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Kundu B, Dvorácskó S, Basu A, Pommerolle L, Kim KA, Wood CM, Gibbs E, Behee M, Tarasova NI, Cinar R, Iyer MR. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Sulfonyl Urea Derivatives as Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH) Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:3036. [PMID: 38998987 PMCID: PMC11242993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) can reduce the level of dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) effectively maintaining endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels, resulting in the amelioration of inflammation and pain. Consequently, the development of sEH inhibitors has been a prominent research area for over two decades. In the present study, we synthesized and evaluated sulfonyl urea derivatives for their potential to inhibit sEH. These compounds underwent extensive in vitro investigation, revealing their potency against human and mouse sEH, with 4f showing the most promising sEH inhibitory potential. When subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in studies in mice, compound 4f manifested promising anti-inflammatory efficacy. We investigated the analgesic efficacy of sEH inhibitor 4f in a murine pain model of tail-flick reflex. These results validate the role of sEH inhibition in inflammatory diseases and pave the way for the rational design and optimization of sEH inhibitors based on a sulfonyl urea template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Szabolcs Dvorácskó
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Abhishek Basu
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lenny Pommerolle
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kyu Ah Kim
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Casey M. Wood
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eve Gibbs
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Madeline Behee
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nadya I. Tarasova
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Iyer MR, Kundu B, Wood CM. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors: an overview and patent review from the last decade. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:629-647. [PMID: 35410559 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2054329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological effects mediated by the CYP450 arm of arachidonate cascade implicate the enzyme-soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in hydrolyzing anti-inflammatory epoxy fatty acids to pro-inflammatory diols. Hence, inhibiting the sEH offers a therapeutic approach to treating inflammatory diseases. Over three decades of work has shown the role of sEH inhibitors (sEHis) in treating various disorders in rodents and larger veterinary subjects. Novel chemical strategies to enhance the efficacy of sEHi have now appeared. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive review of patent literature related to soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in the last decade (2010-2021) is provided. EXPERT OPINION Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an important enzyme that metabolizes the bioactive epoxy fatty acids (EFAs) in the arachidonic acid signaling pathway and converts them to vicinal diols, which appear to be pro-inflammatory. Inhibition of sEH hence offers a mechanism to increase in vivo epoxyeicosanoid levels and resolve pro-inflammatory pathways in disease states. Significant efforts in the field have led to potent single target as well as multi-target inhibitors with promising in vitro and widely encompassing in vivo activities. Successful clinical translation of compounds targeting sEH inhibition will further validate the promised therapeutic potential of this pathway in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Biswajit Kundu
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Casey M Wood
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
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Otoki Y, Metherel AH, Pedersen T, Yang J, Hammock BD, Bazinet RP, Newman JW, Taha AY. Acute Hypercapnia/Ischemia Alters the Esterification of Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Epoxide Metabolites in Rat Brain Neutral Lipids. Lipids 2020; 55:7-22. [PMID: 31691988 PMCID: PMC7220815 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, approximately 90% of oxylipins are esterified to lipids. However, the significance of this esterification process is not known. In the present study, we (1) validated an aminopropyl solid phase extraction (SPE) method for separating esterified lipids using 100 and 500 mg columns and (2) applied the method to quantify the distribution of esterified oxylipins within phospholipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL) (i.e. triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester) in rats subjected to head-focused microwave fixation (controls) or CO2 -induced hypercapnia/ischemia. We hypothesized that oxylipin esterification into these lipid pools will be altered following CO2 -induced hypercapnia/ischemia. Lipids were extracted from control (n = 8) and CO2 -asphyxiated (n = 8) rat brains and separated on aminopropyl cartridges to yield PL and NL. The separated lipid fractions were hydrolyzed, purified with hydrophobic-lipophilic-balanced SPE columns, and analyzed with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation showed that the 500 mg (vs 100 mg) aminopropyl columns yielded acceptable separation and recovery of esterified fatty acid epoxides but not other oxylipins. Two epoxides of arachidonic acid (ARA) were significantly increased, and three epoxides of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly decreased in brain NL of CO2 -asphyxiated rats compared to controls subjected to head-focused microwave fixation. PL-bound fatty acid epoxides were highly variable and did not differ significantly between the groups. This study demonstrates that hypercapnia/ischemia alters the concentration of ARA and DHA epoxides within NL, reflecting an active turnover process regulating brain fatty acid epoxide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Otoki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Food and Biodynamic Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Theresa Pedersen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John W. Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jamieson KL, Endo T, Darwesh AM, Samokhvalov V, Seubert JM. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids and heart function. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:47-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Niacin is effective in treating dyslipidemias but causes cutaneous vasodilation or flushing, a side effect that limits its clinical use. Blocking prostaglandins in humans reduces but does not consistently eliminate flushing, indicating additional mechanisms may contribute to flushing. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, when activated, causes cutaneous vasodilation and undergoes tachyphylaxis similar to that seen with niacin. Using a murine model, early phase niacin-induced flushing was examined and TRPV1 channel involvement demonstrated using pharmacologic blockade, desensitization, and genetic knockouts (TRPV1 KO). The TRPV1 antagonist AMG9810 reduced the magnitude of the initial and secondary peaks and the rapidity of the vasodilatory response (slope). TRPV1 desensitization by chronic capsaicin reduced the initial peak and slope. TRPV1 KO mice had a lower initial peak, secondary peak, and slope compared with wild-type mice. Chronic niacin reduced the initial peak, secondary peak, and slope in wild-type mice but had no effect in knockout mice. Furthermore, chronic niacin diminished the response to capsaicin in wild-type mice. Overall, these data demonstrate an important role for TRPV1 channels in niacin-induced flushing, both in the acute response and with chronic administration. That niacin-induced flushing is a complex cascade of events, which should inform pharmacological intervention against this side effect.
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Heemskerk MM, Dharuri HK, van den Berg SAA, Jónasdóttir HS, Kloos DP, Giera M, van Dijk KW, van Harmelen V. Prolonged niacin treatment leads to increased adipose tissue PUFA synthesis and anti-inflammatory lipid and oxylipin plasma profile. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2532-40. [PMID: 25320342 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged niacin treatment elicits beneficial effects on the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile that is associated with a protective CVD risk profile. Acute niacin treatment inhibits nonesterified fatty acid release from adipocytes and stimulates prostaglandin release from skin Langerhans cells, but the acute effects diminish upon prolonged treatment, while the beneficial effects remain. To gain insight in the prolonged effects of niacin on lipid metabolism in adipocytes, we used a mouse model with a human-like lipoprotein metabolism and drug response [female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (apoE3 Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein) mice] treated with and without niacin for 15 weeks. The gene expression profile of gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) from niacin-treated mice showed an upregulation of the "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" pathway, which was corroborated by quantitative PCR and analysis of the FA ratios in gWAT. Also, adipocytes from niacin-treated mice secreted more of the PUFA DHA ex vivo. This resulted in an increased DHA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio in the adipocyte FA secretion profile and in plasma of niacin-treated mice. Interestingly, the DHA metabolite 19,20-dihydroxy docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDPA) was increased in plasma of niacin-treated mice. Both an increased DHA/AA ratio and increased 19,20-diHDPA are indicative for an anti-inflammatory profile and may indirectly contribute to the atheroprotective lipid and lipoprotein profile associated with prolonged niacin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs M Heemskerk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harish K Dharuri
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd A A van den Berg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hulda S Jónasdóttir
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dick-Paul Kloos
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ma L, Lee BH, Mao R, Cai A, Jia Y, Clifton H, Schaefer S, Xu L, Zheng J. Nicotinic acid activates the capsaicin receptor TRPV1: Potential mechanism for cutaneous flushing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1272-80. [PMID: 24675661 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinic acid (also known as niacin or vitamin B3), widely used to treat dyslipidemias, represents an effective and safe means to reduce the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, a substantial fraction of patients discontinue treatment because of a strong side effect of cutaneous vasodilation, commonly termed flushing. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that nicotinic acid causes flushing partially by activating the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, a polymodal cellular sensor that mediates the flushing response on consumption of spicy food. APPROACH AND RESULTS We observed that the nicotinic acid-induced increase in blood flow was substantially reduced in Trpv1(-/-) knockout mice, indicating involvement of the channel in flushing response. Using exogenously expressed TRPV1, we confirmed that nicotinic acid at submillimolar to millimolar concentrations directly and potently activates TRPV1 from the intracellular side. Binding of nicotinic acid to TRPV1 lowers its activation threshold for heat, causing channel opening at physiological temperatures. The activation of TRPV1 by voltage or ligands (capsaicin and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate) is also potentiated by nicotinic acid. We further demonstrated that nicotinic acid does not compete directly with capsaicin but may activate TRPV1 through the 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate activation pathway. Using live-cell fluorescence imaging, we observed that nicotinic acid can quickly enter the cell through a transporter-mediated pathway to activate TRPV1. CONCLUSIONS Direct activation of TRPV1 by nicotinic acid may lead to cutaneous vasodilation that contributes to flushing, suggesting a potential novel pathway to inhibit flushing and to improve compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Ma
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Bo Hyun Lee
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Rongrong Mao
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Anping Cai
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Yunfang Jia
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Heather Clifton
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Saul Schaefer
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Lin Xu
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- From the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology (L.M., B.H.L., J.Z.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.C., S.S.), University of California School of Medicine, Davis; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (R.M, A.C., Y.J., L.X.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia (L.M.).
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Harris TR, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: gene structure, expression and deletion. Gene 2013; 526:61-74. [PMID: 23701967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts epoxides to their corresponding diols through the addition of a water molecule. sEH readily hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxidized lipids produced from arachidonic acid by the action of cytochrome p450s. Through its metabolism of the EETs and other lipid mediators, sEH contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, nociception, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response. Because of its central physiological role in disease states such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, hypertension, and pain sEH is being investigated as a therapeutic target. This review begins with a brief introduction to sEH protein structure and function. sEH evolution and gene structure are then discussed before human small nucleotide polymorphisms and mammalian gene expression are described in the context of several disease models. The review ends with an overview of studies that have employed the sEH knockout mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Harris
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:178-81. [PMID: 23481230 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835f8a8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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