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Yin X, Feng L, Hua Q, Ye J, Cai L. Progress in the study of mechanisms and pathways related to the survival of random skin flaps. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-023-01746-7. [PMID: 38308185 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-023-01746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The clinical application of random flaps in wound repair has been a topic of discussion. Random flaps are prone to necrosis due to the lack of well-defined vascular blood supply during transfer surgery. Their clinical utility is restricted, financial and psychological burdens is imposed on patients due to this limitation. The survival of random skin flaps depends on factors such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, local inflammatory response, and neovascularization. This review aims to provide an overview of the evidence supporting the use of random flaps in clinical practice. In addition, this review explores the impact of different medications on signaling pathways within the flap's local microcirculation and investigates the interconnections between these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Yin
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Feng
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Hua
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangtian Ye
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leyi Cai
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, XueYuan West Road, Luheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Berry CE, Le T, An N, Griffin M, Januszyk M, Kendig CB, Fazilat AZ, Churukian AA, Pan PM, Wan DC. Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models. J Transl Med 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38233920 PMCID: PMC10792878 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Local skin flaps are frequently employed for wound closure to address surgical, traumatic, congenital, or oncologic defects. (1) Despite their clinical utility, skin flaps may fail due to inadequate perfusion, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), excessive cell death, and associated inflammatory response. (2) All of these factors contribute to skin flap necrosis in 10-15% of cases and represent a significant surgical challenge. (3, 4) Once flap necrosis occurs, it may require additional surgeries to remove the entire flap or repair the damage and secondary treatments for infection and disfiguration, which can be costly and painful. (5) In addition to employing appropriate surgical techniques and identifying healthy, well-vascularized tissue to mitigate the occurrence of these complications, there is growing interest in exploring cell-based and pharmacologic augmentation options. (6) These agents typically focus on preventing thrombosis and increasing vasodilation and angiogenesis while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Agents that modulate cell death pathways such as apoptosis and autophagy have also been investigated. (7) Implementation of drugs and cell lines with potentially beneficial properties have been proposed through various delivery techniques including systemic treatment, direct wound bed or flap injection, and topical application. This review summarizes pharmacologic- and cell-based interventions to augment skin flap viability in animal models, and discusses both translatability challenges facing these therapies and future directions in the field of skin flap augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Berry
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thalia Le
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas An
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Griffin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Micheal Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carter B Kendig
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Z Fazilat
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Andrew A Churukian
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Phoebe M Pan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Qu Q, Fu B, Long Y, Liu ZY, Tian XH. Current Strategies for Promoting the Large-scale Production of Exosomes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1964-1979. [PMID: 36797614 PMCID: PMC10514529 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216095938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as nanoscale biological vesicles, have been shown to have great potential for biomedical applications. However, the low yield of exosomes limits their application. In this review, we focus on methods to increase exosome yield. Two main strategies are used to increase exosome production, one is based on genetic manipulation of the exosome biogenesis and release pathway, and the other is by pretreating parent cells, changing the culture method or adding different components to the medium. By applying these strategies, exosomes can be produced on a large scale to facilitate their practical application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yong Long
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
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Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From Hypoxia-Preconditioned Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promote Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α-Mediated Neovascularization of Random Skin Flap in Rats. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 89:225-229. [PMID: 35943229 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Random flaps are widely used for wound repair. However, flap necrosis is a serious complication leading to the failure of operation. Our previous study demonstrated a great proangiogenic potential of hypoxia-treated adipose-derived stem cells-extracellular vesicles (HT-ASC-EVs). Thus, we aim to evaluate the effect of HT-ASC-EVs in the survival and angiogenesis of random skin flap in rats. METHODS Adipose-derived stem cells-extracellular vesicles were respectively isolated from adipose-derived stem cell culture medium of 3 donors via ultracentrifugation. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and proangiogenic potential of HT-ASC-EVs and ASC-EVs were compared by co-culturing with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 group (n = 10/group). A 9 × 3-cm random skin flap was separated from the underlying fascia with both sacral arteries sectioned on each rat. The survival and angiogenesis of flaps treated by ASC-EVs or HT-ASC-EVs were also compared. Laser Doppler flowmetry and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate skin perfusion and angiogenesis of skin flaps on postoperative day 7. RESULTS Hypoxia-treated adipose-derived stem cells-extracellular vesicles further improve the proliferation, migration, tube formation with upregulated HIF-1α, and VEGF expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, compared with ASC-EVs. In vivo, postoperatively injecting HT-ASC-EVs suppressed necrosis rate (29.1 ± 2.8% vs 59.2 ± 2.1%) and promoted the angiogenesis of skin flap including improved skin perfusion (803.2 ± 24.3 vs 556.3 ± 26.7 perfusion unit), increased number of CD31-positive cells, and upregulated expression of HIF-1α in vascular endothelium on postoperative day 7, compared with ASC-EVs. CONCLUSIONS Intradermal injecting HT-ASC-EVs improve the survival of random skin flap by promoting HIF-1α-mediated angiogenesis in rat model.
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Oxidative stress-induced endothelial cells-derived exosomes accelerate skin flap survival through Lnc NEAT1-mediated promotion of endothelial progenitor cell function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:325. [PMID: 35850692 PMCID: PMC9290268 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flap transplantation is commonly used in reconstructive surgery. A prerequisite for skin flap survival is sufficient blood supply. However, such approaches remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of exosomes derived from human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to oxidative stress on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and their subsequent influence on the survival of skin flaps. Methods HUVECs were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 to establish an oxidative stress model. To investigate the effects of H2O2-HUVEC-Exos and HUVEC-Exos, Cell Counting Kit-8, tube formation, invasion assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed in EPCs. Microarray analysis was used to reveal the differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the H2O2-HUVEC-Exos and HUVEC-Exos. In addition, gene silencing and western blotting were employed to determine the mechanism behind lncRNA nuclear enrichment enriched transcript 1 (Lnc NEAT1) in EPCs. Further, a rat skin flap model was used to determine the role of the exosomes in skin flap survival in vivo. Results HUVECs were stimulated with 100 μmol/L H2O2 for 12 h to establish an oxidative stress model. H2O2-HUVEC-Exos promoted the proliferation, tube formation, and invasion of EPCs and remarkably increased skin flap survival compared to the HUVEC-Exos and control groups. Sequencing of exosome RNAs revealed that the Lnc NEAT1 level was dramatically increased in the H2O2-HUVEC-Exos, leading to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Comparatively, knockdown of Lnc NEAT1 in HUVEC-Exos and H2O2-HUVEC-Exos significantly inhibits the angiogenic capacity of EPCs, reduced the survival area of skin flap and downregulated the expression levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins, whereas Wnt agonist partly reversed the negative effect of NEAT1 downregulation on EPCs through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusions Exosomes derived from HUVECs stimulated by oxidative stress significantly promoted the pro-angiogenic ability of EPCs through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway mediated by Lnc NEAT1 and hence enhanced random flap survival in vivo. Therefore, the application of H2O2-HUVEC-Exos may serve as an alternative therapy for improving random skin flap survival. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03013-9.
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Keshtkar S, Kaviani M, Soleimanian S, Azarpira N, Asvar Z, Pakbaz S. Stem Cell-Derived Exosome as Potential Therapeutics for Microbial Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:786111. [PMID: 35237239 PMCID: PMC8882917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as the smallest extracellular vesicles that carry a cargo of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and mediate intercellular communication, have attracted much attention in diagnosis and treatment in the field of medicine. The contents of exosomes vary depending on the cell type and physiological conditions. Among exosomes derived from several cell types, stem cell-derived exosomes (stem cell-Exo) are increasingly being explored due to their immunomodulatory properties, regenerative capacity, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial functions. Administration of stem cell-Exo, as a cell-free therapy for various diseases, has gained great promise. Indeed, the advantages of exosomes secreted from stem cells outweigh those of their parent cells owing to their small size, high stability, less immunogenicity, no risk of tumorigenesis, and easier condition for storage. Recently, the use of stem cell-Exo has been proposed in the field of microbial diseases. Pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause various diseases in humans with acute and chronic complications, sometimes resulting in mortality. On the other hand, treatments based on antibiotics and other chemical compounds have many side effects and the strains become resistant to drugs in some cases. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the effect of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles including stem cell-Exo on microbial diseases. Although most published studies are preclinical, the avenue of clinical application of stem cell-Exo is under way to reach clinical applications. The challenges ahead of this cell-free treatment that might be applied as a therapeutic alternative to stem cells for translation from bench to bed were emphasized, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Keshtkar
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeede Soleimanian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asvar
- Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Pakbaz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fan W, Liu Z, Chen J, Liu S, Chen T, Li Z, Lin D. Effect of memantine on the survival of an ischemic random skin flap and the underlying mechanism. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112163. [PMID: 34517281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin flap transplantation is a common wound repair method in orthopedic surgery, but skin flap necrosis remains problematic. Memantine, an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist, is currently used in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, due to its ability to promote angiogenesis and reduce oxidative stress. This study investigated the effect of memantine on the survival of random skin flaps in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty six male SD rats were divided into control, high-dose (20 mg/kg per day), and low-dose (10 mg/kg per day) groups and underwent a McFarland flap procedure. Seven days later, the survival of the flap was evaluated, The microvascular density and neutrophil density were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Lead angiography was used to detect angiogenesis, and laser Doppler was used to detect blood perfusion. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)were detected by immunohistochemistry. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). RESULTS Compared with the control group, the flap survival area of memantine group, especially the high-dose group, was larger, VEGF expression, microvascular density, angiogenesis, blood perfusion, and superoxide dismutase in the flap were higher in the Memantine-H group than in the Memantine-L and control groups (P < 0.01). In addition, levels of neutrophil density, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, NF-κB, MAPK and malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the Memantine-H group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Memantine can promote the survival of skin flap in rats by improving the blood supply, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting the inflammatory response, and reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Fan
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Jiande, Jiande, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaodong Liu
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingxiang Chen
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Qi H, Wang Y, Fa S, Yuan C, Yang L. Extracellular Vesicles as Natural Delivery Carriers Regulate Oxidative Stress Under Pathological Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:752019. [PMID: 34557480 PMCID: PMC8452933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.752019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are cellular secretory particles that can be used as natural drug delivery carriers. They have successfully delivered drugs including chemotherapeutics, proteins, and genes to treat various diseases. Oxidative stress is an abnormal physiological phenomenon, and it is associated with nearly all diseases. In this short review, we summarize the regulation of EVs on oxidative stress. There are direct effects and indirect effects on the regulation of oxidative stress through EVs. On the one hand, they can deliver antioxidant substances or oxides to recipient cells, directly relieving or aggravating oxidative stress. On the other hand, regulate factors of oxidative stress-related signaling pathways can be delivered to recipient cells by the mediation of EVs, realizing the indirect regulation of oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge, however, only endogenous drugs have been delivered by EVs to regulate oxidative stress till now. And the heterogeneity of EVs may complicate the regulation of oxidative stress. Therefore, this short review aims to draw more attention to the EVs-based regulation of oxidative stress, and we hope excellent EVs-based delivery carriers that can deliver exogenous drugs to regulate oxidative stress can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Qi
- Department of Aging Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingruo Wang
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shunxin Fa
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,York School, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Changqing Yuan
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Ruiz GP, Camara H, Fazolini NPB, Mori MA. Extracellular miRNAs in redox signaling: Health, disease and potential therapies. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:170-187. [PMID: 33965563 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication and intertissue crosstalk. MiRNAs are produced by virtually all types of eukaryotic cells and can be selectively packaged and released to the extracellular medium, where they may reach distal cells to regulate gene expression cell non-autonomously. By doing so, miRNAs participate in integrative physiology. Oxidative stress affects miRNA expression, while miRNAs control redox signaling. Disruption in miRNA expression, processing or release to the extracellular compartment are associated with aging and a number of chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, all of them being conditions related to oxidative stress. Here we discuss the interplay between redox balance and miRNA function and secretion as a determinant of health and disease states, reviewing the findings that support this notion and highlighting novel and yet understudied venues of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Palermo Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Camara
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Narayana P B Fazolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Kronstadt SM, Pottash AE, Levy D, Wang S, Chao W, Jay SM. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Sepsis Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000259. [PMID: 34423113 PMCID: PMC8378673 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly condition lacking a specific treatment despite decades of research. This has prompted the exploration of new approaches, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging as a focal area. EVs are nanosized, cell-derived particles that transport bioactive components (i.e., proteins, DNA, and RNA) between cells, enabling both normal physiological functions and disease progression depending on context. In particular, EVs have been identified as critical mediators of sepsis pathophysiology. However, EVs are also thought to constitute the biologically active component of cell-based therapies and have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in sepsis models. The dual nature of EVs in sepsis is explored here, discussing their endogenous roles and highlighting their therapeutic properties and potential. Related to the latter component, prior studies involving EVs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other sources are discussed and emerging producer cells that could play important roles in future EV-based sepsis therapies are identified. Further, how methodologies could impact therapeutic development toward sepsis treatment to enhance and control EV potency is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and, Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Pierce LM, Kurata WE. Priming With Toll-Like Receptor 3 Agonist Poly(I:C) Enhances Content of Innate Immune Defense Proteins but Not MicroRNAs in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676356. [PMID: 34109180 PMCID: PMC8180863 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) help fight infection by promoting direct bacterial killing or indirectly by modulating the acute phase response, thereby decreasing tissue injury. Recent evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs retain antimicrobial characteristics that may be enhanced by pretreatment of parent MSCs with the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist poly(I:C). Our aim was to determine whether poly(I:C) priming can modify EV content of miRNAs and/or proteins to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of their enhanced antimicrobial function. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were cultured with or without 1 μg/ml poly(I:C) for 1 h and then conditioned media was collected after 64 h of culture in EV-depleted media. Mass spectrometry and small RNA next-generation sequencing were performed to compare proteomic and miRNA profiles. Poly(I:C) priming resulted in 49 upregulated EV proteins, with 21 known to be important in host defense and innate immunity. In contrast, EV miRNA content was not significantly altered. Functional annotation clustering analysis revealed enrichment in biological processes and pathways including negative regulation of endopeptidase activity, acute phase, complement and coagulation cascades, innate immunity, immune response, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Several antimicrobial peptides identified in EVs remained unaltered by poly(I:C) priming, including dermcidin, lactoferrin, lipocalin 1, lysozyme C, neutrophil defensin 1, S100A7 (psoriasin), S100A8/A9 (calprotectin), and histone H4. Although TLR3 activation of MSCs improves the proteomic profile of EVs, further investigation is needed to determine the relative importance of particular functional EV proteins and their activated signaling pathways following EV interaction with immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Pierce
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Wendy E Kurata
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
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12
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Extracellular Vesicles from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Review of Common Cargos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:854-901. [PMID: 33904115 PMCID: PMC8942954 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in adipose tissue mesenchymal cell–derived extracellular vesicles (AT-MSC-EVs) has increasingly grown. Numerous articles support the potential of human AT-MSC-EVs as a new therapeutic option for treatment of diverse diseases in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems, kidney, skin, and immune system, among others. This approach makes use of the molecules transported inside of EVs, which play an important role in cell communication and in transmission of macromolecules. However, to our knowledge, there is no database where essential information about AT-MSC-EVs cargo molecules is gathered for easy reference. The aim of this study is to describe the different molecules reported so far in AT-MSC- EVs, their main molecular functions, and biological processes in which they are involved. Recently, the presence of 591 proteins and 604 microRNAs (miRNAs) has been described in human AT-MSC-EVs. The main molecular function enabled by both proteins and miRNAs present in human AT-MSC-EVs is the binding function. Signal transduction and gene silencing are the biological processes in which a greater number of proteins and miRNAs from human AT-MSC-EVs are involved, respectively. In this review we highlight the therapeutics effects of AT-MSC-EVs related with their participation in relevant biological processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration, among others.
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