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Brooks AL, Hoel D, Glines WM. Radiobiology of Select Radionuclides in Hanford Site Tank Waste. HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 123:99-115. [PMID: 35506883 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are several important radionuclides involved in the "clean-up" or environmental isolation of nuclear waste contained in US Department of Energy Hanford Site underground waste tanks that drive many of the decisions associated with this activity. To make proper human health risk analyses and ensure that the most appropriate decisions are made, it is important to understand the radiation biology and the human health risk associated with these radionuclides. This manuscript provides some basic radiological science, in particular radiation biology, for some of these radionuclides, i.e., 3 H, 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 99 Tc, 129 I, and the alpha emitters 239, 240 Pu, 233,234,235,238 U, and 241 Am. These radionuclides were selected based on their designation as "constituents of potential concern," historical significance, or potential impact on human health risk. In addition to the radiobiology of these select radionuclides, this manuscript provides brief discussions of the estimated cost of planned management of Hanford tank waste and a comparison with releases into the Techa River from activities associated with the Mayak Production Association. A set of summary conclusions of the potential human health risks associated with these radionuclides is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antone L Brooks
- Research Professor Emeritus, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland, WA
| | - David Hoel
- Medical University of South Carolina, 36 South Battery, Charleston, SC 29401
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2
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Akleyev AV, Degteva MO, Krestinina LY. Overall results and prospects of the cancer risk assessment in the Urals population affected by chronic low dose-rate exposure. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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3
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Li C, Alves Dos Reis A, Ansari A, Bertelli L, Carr Z, Dainiak N, Degteva M, Efimov A, Kalinich J, Kryuchkov V, Kukhta B, Kurihara O, Antonia Lopez M, Port M, Riddell T, Rump A, Sun Q, Tuo F, Youngman M, Zhang J. Public health response and medical management of internal contamination in past radiological or nuclear incidents: A narrative review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107222. [PMID: 35378442 PMCID: PMC9749825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Following a radiological or nuclear emergency, workers, responders and the public may be internally contaminated with radionuclides. Screening, monitoring and assessing any internal contamination and providing necessary medical treatment, especially when a large number of individuals are involved, is challenging. Experience gained and lessons learned from the management of previous incidents would help to identify gaps in knowledge and capabilities on preparedness for and response to radiation emergencies. In this paper, eight large-scale and five workplace radiological and nuclear incidents are reviewed cross 14 technical areas, under the broader topics of emergency preparedness, emergency response and recovery processes. The review findings suggest that 1) new strategies, algorithms and technologies are explored for rapid screening of large populations; 2) exposure assessment and dose estimation in emergency response and dose reconstruction in recovery process are supported by complementary sources of information, including 'citizen science'; 3) surge capacity for monitoring and dose assessment is coordinated through national and international laboratory networks; 4) evidence-based guidelines for medical management and follow-up of internal contamination are urgently needed; 5) mechanisms for international and regional access to medical countermeasures are investigated and implemented; 6) long-term health and medical follow up programs are designed and justified; and 7) capabilities and capacity developed for emergency response are sustained through adequate resource allocation, routine non-emergency use of technical skills in regular exercises, training, and continuous improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin Ansari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Zhanat Carr
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marina Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Efimov
- State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - John Kalinich
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, USA
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Kukhta
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Osamu Kurihara
- National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maria Antonia Lopez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnolόgicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexis Rump
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Quanfu Sun
- National Institute for Radiological Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Tuo
- National Institute for Radiological Protection, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianfeng Zhang
- National Institute for Radiological Protection, Beijing, China
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Eslinger PW, Degteva MO, Napier BA, Tolstykh EI, Tokareva EE. Individual doses for super cohort members exposed to atmospheric radioiodine from the Mayak releases with an emphasis on prenatal doses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 217:106219. [PMID: 32217251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent thyroid doses were reconstructed for 45,837 members of the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort (SUPER-C) living in the region around the Mayak Production Association facilities in Russia from 131I released to the atmosphere from all relevant exposure pathways. The dose calculations are implemented in a Monte Carlo framework that produces best estimates and stochastic realizations of dose time-histories. The arithmetic mean thyroid dose from 131I for SUPER-C members was 195 mGy; the median was 61 mGy. Overall, 131I-thyroid doses for about 3.6% of SUPER-C members were larger than 1 Gy. For children born in 1940-1950, the dose was about 10% higher than in previous studies because doses during the prenatal period for 9,117 individuals are included in the current work. Half of the individuals born in the region in 1950-1960 who remained in the study domain through 1972 received 9.4% or more of their total dose during the prenatal period. SUPER-C members residing in areas contaminated by discharges of liquid radioactive releases into the Techa River or the Kyshtym Accident in 1957 received 80% of their thyroid dose from airborne 131I emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Eslinger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Marina O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
| | - Bruce A Napier
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
| | - Elena E Tokareva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
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Degteva MO, Napier BA, Tolstykh EI, Shishkina EA, Shagina NB, Volchkova AY, Bougrov NG, Smith MA, Anspaugh LR. Enhancements in the Techa River Dosimetry System: TRDS-2016D Code for Reconstruction of Deterministic Estimates of Dose From Environmental Exposures. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 117:378-387. [PMID: 30958804 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne releases to the Techa River from the Mayak plutonium facility in Russia during 1949-1956 resulted in significant doses to persons living downstream. The dosimetry system Techa River Dosimetry System-2016D has been developed, which provides individual doses of external and internal exposure for the members of the Techa River cohort and other persons who were exposed to releases of radioactive material to the Southern Urals. The results of computation of individual doses absorbed in red bone marrow and extraskeletal tissues for the Techa River cohort members (29,647 persons) are presented, which are based on residence histories on the contaminated Techa River and the East Urals Radioactive Trace, which was formed in 1957 as a result of the Kyshtym Accident. Available Sr body-burden measurements and available information on individual household locations have been used for refinement of individual dose estimates. Techa River Dosimetry System-2016D-based dose estimates will be used for verification of risk of low-dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation in the Techa River cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - B A Napier
- Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - E I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - E A Shishkina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - N B Shagina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Volchkova
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - N G Bougrov
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - M A Smith
- Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - L R Anspaugh
- Emeritus, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Yarmoshenko IV, Malinovsky GP, Zhukovsky MV, Tolstykh EV. COMPARISON OF MEASURES ON PROTECTION AGAINST ACCIDENTAL RADIATION AND INDOOR RADON EXPOSURE IN MUSLYUMOVO, TECHA RIVER. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 177:125-129. [PMID: 29036496 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was comparison of the doses received due to contamination of the Techa River with those received from the indoor radon exposure. The study was performed on the example of Muslyumovo, the village closest to Mayak nuclear complex. The accidental doses were estimated using data on radionuclide intakes and ICRP-72 dose coefficients, and Techa River Dosimetry System. Radon exposure was estimated applying results of the radon surveys in 1992 and 2015. The doses prevented by means of different protection measures were considered. The maximum reduction of population exposure could be achieved in the case of timely evacuation to uncontaminated territory together with the indoor radon prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Yarmoshenko
- IIE UB RAS, Sophy Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia
| | - G P Malinovsky
- IIE UB RAS, Sophy Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia
| | - M V Zhukovsky
- IIE UB RAS, Sophy Kovalevskoy St., 20, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia
| | - E V Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Napier BA, Eslinger PW, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Tokareva EE, Akhramenko BN, Krivoschapov VA, Degteva MO. Calculations of individual doses for Techa River Cohort members exposed to atmospheric radioiodine from Mayak releases. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:156-167. [PMID: 28843165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent thyroid doses were reconstructed for over 29,000 Techa River Cohort members living near the Mayak production facilities from 131I released to the atmosphere for all relevant exposure pathways. The calculational approach uses four general steps: 1) construct estimates of releases of 131I to the air from production facilities; 2) model the transport of 131I in the air and subsequent deposition on the ground and vegetation; 3) model the accumulation of 131I in environmental media; and 4) calculate individualized doses. The dose calculations are implemented in a Monte Carlo framework that produces best estimates and confidence intervals of dose time-histories. Other radionuclide contributors to thyroid dose were evaluated. The 131I contribution was 75-99% of the thyroid dose. The mean total thyroid dose for cohort members was 193 mGy and the median was 53 mGy. Thyroid doses for about 3% of cohort members were larger than 1 Gy. About 7% of children born in 1940-1950 had doses larger than 1 Gy. The uncertainty in the 131I dose estimates is low enough for this approach to be used in regional epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Napier
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Paul W Eslinger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
| | - Marina I Vorobiova
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
| | - Elena E Tokareva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
| | - Boris N Akhramenko
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
| | - Victor A Krivoschapov
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
| | - Marina O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia.
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Tolstykh EI, Degteva MO, Vozilova AV, Anspaugh LR. Local bone-marrow exposure: how to interpret the data on stable chromosome aberrations in circulating lymphocytes? (some comments on the use of FISH method for dose reconstruction for Techa riverside Residents). RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:389-403. [PMID: 28889186 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The method of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) applied to peripheral blood T lymphocytes is used for retrospective dose estimation, and the results obtained from the analysis of stable chromosomal aberrations are usually interpreted as a dose accumulated in the red bone marrow (RBM). However, after local internal exposure of the RBM, doses derived from FISH were found to be lower than those derived from direct measurements of radionuclides accumulated in the bodies of exposed persons. These results were obtained for people residing near the Techa River contaminated by 89,90Sr (beta-emitters) in 1949-1956 (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia). A new analysis has been performed of the combined results of FISH studies (n = 178) undertaken during 1994-2012 for persons living on the Techa Riverside. Analysis confirms the lower slope of the translocation yield per Gy (8.0 ± 0.7 × 10-3) for Techa residents in comparison with FISH data for donors with external exposures (11.6 ± 1.6 × 10-3, Tawn et al., Radiat Res 184(3):296-303, 2015). It was suggested that some portion of T cells remained unexposed, because they represented the descendants of T cell progenitors, which had migrated to the thymus before the start of 89,90Sr intakes. To clarify this problem, the dynamics of T-cell Genera (TG), combining all descendants of specific T-cell progenitor reaching the thymus, was considered. Rates of TGs produced by RBM over different age periods of human life were estimated with the use of the mathematic model of T-cell homeostasis (Bains, Mathematical modeling of T-cell homeostasis. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University College London. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20159/1/20159.pdf , 2010). The rate of TG loss during the lifetime was assumed to be very small in comparison with production rate. The recirculation of mature T lymphocytes in contaminated RBM was taken into account. According to our model estimates, at the time of blood sampling, the fraction of exposed T lymphocytes (whose progenitors were irradiated) ranged from 20 to 80% depending on the donors' age at the start of exposure to 89,90Sr. Dose to T lymphocytes, estimated from FISH studies, should be about 0.6-0.9 of RBM dose for residents of the upper Techa region and about 0.4-0.8 in the middle Techa region. Our results could explain the lower value of translocation yield per Gy obtained for Techa residents. The approaches for further model improvement and validation are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68-A, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
| | - Marina O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68-A, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Vozilova
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68-A, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia
| | - Lynn R Anspaugh
- Emeritus, Radiobiology Division, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Krestinina LY, Kharyuzov YE, Epiphanova SB, Tolstykh EI, Deltour I, Schüz J, Akleyev AV. Cancer Incidence after In Utero Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Techa River Residents. Radiat Res 2017; 188:314-324. [PMID: 28715276 DOI: 10.1667/rr14695.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Health effects of in utero exposure to ionizing radiation, especially among adults, are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze cancer risk in a cohort of subjects exposed in utero due to releases of nuclear waste into the Techa River in the Southern Urals, taking into account additional postnatal exposure. Analysis for solid cancer was based on 242 cases among 10,482 cohort members, accumulating 381,948 person-years at risk, with follow-up from 1956-2009, while analysis for hematological malignancies was based on 26 cases among 11,070 persons, with 423,502 person-years at risk, with follow-up from 1953-2009. Mean doses accumulated in soft tissues and in red bone marrow during the prenatal period were 4 mGy and 30 mGy, respectively. Additional respective mean postnatal doses received by cohort members were 11 and 84 mGy. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the excess relative risk (ERR) of cancer incidence related to in utero and postnatal doses. No association was observed for in utero exposure with solid cancer risk [ERR per 10 mGy: -0.007; 95% confidence interval (CI): <-0.107; 0.148] or with hematological malignancy risk (ERR/10 mGy: -0.011; 95% CI: <-0.015; 0.099). However, ERR of solid cancer increased significantly with increasing postnatal dose (ERR/10 mGy: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.04; 0.22). The very wide confidence intervals in these ERR results are similar to those of studies performed on the LSS cohort and the offspring of the Mayak Female Worker Cohort, as well as case-control studies of effects after in utero medical exposure. There were limitations of this study, with decreased statistical power, due to the low prenatal doses received by most of the cohort members, the small number of cancer cases and the absence of cohort members over the age of 59 years (living cohort members had reached 49-59 years of age). Further aging of the cohort and extension of the follow-up period will enhance the statistical power of this study in the future. There is a shortage of cohort studies reporting on the effects of prenatal radiation exposure, as well as information on chronic exposure during the prenatal period. Therefore, further research of this unique cohort will be a useful addition to the published literature on this subject, and a valuable means of elucidating the long-term effects of low-dose radiation exposure in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yu Krestinina
- a Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yu E Kharyuzov
- a Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - S B Epiphanova
- a Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - E I Tolstykh
- a Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - I Deltour
- b Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - J Schüz
- b Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - A V Akleyev
- a Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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Schüz J, Deltour I, Krestinina LY, Tsareva YV, Tolstykh EI, Sokolnikov ME, Akleyev AV. In utero exposure to radiation and haematological malignancies: pooled analysis of Southern Urals cohorts. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:126-133. [PMID: 27855443 PMCID: PMC5220143 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is scientifically uncertain whether in utero exposure to low-dose ionising radiation increases the lifetime risk of haematological malignancies. METHODS We pooled two cohorts from the Southern Urals comprising offspring of female workers of a large nuclear facility (the Mayak Production Association) and of women living in areas along the Techa River contaminated by nuclear accidents/waste from the same facility, with detailed dosimetry. RESULTS The combined cohort totalled 19 536 subjects with 700 504 person-years at risk over the period of incidence follow-up, and slightly more over the period of mortality follow-up, yielding 58 incident cases and 36 deaths up to age 61 years. Risk was increased in subjects who received in utero doses of ⩾80 mGy (excess relative risk (ERR): 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.20 to 4.71), and the risk increased consistently per 100 mGy of continuous exposure in utero (ERR: 0.77; CI: 0.02 to 2.56). No association was apparent in mortality-based analyses. Results for leukaemia and lymphoma were similar. A very weak positive association was observed between incidence and postnatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results suggest a positive association between in utero exposure to ionising radiation and risk of haematological malignancies, but the small number of outcomes and inconsistent incidence and mortality findings preclude firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Deltour
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | | | - Yulia V Tsareva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexander V Akleyev
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
- Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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Shishkina EA, Volchkova AY, Timofeev YS, Fattibene P, Wieser A, Ivanov DV, Krivoschapov VA, Zalyapin VI, Della Monaca S, De Coste V, Degteva MO, Anspaugh LR. External dose reconstruction in tooth enamel of Techa riverside residents. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:477-499. [PMID: 27600653 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study summarizes the 20-year efforts for dose reconstruction in tooth enamel of the Techa riverside residents exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of radionuclide releases into the river in 1949-1956. It represents the first combined analysis of all the data available on EPR dosimetry with teeth of permanent residents of the Techa riverside territory. Results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of 302 teeth donated by 173 individuals living permanently in Techa riverside settlements over the period of 1950-1952 were analyzed. These people were residents of villages located at the free-flowing river stream or at the banks of stagnant reservoirs such as ponds or blind river forks. Cumulative absorbed doses measured using EPR are from several sources of exposure, viz., background radiation, internal exposure due to bone-seeking radionuclides (89Sr, 90Sr/90Y), internal exposure due to 137Cs/137mBa incorporated in soft tissues, and anthropogenic external exposure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of different sources of enamel exposure and to deduce external doses to be used for validation of the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). Since various EPR methods were used, harmonization of these methods was critical. Overall, the mean cumulative background dose was found to be 63 ± 47 mGy; cumulative internal doses due to 89Sr and 90Sr/90Y were within the range of 10-110 mGy; cumulative internal doses due to 137Cs/137mBa depend on the distance from the site of releases and varied from 1 mGy up to 90 mGy; mean external doses were maximum for settlements located at the banks of stagnant reservoirs (~500 mGy); in contrast, external doses for settlements located along the free-flowing river stream did not exceed 160 mGy and decreased downstream with increasing distance from the site of release. External enamel doses calculated using the TRDS code and derived from the EPR measurements were found to be in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shishkina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68A, Vorovsky Str., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454076.
| | - A Yu Volchkova
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68A, Vorovsky Str., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454076
| | - Y S Timofeev
- Southern Urals State University, 76, Lenin Av., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - P Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Wieser
- German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D V Ivanov
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 S. Kovalevskaya Street, Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620990
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 620002
| | - V A Krivoschapov
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68A, Vorovsky Str., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454076
| | - V I Zalyapin
- Southern Urals State University, 76, Lenin Av., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - S Della Monaca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - V De Coste
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68A, Vorovsky Str., Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454076
| | - L R Anspaugh
- University of Utah, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Kuke D, Shujuan L, Yingxue H, Dong Y, Fengshou Z, Shuifeng W, Jinghua G, Wei Z, Xin W, Xiaoyan J. Simulating the Transfer of Strontium-90 from Soil to Leafy Vegetables by Using Strontium-88. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2016; 227:414. [PMID: 27829691 PMCID: PMC5080316 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-016-3098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transfer, from soil to Chinese cabbage and spinach, of radioactive strontium-90 released as a result of accidents in nuclear power stations was studied using a stable isotope of strontium, namely nuclide strontium-88 (88Sr). The study led to an experimental model for assessing the hazard of radionuclide strontium-90 (90Sr) entering the food chain and for predicting the risk to food safety. Chinese cabbage and spinach were grown in pots in a greenhouse and irrigated with deionized water containing known quantities of strontium. Based on the strontium content of that water, the plants were divided into five groups (treatments) and strontium content of the soil, and 30-day-old plants were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy instrument (ICP-AES). Data on the strontium content of soil and plants enabled the development of a model using MATLAB, a mathematical software package, which included curve fitting and problem solving using regression equations and differential equations. Although strontium curves for leaves, stems, and roots of Chinese cabbage were not exactly the same, all showed a non-linear increase when compared with the increase in the content of strontium in soil. Strontium curves for leaves, stems, and roots of spinach were very similar and showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Strontium concentrations in both Chinese cabbage and spinach were initially related to the concentrations of sodium and sulfur, the next two relevant nuclides being calcium and magnesium. The relationship between calcium and strontium in Chinese cabbage was different from that in spinach. By using 88Sr to simulate the transfer of radionuclide 90Sr from soil to a crop, the relevant data required to deal with accidental release of strontium can be obtained using a fitting curve and regression equations, thereby providing some experimental basis for evaluating the potential hazards posed by such accidents to the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Kuke
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Liu Shujuan
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - He Yingxue
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Zhang Fengshou
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Wang Shuifeng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Guo Jinghua
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Zhang Wei
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Wang Xin
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Jiang Xiaoyan
- Department of Radiology, National Institue for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100088 China
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Akleyev A, Deltour I, Krestinina L, Sokolnikov M, Tsareva Y, Tolstykh E, Schüz J. Incidence and Mortality of Solid Cancers in People Exposed In Utero to Ionizing Radiation: Pooled Analyses of Two Cohorts from the Southern Urals, Russia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160372. [PMID: 27487016 PMCID: PMC4972315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that acute external in utero exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk. It is not known whether chronic exposure at low dose rates, including due to radionuclide intake, influences the lifetime risk of solid cancers in the offspring. The objective of this study was to investigate solid cancer risk after in utero irradiation. METHODS Cancer incidence and mortality over a 60-year period (from January 1950 to December 2009) were analyzed in the Urals Prenatally Exposed Cohort (UPEC). The cohort comprised in utero exposed offspring of Mayak Production Association female workers and of female residents of Techa River villages. Some of the offspring also received postnatal exposure, either due to becoming radiation workers themselves or due to continuing to live in the contaminated areas of the Techa River. The mortality analyses comprised 16,821 subjects (601,372 person-years), and the incidence analyses comprised 15,813 subjects (554,411 person-years). Poisson regression was used to quantify the relative risk as a function of the in utero soft tissue dose (with cumulative doses up to 944.9 mGy, mean dose of 14.1 mGy in the pooled cohort) and the postnatal stomach dose for solid cancer incidence and mortality. RESULTS When a log-linear model was used, relative risk of cancer per 10 mGy of in utero dose was 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96 to 1.01) based on incidence data and 0.98 (CI = 0.94 to 1.01) based on mortality data. Postnatal exposure to ionizing radiation was positively associated with the solid cancer risk in members of the UPEC, with a relative risk of 1.02 per 10mGy CI = 1.00 to 1.04). CONCLUSIONS No strong evidence was found that chronic low-dose-rate exposure of the embryo and fetus increased the risk of solid cancers in childhood or in adulthood. For both incidence and mortality, a tendency towards a decreased relative risk was noted with increasing doses to soft tissues of the fetus. Further follow-up will provide more precise radiation risk estimates of solid cancer as cohort members are approaching their 60s and cancer becomes more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akleyev
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
- Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Isabelle Deltour
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Lyudmila Krestinina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yulia Tsareva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Degteva MO, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA. Age and gender specific biokinetic model for strontium in humans. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:87-127. [PMID: 25574605 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A biokinetic model for strontium in humans is necessary for quantification of internal doses due to strontium radioisotopes. The ICRP-recommended biokinetic model for strontium has limitations for use in a population study, because it is not gender specific and does not cover all age ranges. The extensive Techa River data set on (90)Sr in humans (tens of thousands of measurements) is a unique source of data on long-term strontium retention for men and women of all ages at intake. These, as well as published data, were used for evaluation of age- and gender-specific parameters for a new compartment biokinetic model for strontium (Sr-AGe model). The Sr-AGe model has a similar structure to the ICRP model for the alkaline earth elements. The following parameters were mainly re-evaluated: gastrointestinal absorption and parameters related to the processes of bone formation and resorption defining calcium and strontium transfers in skeletal compartments. The Sr-AGe model satisfactorily describes available data sets on strontium retention for different kinds of intake (dietary and intravenous) at different ages (0-80 years old) and demonstrates good agreement with data sets for different ethnic groups. The Sr-AGe model can be used for dose assessment in epidemiological studies of general populations exposed to ingested strontium radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Shagina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk 454076, Russia
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Shishkina EA, Tolstykh EI, Verdi E, Volchkova AY, Veronese I, El-Faramawy NA, Göksu HY, Degteva MO. Concentrations of 90Sr in the tooth tissues 60 years after intake: results of TL measurements and applications for Techa River dosimetry. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:159-173. [PMID: 24292426 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of (90)Sr in the tooth tissues of Techa riverside residents 60 years after intake. The Techa River was contaminated by radioactive wastes in the 1950s. Contamination of the river system, including water, bottom sediment, floodplain soil, and grass, depended on the distance from the source of releases. Therefore, the average (90)Sr intake was different in different settlements located downstream the river. An additional factor influencing (90)Sr accumulation in the teeth is the rate of tissue mineralization at the time of intake which depended on the donor's age at the time of releases. Measurements of (90)Sr concentration in various dental tissues (enamel, crown, and root dentin) of 166 teeth were performed about 60 years after the main intake using the method of thermoluminescence passive beta detection. The paper presents the current levels of tooth tissue contamination, and the tooth-to-tooth variability of (90)Sr concentration in tooth tissues was assessed for the tissues which were matured at the time of massive liquid radioactive waste releases into the Techa River. A model describing the expected levels of (90)Sr in matured dental tissues depending on age and intake has been elaborated for the population under study. The results obtained will be used for calculation of internal dose in enamel and for interpretation of tooth doses measured by means of the electron paramagnetic resonance method, among the population of the Techa River region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shishkina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68A, Vorovsky Str., 454076, Chelyabinsk, Russia,
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