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Scholz C, Cabalzar J, Kraemer T, Baumgartner MR. A Comprehensive Multi-Analyte Method for Hair Analysis: Substance-Specific Quantification Ranges and Tool for Task-Oriented Data Evaluation. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:701-712. [PMID: 32986078 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify a large number of analytes including opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics within a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement. Expected drug concentrations in hair are strongly substance dependent. Therefore, three different calibration ranges were implemented: 0.5 to 600 pg/mg (group 1), 10 to 12,000 pg/mg (group 2) and 50 to 60,000 pg/mg (group 3). In order to avoid saturation effects, different strategies were applied for selected transitions including the use of parent mass ions containing one or two 13C-isotopes and detuning of the declustering potential and/or collision energy. Drugs were extracted from pulverized hair by a two-step extraction protocol and measured by liquid chromatrography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC--MS-MS) using Scheduled MRM™ Algorithm Pro. In total, 275 MRM transitions including 43 deuterated standards were measured. The method has been fully validated according to international guidelines. A MultiQuant™ software based tool for task-oriented data evaluation was established, which allows extracting selected information from the measured data sets. The matrix effects and recoveries were within the allowed ranges for the majority of the analytes. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were for ∼72% of the analytes in the low-pg/mg range (0.5-5 pg/mg) and for ∼24% of the analytes between 10 and 50 pg/mg. These LLOQs considered cut-offs by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), if recommended. The herein established multi-analyte approach meets the specific requirements of forensic hair testing and can be used for the rapid and robust measurement of a wide range of psychoactive substances. The analyte-specific wide concentration ranges open up a wide field of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scholz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Cabalzar
- AB Sciex Switzerland GmbH, SCIEX, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland
| | - T Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Rosado T, Gallardo E, Vieira DN, Barroso M. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent as a Novel Strategy for Sample Clean-Up in the Determination of Methadone and EDDP in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:840-850. [PMID: 32364610 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) procedure for rapid concentration of methadone and its primary metabolite (EDDP) in hair samples was developed. The miniaturized approach coupled to gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) was successfully validated. Hair samples (50 mg) were incubated with 1 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide for 45 min at 50°C, time after which the extract was neutralized by adding 100 μL of 20% formic acid. Subsequently, MEPS was applied using a M1 sorbent (4 mg; 80% C8 and 20% strong cation-exchange (SCX)), first conditioned with three 250-μL cycles of methanol and three 250-μL cycles of 2% formic acid. The extract load occurred with nine 150-μL cycles followed by a washing step involving three 50-μL cycles with 3.36% formic acid. For the elution of the analytes, six 100-μL cycles of 2.36% ammonium hydroxide in methanol were applied. The method was linear from 0.01 to 5 ng/mg, for both compounds, presenting determination coefficients greater than 0.99. Precision and accuracy were in accordance with the statements of international guidelines for method validation. This new miniaturized approach allowed obtaining recoveries ranging from 73 to 109% for methadone and 84 to 110% for EDDP, proving to be an excellent alternative to classic approaches, as well as other miniaturized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - D N Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas 3000-548
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal
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Binz TM, Williner E, Strajhar P, Dolder PC, Liechti ME, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Chiral analysis of amphetamines in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: compliance-monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients under Elvanse® therapy and identification after controlled low-dose application. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:254-261. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elena Williner
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick C. Dolder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus R. Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea E. Steuer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
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Abstract
Although mass spectrometry has been used clinically for decades, the advent of immunoassay technology moved the clinical laboratory to more labor saving automated platforms requiring little if any sample preparation. It became clear, however, that immunoassays lacked sufficient sensitivity and specificity necessary for measurement of certain analytes or for measurement of analytes in specific patient populations. This limitation prompted clinical laboratories to revisit mass spectrometry which could additionally be used to develop assays for which there was no commercial source. In this chapter, the clinical applications of mass spectrometry in therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, and steroid hormone analysis will be reviewed. Technologic advances and new clinical applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D French
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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An optimized and validated SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair. Talanta 2015; 144:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 55:169-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Paraxanthine/Caffeine Concentration Ratios in Hair: An Alternative for Plasma-Based Phenotyping of Cytochrome P450 1A2? Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:771-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Himes SK, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Smith LM, Arria AM, Grotta SAD, Dansereau LM, Abar B, Neal CR, Lester BM, Huestis MA. Risk of neurobehavioral disinhibition in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed young children with positive hair toxicology results. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:535-43. [PMID: 24518561 PMCID: PMC4101149 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) and postnatal drug exposures identified by child hair analysis on neurobehavioral disinhibition at 6.5 years of age. METHODS Mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study in Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tulsa, and Des Moines. PME was determined by maternal self-report and/or positive meconium results. At the 6.5-year follow-up visit, hair was collected and analyzed for methamphetamine, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabinoid markers. Child behavioral and executive function test scores were aggregated to evaluate child neurobehavioral disinhibition. Hierarchical linear regression models assessed the impact of PME, postnatal substances, and combined PME with postnatal drug exposures on the child's neurobehavioral disinhibition aggregate score. Past year caregiver substance use was compared with child hair results. RESULTS A total of 264 children were evaluated. Significantly more PME children (n = 133) had hair positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine (27.1% versus 8.4%) and nicotine/cotinine (38.3% versus 25.2%) than children without PME (n = 131). Overall, no significant differences in analyte hair concentrations were noted between groups. Significant differences in behavioral and executive function were observed between children with and without PME. No independent effects of postnatal methamphetamine or tobacco exposure, identified by positive hair test, were noted and no additional neurobehavioral disinhibition was observed in PME children with postnatal drug exposures, as compared with PME children without postnatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Child hair testing offered a noninvasive means to evaluate postnatal environmental drug exposure, although no effects from postnatal drug exposure alone were seen. PME, alone and in combination with postnatal drug exposures, was associated with behavioral and executive function deficits at 6.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Linda L. LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Chris Derauf
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Lynne M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Family Science Department, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Sheri A. Della Grotta
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Lynne M. Dansereau
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Beau Abar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Charles R. Neal
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Barry M. Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Ward RM, Drover DR, Hammer GB, Stemland CJ, Kern S, Tristani-Firouzi M, Lugo RA, Satterfield K, Anderson BJ. The pharmacokinetics of methadone and its metabolites in neonates, infants, and children. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24:591-601. [PMID: 24666686 PMCID: PMC4016164 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of methadone pharmacokinetic data in children and neonates restrains dosing to achieve the target concentration in these populations. A minimum effective analgesic concentration of methadone in opioid naïve adults is 0.058 mg·l(-1) , while no withdrawal symptoms were observed in neonates suffering opioid withdrawal if plasma concentrations of methadone were above 0.06 mg·l(-1) . The racemate of methadone which is commonly used in pediatric and anesthetic care is metabolized to 2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline (EMDP). METHODS Data from four studies (age 33-week PMA-15 years) were pooled (n = 56) for compartment analysis using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Parameter estimates were standardized to a 70-kg person using an allometric model approach. Investigation was made of the racemate and metabolite (EDDP and EMDP) dispositions. In addition, neonatal data (n = 7) allowed further study of R- and S-enantiomer pharmacokinetics. RESULTS A three-compartment linear disposition model best described the observed time-concentration profiles with additional compartments for metabolites. Population parameter estimates (between-subject variability) were central volume (V1) 21.5 (29%) l.70 kg(-1) , peripheral volumes of distribution V2 75.1 (23%) l.70 kg(-1) and V3 484 (8%) l.70 kg(-1) , clearance (CL) 9.45 (11%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) , and intercompartment clearances Q2 325 (21%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) and Q3 136 (14%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) . EDDP formation clearance was 9.1 (11%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) , formation clearance of EMDP from EDDP 7.4 (63%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) , elimination clearance of EDDP was 40.9 (26%) l·h(-1) .70 kg(-1) and the rate constant for intermediate compartments 2.17 (43%) h(-1) . CONCLUSIONS Current pharmacokinetic parameter estimates in children and neonates are similar to those reported in adults. There was no clearance maturation with age. Neonatal enantiomer clearances were similar to those described in adults. A regimen of 0.2 mg·kg(-1) per 8 h in neonates achieves a target concentration of 0.06 mg·l(-1) within 36 h. Infusion, rather than intermittent dosing, should be considered if this target is to be achieved in older children after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Ward
- Dept Neonatology & Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - David R. Drover
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Gregory B. Hammer
- Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Steve Kern
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132. Present Address: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Ralph A. Lugo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, USA. Present address: Department of Pharmacy Practice, East Tennessee State University College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, USA
| | - Kristin Satterfield
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, USA, Present address: Department of University of California – Irvine, Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, 333 City Blvd. W, Suite 2150, Orange, USA
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Favretto D, Tucci M, Monaldi A, Ferrara SD, Miolo G. A study on photodegradation of methadone, EDDP, and other drugs of abuse in hair exposed to controlled UVB radiation. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:78-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Marianna Tucci
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Alice Monaldi
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 5 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Santo Davide Ferrara
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 5 I-35121 Padova Italy
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