Tanabe K, Fujii Y, Kasahara S, Subramanian V, Daugherty A, Sato Y, Wada J. Exogenous Vasohibin-2 Exacerbates Angiotensin II-Induced Ascending Aortic Dilation in Mice. Circ Rep 2019; 1:155-161. [PMID: 33693132 PMCID: PMC7890291 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-19-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion promotes ascending aortic dilation in C57BL/6J mice. Meanwhile, vasohibin-2 (VASH2) is an angiogenesis promoter in neovascularization under various pathologic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether exogenous VASH2 influences chronic AngII-induced ascending aortic dilation. Methods and Results:
Eight–ten-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with adenovirus (Ad) expressing either VASH2 or LacZ. One week after the injection, mice were infused with either AngII or saline s.c. for 3 weeks. Mice were divided into 4 groups: AngII+VASH2, AngII+LacZ, saline+VASH2, and saline+LacZ. Overexpression of VASH2 significantly increased AngII-induced intimal areas as well as the external diameter of the ascending aorta. In addition, VASH2 overexpression promoted ascending aortic medial elastin fragmentation in AngII-infused mice, which was associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity and medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis. On western blot analysis, accumulation of apoptotic signaling proteins, p21 and p53 was increased in the AngII+VASH2 group. Furthermore, transfection of human aortic SMC with Ad VASH2 increased p21 and p53 protein abundance upon AngII stimulation. Positive TUNEL staining was also detected in the same group of the human aortic SMC. Conclusions:
Exogenous VASH2 exacerbates AngII-induced ascending aortic dilation in vivo, which is associated with increased medial apoptosis and elastin fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Okuyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan.,Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Yuki Kakio
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Nozomu Otaka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Ryoko Umebayashi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujii
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Shingo Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA
| | - Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
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15
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Yu L, Yin M, Yang X, Lu M, Tang F, Wang H. Calpain inhibitor I attenuates atherosclerosis and inflammation in atherosclerotic rats through eNOS/NO/NF-κB pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:60-67. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that calpain, the Ca2+-sensitive cysteine protease, gets involved in atherogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of calpain inhibitor I (CAI, 5 mg/kg per day) with or without NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME) (100 mg/kg per day), the inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), on atherosclerosis and inflammation in a rat model induced by high-cholesterol diet (HCD). The results demonstrated HCD increased protein expression of calpain-1 but not calpain-2 in aortic tissue. In addition, CAI reduced the thickness of atherosclerotic intima compared with HCD group, which was weakened by the l-NAME combination. CAI with or without l-NAME decreased the activity of calpain in the aorta. Also, CAI decreased the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the aorta at the levels of both mRNA and protein. Furthermore, CAI increased the activity and the protein expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) accompanied by increased content of NO and downregulated the protein expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) of the nucleus in the aorta. However, the abovementioned effects were at least partly cancelled by l-NAME except for the protein expression of eNOS. The results suggested that CAI attenuated atherosclerosis and inflammation through eNOS/NO/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Central Hospital of Yingkou Development Areas, Yingkou 115007, China
| | - Meihui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xueyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Departments, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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17
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Defective Protein Catabolism in Atherosclerotic Vascular Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:79. [PMID: 29270409 PMCID: PMC5725411 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation in atheroprone vessels propagates throughout the arterial tree in dyslipidemic patients, thereby accelerating atherosclerotic progression. To elucidate the mechanism of vascular inflammation, most previous studies have focused on inflammation-related signals that are sent in response to vasoactive stimuli. However, it is also important to understand how normal blood vessels become defective and start degenerating. Growing evidence suggests that major protein catabolism pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome, autophagy, and calpain systems, are disturbed in atheroprone vessels and contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Indeed, dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathways results in the accumulation of defective proteins in blood vessels, leading to vascular endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis in affected cells. Impaired autophagy-lysosomal degradation affects smooth muscle cell transformation and proliferation, as well as endothelial integrity and phagocytic clearance of cellular corpses. Dysregulation of the calpain system confers proatherogenic properties to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In this review article, we will discuss the current information available on defective protein catabolism in atheroprone vessels and its potential interrelation with inflammation-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Muniappan L, Javidan A, Jiang W, Mohammadmoradi S, Moorleghen JJ, Katz WS, Balakrishnan A, Howatt DA, Subramanian V. Calpain Inhibition Attenuates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Fibrosis in Diet-induced Obese Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14398. [PMID: 29089532 PMCID: PMC5663911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages have been proposed as a link between obesity and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not completely defined. Calpains are calcium-dependent neutral cysteine proteases that modulate cellular function and have been implicated in various inflammatory diseases. To define whether activated calpains influence diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue macrophage accumulation, mice that were either wild type (WT) or overexpressing calpastatin (CAST Tg), the endogenous inhibitor of calpains were fed with high (60% kcal) fat diet for 16 weeks. CAST overexpression did not influence high fat diet-induced body weight and fat mass gain throughout the study. Calpain inhibition showed a transient improvement in glucose tolerance at 5 weeks of HFD whereas it lost this effect on glucose and insulin tolerance at 16 weeks HFD in obese mice. However, CAST overexpression significantly reduced adipocyte apoptosis, adipose tissue collagen and macrophage accumulation as detected by TUNEL, Picro Sirius and F4/80 immunostaining, respectively. CAST overexpression significantly attenuated obesity-induced inflammatory responses in adipose tissue. Furthermore, calpain inhibition suppressed macrophage migration to adipose tissue in vitro. The present study demonstrates a pivotal role for calpains in mediating HFD-induced adipose tissue remodeling by influencing multiple functions including apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Muniappan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aida Javidan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy S Katz
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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19
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Pereyra AS, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Zhang T, Wu H, Register TC, Forbes E, Devarie-Baez NO, Files DC, Abba MC, Furdui C, Delbono O. BDA-410 Treatment Reduces Body Weight and Fat Content by Enhancing Lipolysis in Sedentary Senescent Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1045-1053. [PMID: 27789616 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and force with age leads to fall risk, mobility impairment, and reduced quality of life. This article shows that BDA-410, a calpain inhibitor, induced loss of body weight and fat but not lean mass or skeletal muscle proteins in a cohort of sedentary 23-month-old mice. Food and water intake and locomotor activity were not modified, whereas BDA-410 treatment decreased intramyocellular lipid and perigonadal fat, increased serum nonesterified fatty acids, and upregulated the genes mediating lipolysis and oxidation, lean phenotype, muscle contraction, muscle transcription regulation, and oxidative stress response. This finding is consistent with our recent report that lipid accumulation in skeletal myofibers is significantly correlated with slower fiber-contraction kinetics and diminished power in obese older adult mice. A proteomic analysis and immunoblot showed downregulation of the phosphatase PPP1R12B, which increases phosphorylated myosin half-life and modulates the calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. This study demonstrates that BDA-410 exerts a beneficial effect on skeletal muscle contractility through new, alternative mechanisms, including enhanced lipolysis, upregulation of "lean phenotype-related genes," downregulation of the PP1R12B phosphatase, and enhanced excitation-contraction coupling. This single compound holds promise for treating age-dependent decline in muscle composition and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Pereyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/CONICET, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Molecular Medicine and Translational Science
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy.,Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Daniel Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Allergy and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Martin C Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center (CINIBA), School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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20
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Dysregulation of Calpain Proteolytic Systems Underlies Degenerative Vascular Disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:1-15. [PMID: 28819082 PMCID: PMC5770219 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, diabetic angiopathy/retinopathy as well as fibrotic and proliferative vascular diseases are generally complicated by the progression of degenerative insults, which are characterized by endothelial dysfunction, apoptotic/necrotic cell death in vascular/immune cells, remodeling of extracellular matrix or breakdown of elastic lamella. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunctional calpain proteolytic systems and defective calpain protein metabolism in blood vessels contribute to degenerative disorders. In vascular endothelial cells, the overactivation of conventional calpains consisting of calpain-1 and -2 isozymes can lead to the disorganization of cell-cell junctions, dysfunction of nitric oxide synthase, sensitization of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascades and depletion of prostaglandin I2, which contributes to degenerative disorders. In addition to endothelial cell dysfunctions, calpain overactivation results in inflammatory insults in macrophages and excessive fibrogenic/proliferative signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, calpain-6, a non-proteolytic unconventional calpain, is involved in the conversion of macrophages to a pro-atherogenic phenotype, leading to the pinocytotic deposition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the cells. Here, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of how calpain contributes to degenerative vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
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21
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Specific calpain inhibition protects kidney against inflammaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8016. [PMID: 28808241 PMCID: PMC5556007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous pro-inflammatory proteases, whose activity is controlled by calpastatin, their specific inhibitor. Transgenic mice over-expressing rabbit calpastatin (CalpTG) are protected against vascular remodelling and angiotensin II-dependent inflammation. We hypothesized that specific calpain inhibition would protect against aging-related lesions in arteries and kidneys. We analysed tissues from 2-months and 2-years-old CalpTG and wild-type mice and performed high throughput RNA-Sequencing of kidney tissue in aged mice. In addition, we analysed inflammatory response in the kidney of aged CalpTG and wild-type mice, and in both in vivo (monosodium urate peritonitis) and in vitro models of inflammation. At two years, CalpTG mice had preserved kidney tissue, less vascular remodelling and less markers of senescence than wild-type mice. Nevertheless, CalpTG mice lifespan was not extended, due to the development of lethal spleen tumors. Inflammatory pathways were less expressed in aged CalpTG mice, especially cytokines related to NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CalpTG mice had reduced macrophage infiltration with aging and CalpTG mice produced less IL-1α and IL-1β in vivo in response to inflammasome activators. In vitro, macrophages from CalpTG mice produced less IL-1α in response to particulate activators of inflammasome. Calpains inhibition protects against inflammaging, limiting kidney and vascular lesions related to aging.
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22
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Emerging roles of calpain proteolytic systems in macrophage cholesterol handling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3011-3021. [PMID: 28432377 PMCID: PMC11107777 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are Ca2+-dependent intracellular proteases that play central roles in the post-translational processing of functional proteins. In mammals, calpain proteolytic systems comprise the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin as well as 15 homologues of the catalytic subunits and two homologues of the regulatory subunits. Recent pharmacological and gene targeting studies in experimental animal models have revealed the contribution of conventional calpains, which consist of the calpain-1 and -2 isozymes, to atherosclerotic diseases. During atherogenesis, conventional calpains facilitate the CD36-dependent uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and block cholesterol efflux through ATP-binding cassette transporters in lesional macrophages, allowing the expansion of lipid-enriched atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, calpain-6, an unconventional non-proteolytic calpain, in macrophages reportedly potentiates pinocytotic uptake of native LDL, and attenuates the efferocytic clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cell corpses from the lesions. Herein, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of how calpain contributes to atherosclerosis, in particular focusing on macrophage cholesterol handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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23
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Wakayama K, Shimamura M, Suzuki JI, Watanabe R, Koriyama H, Akazawa H, Nakagami H, Mochizuki H, Isobe M, Morishita R. Angiotensin II Peptide Vaccine Protects Ischemic Brain Through Reducing Oxidative Stress. Stroke 2017; 48:1362-1368. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.016269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Medication nonadherence is one of major risk factors for the poor outcome in ischemic stroke. Vaccination is expected to solve such a problem because of its long-lasting effects, but its effect on ischemic brain damage is still unknown. Here, we focused on vaccination for renin–angiotensin system and examined the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) peptide vaccine in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats.
Methods—
Male Wistar rats were exposed to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion after 3× injections of Ang II peptide vaccine, and the serum or brain level of anti–Ang II antibody was examined. The effects of the vaccine were evaluated by differences in infarction volume, brain renin–angiotensin system components, and markers for neurodegeneration and oxidative stress.
Results—
Ang II vaccination successfully produced anti–Ang II antibodies in serum without concomitant change in blood pressure. Sufficient production of serum anti–Ang II antibody led to reduction of infarct volume and induced the penetration of anti–Ang II antibody in ischemic hemisphere, with suppressed expression of Ang II type 1 receptor mRNA. Vaccinated rats with sufficient antibody production showed the reduction of Fluoro-Jade B–positive cells, spectrin fragmentation, 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells, and
Nox 2
mRNA expression.
Conclusions—
Our findings indicate that Ang II vaccination exerts neuroprotective and antioxidative effects in cerebral ischemia, with renin–angiotensin system blockade by penetration of anti–Ang II antibodies into ischemic brain lesion. Ang II peptide vaccination could be a promising approach to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Wakayama
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Jun-ichi Suzuki
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Ryo Watanabe
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Koriyama
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- From the Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics (K.W., J.-i.S.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.S., H.M.), Department of Health Development and Medicine (M.S., H.K., H.N.), and Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan; and Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity (R.W.) and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
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25
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Yin M, Liu Q, Yu L, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang H, Luo D, Rong X, Tang F, Guo J. Downregulations of CD36 and Calpain-1, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis by Simvastatin in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:123-130. [DOI: 10.1159/000464288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Yang X, Yin M, Yu L, Lu M, Wang H, Tang F, Zhang Y. Simvastatin inhibited oxLDL-induced proatherogenic effects through calpain-1–PPARγ–CD36 pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1336-1343. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits atherosclerosis in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of simvastatin on mouse peritoneal macrophage foam cell formation, the early feature of atherosclerosis, and explore its mechanisms. The results showed that simvastatin decreased cholesterol content and DiI–oxLDL (1,1′-didodecyl 3,3,3′,3′-indocarbocyanine perchlorate – oxidized low-density lipoprotein) uptake, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the medium, down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of CD36 (a fatty acid receptor), and reduced the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), TNF-α, and IL-6 in macrophages treated with oxLDL. However, PPARγ agonist troglitazone partly abolished the effects of simvastatin on foam cells. In addition, simvastatin reduced the protein expression of calpain-1, a Ca2+-sensitive cysteine protease, in oxLDL-treated macrophages. Furthermore, PD150606, a specific calpain inhibitor, reduced mRNA expressions of PPARγ and CD36 in macrophages treated with oxLDL. Combination of simvastatin and PD150606 had no further effect on mRNA expression of PPARγ and CD36 compared with either alone. However, over-expression of calpain-1 in macrophages partly reversed the simvastatin effects, including cell cholesterol content, mRNA expressions of PPARγ, and CD36. The results suggested that simvastatin inhibits foam cell formation of oxLDL-treated macrophages through a calpain-1–PPARγ–CD36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Departments, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
- Central Hospital of Yingkou Development Areas, Yingkou, 115007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Departments, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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28
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Miyazaki T, Tonami K, Hata S, Aiuchi T, Ohnishi K, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Takeya M, Itabe H, Sorimachi H, Kurihara H, Miyazaki A. Calpain-6 confers atherogenicity to macrophages by dysregulating pre-mRNA splicing. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3417-32. [PMID: 27525442 DOI: 10.1172/jci85880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through pinocytotic deposition of native LDL-derived cholesterol in macrophages in the vascular wall. Inhibiting macrophage-mediated lipid deposition may have protective effects in atheroprone vasculature, and identifying mechanisms that potentiate this process may inform potential therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis. Here, we report that dysregulation of exon junction complex-driven (EJC-driven) mRNA splicing confers hyperpinocytosis to macrophages during atherogenesis. Mechanistically, we determined that inflammatory cytokines induce an unconventional nonproteolytic calpain, calpain-6 (CAPN6), which associates with the essential EJC-loading factor CWC22 in the cytoplasm. This association disturbs the nuclear localization of CWC22, thereby suppressing the splicing of target genes, including those related to Rac1 signaling. CAPN6 deficiency in LDL receptor-deficient mice restored CWC22/EJC/Rac1 signaling, reduced pinocytotic deposition of native LDL in macrophages, and attenuated macrophage recruitment into the lesions, generating an atheroprotective phenotype in the aorta. In macrophages, the induction of CAPN6 in the atheroma interior limited macrophage movements, resulting in a decline in cell clearance from the lesions. Consistent with this finding, we observed that myeloid CAPN6 contributed to atherogenesis in a murine model of bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, macrophages from advanced human atheromas exhibited increased CAPN6 induction and impaired CWC22 nuclear localization. Together, these results indicate that CAPN6 promotes atherogenicity in inflamed macrophages by disturbing CWC22/EJC systems.
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Li M, Su Y, Yu Y, Yu Y, Wang X, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen R. Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:1123-31. [PMID: 27472894 PMCID: PMC7114300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Viral myocarditis (VMC) treatment has long been lacking of effective methods. Our former studies indicated roles of calpain in VMC pathogenesis. This study aimed at verifying the potential of calpain in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis treatment. Methods A transgenic mouse overexpressing the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, was introduced in the study. VMC mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of CVB3 in transgenic and wild mouse respectively. Myocardial injury was assayed histologically (HE staining and pathology grading) and serologically (myocardial damage markers of CK-MB and cTnI). CVB3 replication was observed in vivo and in vitro via the capsid protein VP1 detection or virus titration. Inflammation/fibrotic factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ, IL17, Smad3 and MMP2 were evaluated using western blot or immunohistology stain. Role of calpain in regulating fibroblast migration was studied in scratch assays. Results Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. Comparing with CVB3-infected wild type mouse, the transgenic mouse heart tissue carried lower virus load. The inflammation factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ and IL17 were down-regulated accompanied with fibrotic agents of Smad3 and MMP2 inhibition. And calpain participated in the migration of fibroblasts in vitro, which further proves its role in regulating fibrosis. Conclusion Calpain plays dual roles of facilitating CVB3 replication and inflammation promotion. Calpain inhibition in CVB3-induced myocarditis showed significant treatment effect. Calpain might be a novel target for VMC treatment in clinical practices. Calpain is involved in virus replication in myocarditis. Calpain mediates inflammation infiltration in myocarditis. Calpain might be a candidate for viral myocarditis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yangang Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Howatt DA, Balakrishnan A, Moorleghen JJ, Muniappan L, Rateri DL, Uchida HA, Takano J, Saido TC, Chishti AH, Baud L, Subramanian V. Leukocyte Calpain Deficiency Reduces Angiotensin II-Induced Inflammation and Atherosclerosis But Not Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:835-45. [PMID: 26966280 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion profoundly increases activity of calpains, calcium-dependent neutral cysteine proteases, in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of calpains attenuates AngII-induced aortic medial macrophage accumulation, atherosclerosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. However, the precise functional contribution of leukocyte-derived calpains in AngII-induced vascular pathologies has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calpains expressed in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells contribute to AngII-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms in hypercholesterolemic mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study whether leukocyte calpains contributed to AngII-induced aortic pathologies, irradiated male low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice were repopulated with BM-derived cells that were either wild-type or overexpressed calpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor of calpains. Mice were fed a fat-enriched diet and infused with AngII (1000 ng/kg per minute) for 4 weeks. Overexpression of calpastatin in BM-derived cells significantly attenuated AngII-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation in aortic arches, but had no effect on aneurysm formation. Using either BM-derived cells from calpain-1-deficient mice or mice with leukocyte-specific calpain-2 deficiency generated using cre-loxP recombination technology, further studies demonstrated that independent deficiency of either calpain-1 or -2 in leukocytes modestly attenuated AngII-induced atherosclerosis. Calpastatin overexpression significantly attenuated AngII-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages and spleen. Furthermore, calpain inhibition suppressed migration and adhesion of macrophages to endothelial cells in vitro. Calpain inhibition also significantly decreased hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the absence of AngII. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates a pivotal role for BM-derived calpains in mediating AngII-induced atherosclerosis by influencing macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Howatt
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Jessica J Moorleghen
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Latha Muniappan
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Debra L Rateri
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Jiro Takano
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Athar H Chishti
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Laurent Baud
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.)
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., L.M., D.L.R.), and Department of Physiology (V.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan (H.A.U.); Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan (J.T., T.C.S.); Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.H.C.); and INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (L.B.).
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Kroon AM, Taanman JW. Clonal expansion of T cells in abdominal aortic aneurysm: a role for doxycycline as drug of choice? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11178-95. [PMID: 25993290 PMCID: PMC4463695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most reported studies with animal models of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and several studies with patients have suggested that doxycycline favourably modifies AAA; however, a recent large long-term clinical trial found that doxycycline did not limit aneurysm growth. Thus, there is currently no convincing evidence that doxycycline reduces AAA expansion. Here, we critically review the available experimental and clinical information about the effects of doxycycline when used as a pharmacological treatment for AAA. The view that AAA can be considered an autoimmune disease and the observation that AAA tissue shows clonal expansion of T cells is placed in the light of the well-known inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by doxycycline. In T cell leukaemia animal models, this inhibitory effect of the antibiotic has been shown to impede T cell proliferation, resulting in complete tumour eradication. We suggest that the available evidence of doxycycline action on AAA is erroneously ascribed to its inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by competitive binding of the zinc ion co-factor. Although competitive binding may explain the inhibition of proteolytic activity, it does not explain the observed decreases of MMP mRNA levels. We propose that the observed effects of doxycycline are secondary to inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Provided that serum doxycycline levels are kept at adequate levels, the inhibition will result in a proliferation arrest, especially of clonally expanding T cells. This, in turn, leads to the decrease of proinflammatory cytokines that are normally generated by these cells. The drastic change in cell type composition may explain the changes in MMP mRNA and protein levels in the tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Kroon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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32
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Grasso G, Bonnet S. Metal complexes and metalloproteases: targeting conformational diseases. Metallomics 2015; 6:1346-57. [PMID: 24870829 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many metalloproteases (MPs) have been shown to play important roles in the development of various pathological conditions. Although most of the literature is focused on matrix MPs (MMPs), many other MPs have been demonstrated to be involved in the degradation of peptides or proteins whose accumulation and dyshomeostasis are considered as being responsible for the development of conformational diseases, i.e., diseases where non-native protein conformations lead to protein aggregation. It seems clear that, at least in principle, it must be possible to control the levels of many aggregation-prone proteins not only by reducing their production, but also by enhancing their catabolism. Metal complexes that can perform this function were designed and tested according to at least two different strategies: (i) intervening on the endogenous MPs by directly or indirectly modulating their activity; (ii) acting as artificial MPs, replacing or synergistically functioning with endogenous MPs. These two different bioinorganic approaches are widely represented in the current literature and the aim of this review is to rationally organize and discuss both of them so as to give a critical insight into these approaches and highlighting their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Chemistry Department, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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33
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Lu H, Daugherty A. Mechanisms of the Renin Angiotensin System Influencing Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Grasso G. Monitoring the biomolecular interactions and the activity of Zn-containing enzymes involved in conformational diseases: experimental methods for therapeutic purposes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 97:115-42. [PMID: 25458357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteases (ZnMPs) participate in diverse biological reactions, encompassing the synthesis and degradation of all the major metabolites in living organisms. In particular, ZnMPs have been recognized to play a very important role in controlling the concentration level of several peptides and/or proteins whose homeostasis has to be finely regulated for the correct physiology of cells. Dyshomeostasis of aggregation-prone proteins causes pathological conditions and the development of several different diseases. For this reason, in recent years, many analytical approaches have been applied for studying the interaction between ZnMPs and their substrates/inhibitors and how environmental factors can affect enzyme activities. In this scenario, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometric (MS), and optical methods occupy a very important role in elucidating different aspects of the ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction, ranging from identification of cleavage sites to quantitation of kinetic parameters and inhibition constants. Here, an overview of all the main achievements in the application of different experimental approaches with special attention to MS methods to the investigation of ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction is given. A general MS experimental protocol which has been proved to be useful to study such interactions is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Calpain 1 inhibitor BDA-410 ameliorates α-klotho-deficiency phenotypes resembling human aging-related syndromes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5847. [PMID: 25080854 PMCID: PMC4118420 DOI: 10.1038/srep05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking good care of elderly is a major challenge of our society, and thus identification of potential drug targets to reduce age-associated disease burden is desirable. α-klotho-/- (α-kl) is a short-lived mouse model that displays multiple phenotypes resembling human aging-related syndromes. Such ageing phenotype of α-kl-/- mice is associated with activation of a proteolytic enzyme, Calpain-1. We hypothesized that uncontrolled activation of calpain-1 might be causing age-related phenotypes in α-kl-deficient mice. We found that daily administration of BDA-410, a calpain-1 inhibitor, strikingly ameliorated multiple aging-related phenotypes. Treated mice showed recovery of reproductive ability, increased body weight, reduced organ atrophy, and suppression of ectopic calcifications, bone mineral density reduction, pulmonary emphysema and senile atrophy of skin. We also observed ectopic expression of FGF23 in calcified arteries of α-kl-/- mice, which might account for the clinically observed association of increased FGF23 level with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. These findings allow us to propose that modulation of calpain-1 activity is a potential therapeutic option for delaying age-associated organ pathology, particularly caused by the dysregulation of mineral ion homeostasis.
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36
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Simões AT, Gonçalves N, Nobre RJ, Duarte CB, Pereira de Almeida L. Calpain inhibition reduces ataxin-3 cleavage alleviating neuropathology and motor impairments in mouse models of Machado–Joseph disease. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4932-44. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Maegdefessel L, Dalman RL, Tsao PS. Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: MicroRNAs, Proteases, Genetic Associations. Annu Rev Med 2014; 65:49-62. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-101712-174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald L. Dalman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann FW, Hashimoto AS, Bertino P, Denk T, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, Hoffmann PR. Calpastatin prevents NF-κB-mediated hyperactivation of macrophages and attenuates colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3778-88. [PMID: 23986533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpain enzymes proteolytically modulate cellular function and have been implicated in inflammatory diseases. In this study, we found that calpain levels did not differ between intestinal tissues from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and healthy controls, but IBD tissues showed increased levels of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin (CAST). To investigate the role of CAST in the immune system during IBD, mice were x-ray irradiated, reconstituted with either CAST-knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) bone marrow, and subjected to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CAST-KO recipients with induced colitis exhibited more severe weight loss, bloody diarrhea, and anemia compared with WT controls. Histological evaluation of colons from KO recipients with colitis revealed increased inflammatory pathology. Macrophages purified from the colons of KO recipients had higher IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ mRNA levels compared with WT controls. Mechanistic investigations using small interfering RNA and KO bone marrow to generate CAST-deficient macrophages showed that CAST deficiency during activation with bacterial pathogen associated molecular patterns, including heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis or CpG DNA, led to increased IκB cleavage, NF-κB nuclear localization, and IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. Thus, CAST plays a central role in regulating macrophage activation and limiting pathology during inflammatory disorders like IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
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Subramanian V, Moorleghen JJ, Balakrishnan A, Howatt DA, Chishti AH, Uchida HA. Calpain-2 compensation promotes angiotensin II-induced ascending and abdominal aortic aneurysms in calpain-1 deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72214. [PMID: 23977256 PMCID: PMC3747148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Recently, we demonstrated that angiotensin II (AngII)-infusion profoundly increased both aortic protein and activity of calpains, calcium-activated cysteine proteases, in mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of calpain attenuated AngII-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AA) in mice. Recent studies have shown that AngII infusion into mice leads to aneurysmal formation localized to the ascending aorta. However, the precise functional contribution of calpain isoforms (-1 or -2) in AngII-induced abdominal AA formation is not known. Similarly, a functional role of calpain in AngII-induced ascending AA remains to be defined. Using BDA-410, an inhibitor of calpains, and calpain-1 genetic deficient mice, we examined the relative contribution of calpain isoforms in AngII-induced ascending and abdominal AA development. Methodology/Results To investigate the relative contribution of calpain-1 and -2 in development of AngII-induced AAs, male LDLr −/− mice that were either calpain-1 +/+ or −/− were fed a saturated fat-enriched diet and infused with AngII (1,000 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks. Calpain-1 deficiency had no significant effect on body weight or blood pressure during AngII infusion. Moreover, calpain-1 deficiency showed no discernible effects on AngII-induced ascending and abdominal AAs. Interestingly, AngII infusion induced increased expression of calpain-2 protein, thus compensating for total calpain activity in aortas of calpain-1 deficient mice. Oral administration of BDA-410, a calpain inhibitor, along with AngII-infusion significantly attenuated AngII-induced ascending and abdominal AA formation in both calpain-1 +/+ and −/− mice as compared to vehicle administered mice. Furthermore, BDA-410 administration attenuated AngII-induced aortic medial hypertrophy and macrophage accumulation. Western blot and immunostaining analyses revealed BDA-410 administration attenuated AngII-induced C-terminal fragmentation of filamin A, an actin binding cytoskeletal protein in aorta. Conclusion Calpain-2 compensates for loss of calpain-1, and both calpain isoforms are involved in AngII-induced aortic aneurysm formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America.
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Lu H, Rateri DL, Bruemmer D, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Novel mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 14:402-12. [PMID: 22833280 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a common but asymptomatic disease that has high susceptibility to rupture. Current therapeutic options are limited to surgical procedures because no pharmacological approaches have been proven to decrease either expansion or rupture of human AAAs. The current dearth of effective medical treatment is attributed to insufficient understanding of the mechanisms underlying the initiation, propagation and rupture of AAAs. This review will emphasize recent advances in mechanistic studies that may provide insights into potential pharmacological treatments for this disease. While we primarily focus on recent salient findings, we also discuss mechanisms that continue to be controversial depending on models under study. Despite the progress on exploring mechanisms of experimental AAAs, ultimate validation of mechanisms will require completion of prospective double-blinded clinical trials. In addition, we advocate increased emphasis of collaborative studies using animal models and human tissues for determination of mechanisms that explore expansion and rupture of existing AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Building, B243, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Miyazaki T, Koya T, Kigawa Y, Oguchi T, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Calpain and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 20:228-37. [PMID: 23171729 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the pro-atherogenic roles of Ca(2+)-sensitive intracellular protease calpains. Among more than ten species of calpain isozymes, µ- and m-calpains have been characterized most extensively. These two isozymes are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, and tightly regulate functional molecules in the vascular component cells through limited proteolytic cleavage. Indeed, previous cell-based experiments showed that calpains play significant roles in nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), maintenance of EC barrier function and angiogenesis for maintaining vascular homeostasis. Recently, we demonstrated that modified-low density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced m-calpain causes hyperpermeability in ECs, leading to the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and plasma lipids into the intimal spaces (Miyazaki T. et al., Circulation. 2011; 124: 2522-2532). Calpains also mediate oxidized LDL-induced apoptotic death in ECs. In monocytes/macrophages, calpains induce proteolytic degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), which results in impaired cholesterol efflux and subsequent macrophage foam cell formation. In vascular smooth muscle cells, calpains may be involved in the conversion from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype. In hepatocytes, calpains disrupt the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein via proteolytic degradation of ABCA1. Thus, calpains may serve as novel candidate molecular targets for control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:531-43. [PMID: 22788237 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms are relatively common maladies that may lead to the devastating consequence of aortic rupture. AAAs (abdominal aortic aneurysms) and TAAs (thoracic aortic aneurysms) are two common forms of aneurysmal diseases in humans that appear to have distinct pathologies and mechanisms. Despite this divergence, there are numerous and consistent demonstrations that overactivation of the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) promotes both AAAs and TAAs in animal models. For example, in mice, both AAAs and TAAs are formed during infusion of AngII (angiotensin II), the major bioactive peptide in the RAS. There are many proposed mechanisms by which the RAS initiates and perpetuates aortic aneurysms, including effects of AngII on a diverse array of cell types and mediators. These experimental findings are complemented in humans by genetic association studies and retrospective analyses of clinical data that generally support a role of the RAS in both AAAs and TAAs. Given the lack of a validated pharmacological therapy for any form of aortic aneurysm, there is a pressing need to determine whether the consistent findings on the role of the RAS in animal models are translatable to humans afflicted with these diseases. The present review compiles the recent literature that has shown the RAS as a critical component in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms.
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Abstract
Abstract
Platelets from patients with diabetes are hyperreactive and demonstrate increased adhesiveness, aggregation, degranulation, and thrombus formation, processes that contribute to the accelerated development of vascular disease. Part of the problem seems to be dysregulated platelet Ca2+ signaling and the activation of calpains, which are Ca2+-activated proteases that result in the limited proteolysis of substrate proteins and subsequent alterations in signaling. In the present study, we report that the activation of μ- and m-calpain in patients with type 2 diabetes has profound effects on the platelet proteome and have identified septin-5 and the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) as novel calpain substrates. The calpain-dependent cleavage of septin-5 disturbed its association with syntaxin-4 and promoted the secretion of α-granule contents, including TGF-β and CCL5. Calpain was also released by platelets and cleaved CCL5 to generate a variant with enhanced activity. Calpain activation also disrupted the ILK-PINCH-Parvin complex and altered platelet adhesion and spreading. In diabetic mice, calpain inhibition reversed the effects of diabetes on platelet protein cleavage, decreased circulating CCL5 levels, reduced platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation, and improved platelet function. The results of the present study indicate that diabetes-induced platelet dysfunction is mediated largely by calpain activation and suggest that calpain inhibition may be an effective way of preserving platelet function and eventually decelerating atherothrombosis development.
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Abstract
Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. In the human genome, there are 15 calpain genes. The most-studied calpains, referred to as conventional calpains, are ubiquitous. While genetic studies in mice have improved our understanding about the conventional calpains' physiological functions, especially those essential for mammalian life as in embryogenesis, many reports have pointed to overactivated conventional calpains as an exacerbating factor in pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and muscular dystrophies. For treatment of these diseases, calpain inhibitors have always been considered as drug targets. Recent studies have introduced another aspect of calpains that calpain activity is required to protect the heart and skeletal muscle against stress. This review summarizes the functions and regulation of calpains, focusing on the relevance of calpains to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Letavernier E, Zafrani L, Perez J, Letavernier B, Haymann JP, Baud L. The role of calpains in myocardial remodelling and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:38-45. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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