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Kofoed KF, Fuchs A, Køber LV. Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis and Risk for Myocardial Infarction in a Danish Cohort. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:eL230263. [PMID: 37844315 DOI: 10.7326/l23-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Fuchs
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Valeur Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fuchs A, Kühl JT, Sigvardsen PE, Afzal S, Knudsen AD, Møller MB, de Knegt MC, Sørgaard MH, Nordestgaard BG, Køber LV, Kofoed KF. Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis and Risk for Myocardial Infarction in a Danish Cohort : A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:433-442. [PMID: 36972540 DOI: 10.7326/m22-3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary atherosclerosis may develop at an early age and remain latent for many years. OBJECTIVE To define characteristics of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis associated with the development of myocardial infarction. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING Copenhagen General Population Study, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS 9533 asymptomatic persons aged 40 years or older without known ischemic heart disease. MEASUREMENTS Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis was assessed with coronary computed tomography angiography conducted blinded to treatment and outcomes. Coronary atherosclerosis was characterized according to luminal obstruction (nonobstructive or obstructive [≥50% luminal stenosis]) and extent (nonextensive or extensive [one third or more of the coronary tree]). The primary outcome was myocardial infarction, and the secondary outcome was a composite of death or myocardial infarction. RESULTS A total of 5114 (54%) persons had no subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, 3483 (36%) had nonobstructive disease, and 936 (10%) had obstructive disease. Within a median follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 0.1 to 8.9 years), 193 persons died and 71 had myocardial infarction. The risk for myocardial infarction was increased in persons with obstructive (adjusted relative risk, 9.19 [95% CI, 4.49 to 18.11]) and extensive (7.65 [CI, 3.53 to 16.57]) disease. The highest risk for myocardial infarction was noted in persons with obstructive-extensive subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (adjusted relative risk, 12.48 [CI, 5.50 to 28.12]) or obstructive-nonextensive (adjusted relative risk, 8.28 [CI, 3.75 to 18.32]). The risk for the composite end point of death or myocardial infarction was increased in persons with extensive disease, regardless of degree of obstruction-for example, nonobstructive-extensive (adjusted relative risk, 2.70 [CI, 1.72 to 4.25]) and obstructive-extensive (adjusted relative risk, 3.15 [CI, 2.05 to 4.83]). LIMITATION Mostly White persons were studied. CONCLUSION In asymptomatic persons, subclinical, obstructive coronary atherosclerosis is associated with a more than 8-fold elevated risk for myocardial infarction. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE AP Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fuchs
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Jørgen Tobias Kühl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Per Ejlstrup Sigvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.A., B.G.N.)
| | - Andreas Dehlbæk Knudsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Mathias Bech Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Martina Chantal de Knegt
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Mathias Holm Sørgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.F., J.T.K., P.E.S., A.D.K., M.B.M., M.C.deK., M.H.S.)
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.A., B.G.N.)
| | - Lars Valeur Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
| | - Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.)
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Haze T, Ozawa M, Kawano R, Haruna A, Ohki Y, Suzuki S, Kobayashi Y, Fujiwara A, Saka S, Tamura K, Hirawa N. Effect of the interaction between the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio and aldosterone on cardiac function in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1132-1144. [PMID: 36754972 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most frequent secondary hypertensive disease and is characterized by an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. The current standard treatments are adrenalectomy and/or administration of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, both of which are effective at ameliorating hypertension via intervention for hyperaldosteronism. However, both of these approaches have side effects and contraindications, and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers also have limited preventive efficacy against cardiovascular events. Recently, in vitro experiments have shown that aldosterone regulation is closely related to abdominal fat accumulation and that there is crosstalk between aldosterone and visceral fat tissue accumulation. We previously reported that this interaction was clinically significant in renal dysfunction; however, its effects on the heart remain unclear. Here, we analyzed data from 49 patients with primary aldosteronism and 29 patients with essential hypertension to examine the potential effect of the interaction between the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume and the plasma aldosterone concentration on echocardiographic indices, including the tissue Doppler-derived E/e' ratio. A significant interaction was found in patients with primary aldosteronism (p < 0.05), indicating that patients with the combination of a high plasma aldosterone concentration and high visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio show an increased E/e' ratio, which is a well-known risk factor for future cardiovascular events. Our results confirm the clinical importance of the interaction between aldosterone and abdominal fat tissue, suggesting that an improvement in the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio may be synergistically and complementarily effective in reducing the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with primary aldosteronism when combined with conventional therapies for reducing aldosterone activity. A significant effect of the interaction between plasma aldosterone concentration and the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio on the tissue Doppler-derived E/e' ratio in patients with primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Haze
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan. .,YCU Center for Novel and Exploratory Clinical Trials (Y-NEXT), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Moe Ozawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rina Kawano
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aiko Haruna
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohki
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- YCU Center for Novel and Exploratory Clinical Trials (Y-NEXT), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sanae Saka
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hirawa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, Beiser A, DeCarli C, Mitchell GF, Seshadri S. Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis in the Community. Hypertension 2022; 79:505-515. [PMID: 35138872 PMCID: PMC8849561 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines emphasize screening people with elevated BP for the presence of end-organ damage. METHODS We characterized the prevalence, correlates, and prognosis of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) in the community-based Framingham Study. 7898 participants (mean age 51.6 years, 54% women) underwent assessment for the following HMOD: electrocardiographic and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, abnormal brain imaging findings consistent with vascular injury, increased carotid intima-media thickness, elevated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, reduced kidney function, microalbuminuria, and low ankle-brachial index. We characterized HMOD prevalence according to blood pressure (BP) categories defined by four international BP guidelines. Participants were followed up for incidence of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS The prevalence of HMOD varied positively with systolic BP and pulse pressure but negatively with diastolic BP; it increased with age, was similar in both sexes, and varied across BP guidelines based on their thresholds defining hypertension. Among participants with hypertension, elevated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was the most prevalent HMOD (40%-60%), whereas low ankle-brachial index was the least prevalent (<5%). Left ventricular hypertrophy, reduced kidney function, microalbuminuria, increased carotid intima-media thickness, and abnormal brain imaging findings had an intermediate prevalence (20%-40%). HMOD frequently clustered within individuals. On follow-up (median, 14.1 years), there were 384 cardiovascular disease events among 5865 participants with concurrent assessment of left ventricular mass, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, kidney function, and microalbuminuria. For every BP category above optimal (referent group), the presence of HMOD increased cardiovascular disease risk compared with its absence. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HMOD varies across international BP guidelines based on their different thresholds for defining hypertension. The presence of HMOD confers incremental prognostic information regarding cardiovascular disease risk at every BP category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Boston University’s and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca J. Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Boston University’s and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Boston University’s and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Sudha Seshadri
- Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, Texas
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