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Leonardi A, Doan S, Aragona P, Amrane M, Ismail D, Montero J, Németh J, Bremond-Gignac D. Topical cyclosporine A cationic ophthalmic emulsion in paediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pooled analysis of randomised NOVATIVE and VEKTIS trials. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2320-2326. [PMID: 36564576 PMCID: PMC10366270 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cyclosporine A cationic ophthalmic emulsion (CsA CE) was evaluated in paediatric and adolescent patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in the NOVATIVE (NCT00328653) and VEKTIS (NCT01751126) trials. The similarity of these studies permitted pooled assessment of the effect of CsA CE on corneal damage as well as safety and tolerability. SUBJECTS/METHODS Pooled outcomes were assessed for the first 28 days of treatment. In NOVATIVE, 118 patients were randomised to 4 times daily (QID) CsA CE 0.05%, 0.1%, or vehicle eye drops. In VEKTIS, 169 patients were randomised to CsA CE 0.1% QID or twice daily (BID) or vehicle. For these analyses, treatment groups comprised: (1) pooled CsA CE 0.1% QID arms (high-dose; n = 96); (2) pooled CsA CE 0.05% QID arm from NOVATIVE and CsA CE 0.1% BID data from VEKTIS (low-dose; n = 93); and (3) pooled vehicle QID arms (vehicle; n = 98). RESULTS Changes from baseline to day 28 (mean ± standard deviation) in corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores for CsA CE high-dose, low-dose, and vehicle groups were -1.6 ± 1.47 (95% CI: -0.9, -0.1; p = 0.0124 vs vehicle), -1.7 ± 1.39 (95% CI: -1.1, -0.3; p = 0.0015 vs vehicle), and -1.0 ± 1.55, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) of any type were reported in 37.5%, 34.4%, and 37.8% of the high-dose, low-dose, and vehicle groups, respectively. Most were mild or moderate in severity. CONCLUSIONS CsA CE significantly decreased corneal damage and was safe and well tolerated in patients with VKC. These data support CSA CE as a treatment option for the management of VKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Serge Doan
- Bichat Hospital and Foundation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - János Németh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit 1138, T17 Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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Declercq J, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Smole U. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in asthma. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101759. [PMID: 37031560 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the lack of endogenous chitin synthesis, mammalian genomes encode two enzymatically active true chitinases (chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase) and a variable number of chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) that have no enzyme activity but bind chitin. Chitinases and CLPs are prominent components of type-2 immune response-mediated respiratory diseases. However, despite extensive research into their role in allergic airway disease, there is still no agreement on whether they are mere biomarkers of disease or actual disease drivers. Functions ascribed to chitinases and CLPs include, but are not limited to host defense against chitin-containing pathogens, directly promoting inflammation, and modulating tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Here, we discuss in detail the chitin-dependent and -independent roles of chitinases and CLPs in the context of allergic airway disease, and recent advances and emerging concepts in the field that might identify opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien Declercq
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ursula Smole
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Hu C, Ma Z, Zhu J, Fan Y, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) in multiple organs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111465. [PMID: 34311522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) belongs to the 18-glycosidase family and is expressed in epithelial cells and certain immune cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) in various organs. Under physiological conditions, as a hydrolase, CHIA can degrade chitin-containing pathogens, participate in Type 2 helper T (Th2)-mediated inflammation, and enhance innate and adaptive immunity to pathogen invasion. Under pathological conditions, such as rhinitis, ocular conjunctivitis, asthma, chronic atrophic gastritis, type 2 diabetes, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, CHIA expression is significantly changed. In addition, studies have shown that CHIA has an anti-apoptotic effect, promotes epithelial cell proliferation and maintains organ integrity, and these effects are not related to chitinase degradation. CHIA can also be used as a biomolecular marker in diseases such as chronic atrophic gastritis, dry eye, and acute kidney damage caused by sepsis. Analysis of the authoritative TCGA database shows that CHIA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, liver cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma and other tumors is significantly downregulated compared with that in normal tissues, but the specific mechanism is unclear. This review is based on all surveys conducted to date and summarizes the expression patterns and functional diversity of CHIA in various organs. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of CHIA in multiple organs opens new possibilities for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
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Aragona P, Giannaccare G, Mencucci R, Rubino P, Cantera E, Rolando M. Modern approach to the treatment of dry eye, a complex multifactorial disease: a P.I.C.A.S.S.O. board review. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:446-453. [PMID: 32703782 PMCID: PMC8005804 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a growing public health concern affecting quality of life and visual function, with a significant socio-economic impact. It is characterised by the loss of homoeostasis, resulting in tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface. If the innate immune response is unable to cope with internal bodily or environmental adverse conditions, the persistent, self-maintaining vicious circle of inflammation leads to the chronic form of the disease. Treatment of DED should be aimed at the restoration of the homoeostasis of the ocular surface system. A proper diagnostic approach is fundamental to define the relevance and importance of each of the DED main pathogenic factors, namely tear film instability, epithelial damage and inflammation. Consideration also needs to be given concerning two other pathogenic elements: lid margin changes and nerve damage. All the factors that maintain the vicious circle of DED in the patient's clinical presentation have to be considered and possibly treated simultaneously. The treatment should be long-lasting and personalised since it has to be adapted to the different clinical conditions observed along the course of the disease. Since DED treatment is frequently unable to provide fast and complete relief from symptoms, empathy with patients and willingness to explain to them the natural history of the disease are mandatory to improve patients' compliance. Furthermore, patients should be instructed about the possible need to increase the frequency and/or change the type of treatment according to the fluctuation of symptoms, following a preplanned rescue regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Poh TY, Tiew PY, Lim AYH, Thng KX, Binte Mohamed Ali NA, Narayana JK, Mac Aogáin M, Tien Z, Chew WM, Wai Chan AK, Keir HR, Dicker AJ, Hassan TM, Xu H, Tee AKH, Ong TH, Koh MS, Abisheganaden JA, Chalmers JD, Chotirmall SH. Increased Chitotriosidase Is Associated With Aspergillus and Frequent Exacerbations in South-East Asian Patients With Bronchiectasis. Chest 2020; 158:512-522. [PMID: 32184111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase activity is an important innate immune defence mechanism against infection that includes fungi. The 2 human chitinases: chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acidic mammalian chitinase are associated to allergy, asthma, and COPD; however, their role in bronchiectasis and bronchiectasis-COPD overlap (BCO) is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the association between chitinase activity, airway fungi and clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis and bronchiectasis-COPD overlap? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective cohort of 463 individuals were recruited across five hospital sites in three countries (Singapore, Malaysia, and Scotland) including individuals who were not diseased (n = 35) and who had severe asthma (n = 54), COPD (n = 90), bronchiectasis (n = 241) and BCO (n = 43). Systemic chitinase levels were assessed for bronchiectasis and BCO and related to clinical outcomes, airway Aspergillus status, and underlying pulmonary mycobiome profiles. RESULTS Systemic chitinase activity is elevated significantly in bronchiectasis and BCO and exceed the activity in other airway diseases. CHIT1 activity strongly predicts bronchiectasis exacerbations and is associated with the presence of at least one Aspergillus species in the airway and frequent exacerbations (≥3 exacerbations/y). Subgroup analysis reveals an association between CHIT1 activity and the "frequent exacerbator" phenotype in South-East Asian patients whose airway mycobiome profiles indicate the presence of novel fungal taxa that include Macroventuria, Curvularia and Sarocladium. These taxa, enriched in frequently exacerbating South-East Asian patients with high CHIT1 may have potential roles in bronchiectasis exacerbations. INTERPRETATION Systemic CHIT1 activity may represent a useful clinical tool for the identification of fungal-driven "frequent exacerbators" with bronchiectasis in South-East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuang Yeow Poh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Pei Yee Tiew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Albert Yick Hou Lim
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kai Xian Thng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zhijun Tien
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Wui Mei Chew
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kwok Wai Chan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Holly R Keir
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland
| | - Alison J Dicker
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland
| | | | - Huiying Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Augustine K H Tee
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Thun How Ong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mariko Siyue Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - James D Chalmers
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VG. Using chitosan to understand chitinases and the role of processivity in the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Franca JR, Fuscaldi LL, Ribeiro TG, Foureaux G, Cesar ALA, Castilho RO, Cronemberger S, Ferreira AJ, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Faraco AAG. Use of chitosan as pharmaceutical excipient in ocular drug delivery systems: Sterilization and pharmacokinetics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2227-2237. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juçara R. Franca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Leonardo L. Fuscaldi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Tatiana G. Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Giselle Foureaux
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Aina L. A. Cesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rachel O. Castilho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Sebastião Cronemberger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Faculty of MedicineFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Anderson J. Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Simone O. A. Fernandes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Valbert N. Cardoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - André A. G. Faraco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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Bucolo C, Fidilio A, Fresta CG, Lazzara F, Platania CBM, Cantarella G, Di Benedetto G, Burgaletto C, Bernardini R, Piazza C, Barabino S, Drago F. Ocular Pharmacological Profile of Hydrocortisone in Dry Eye Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1240. [PMID: 31680988 PMCID: PMC6813655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the ocular pharmacological profile of hydrocortisone (HC) using in vitro and in vivo models of dry eye disease. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells (SIRCs) were used to assess the effect of HC in two paradigms of corneal damage: hyperosmotic stress and scratch-wound assay. Dry eye was induced in albino rabbits by topical administration of atropine sulfate or by injection of concanavalin A (ConA) into the lacrimal gland. TNFα, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), IL-1β, and IL-8 were determined by ELISA or western blot in a corneal damage hyperosmotic in vitro model, with or without HC treatment. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as TNFα, IL-8, and MMP-9, were evaluated in tears of rabbit eye injected with ConA and treated with HC. Tear volume and tear film integrity, in both in vivo models, were evaluated by the Schirmer test and tear break-up time (TBUT). Ocular distribution of four formulations containing HC (0.001%, 0.003%, 0.005%, and 0.33%) was performed in the rabbit eye. Aqueous humor samples were collected after 15, 30, 60, and 90 min from instillation and then detected by LC-MS/MS. Hyperosmotic insult significantly activated protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers, which were significantly modulated by HC treatment. HC significantly enhanced the re-epithelialization of scratched SIRCs. Treatment with HC eye drops significantly reduced the tear concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8, and MMP-9 vs. vehicle in the ConA dry eye model. Moreover, HC significantly restored the tear volume and tear film integrity to levels of the control eyes, both in ConA- and atropine-induced dry eye paradigms. Finally, we demonstrated that HC crossed, in a dose-dependent manner, the corneal barrier when the eyes were topically treated with HC formulations (dose range 0.003-0.33%). No trace of HC was detected in the aqueous humor after ocular administration of eye drops containing the lowest dose of the drug (0.001%), indicating that, at this very low concentration, the drug did not pass the corneal barrier avoiding potential side effects such as intraocular pressure rise. Altogether, these data suggest that HC, at very low concentrations, has an important anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo dry eye paradigms and a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Giuseppina Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Benedetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cateno Piazza
- Analytical Department, University of Catania Consortium Unifarm, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Weaver A, Seo YJ, Mochel JP. Histamine-Induced Conjunctivitis and Breakdown of Blood-Tear Barrier in Dogs: A Model for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31354477 PMCID: PMC6629934 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival inflammation disturbs the blood–tear barrier and thus affects the tear film stability and composition. We aimed to develop a non-invasive and reliable method to induce conjunctivitis in dogs, a large animal model for translational work on ocular surface disease in humans. Six beagle dogs underwent a randomized, vehicle-controlled, balanced crossover trial—on six separate days, one eye received topical artificial tears (vehicle), while the other eye received one of six concentrations of histamine solution (0.005–500 mg/ml). At sequential times after eyedrop administration, a conjunctivitis score was given to each eye based on the degree of palpebral and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, ocular pruritus, and discharge. Total protein content (TPC) and serum albumin were quantified in tear fluid at baseline and 20 min. Additionally, 13 dogs presenting for various ophthalmic diseases with associated conjunctivitis were examined. Experimentally induced conjunctivitis developed rapidly (<1 min) following topical histamine administration and lasted for 1–3 h (four lowest doses) to 6–8 h (two highest doses). The severity of conjunctivitis was dose-dependent. Histamine was overall well tolerated, although transient blepharitis, aqueous flare, and ocular hypertension occurred in a few dogs receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. TPC and serum albumin levels increased in tears of eyes receiving histamine ≥1.0 mg/ml, being significantly higher than vehicle and baseline in eyes receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. Lacrimal albumin levels were also increased in 13 dogs with naturally acquired conjunctivitis, up 2.7–14.9 fold compared to contralateral healthy eyes. Histamine-induced conjunctivitis represents a robust model for translational work on the ocular surface given the low cost, non-invasiveness, self-resolving nature, ability to adjust the duration and severity of the disease, and shared features with naturally occurring ocular diseases. Histamine solutions of 1, 10, and 375 mg/ml induce mild, moderate, and severe conjunctivitis in dogs, respectively. Leakage of serum albumin in tear fluid of eyes with conjunctivitis suggests a breakdown of the blood–tear barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda Weaver
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Baudouin C, Irkeç M, Messmer EM, Benítez-del-Castillo JM, Bonini S, Figueiredo FC, Geerling G, Labetoulle M, Lemp M, Rolando M, Van Setten G, Aragona P. Clinical impact of inflammation in dry eye disease: proceedings of the ODISSEY group meeting. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:111-119. [PMID: 28390092 PMCID: PMC5836968 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common, multifactorial ocular condition with major impact on vision and quality of life. It is now well recognized that the pathophysiology of chronic DED can include a cycle of inflammation involving both innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, in vitro/in vivo models have been used to obtain a better understanding of DED‐related inflammatory processes at molecular/cellular levels although they do not truly reproduce the complex and chronic hallmarks of human DED. In clinical DED research, advanced techniques such as impression cytology, conjunctival biopsy, in vivo confocal microscopy and multiplex tear analyses have allowed an improved assessment of inflammation in DED patients. This was supported by the identification of reliable inflammatory markers including matrix metalloproteinase‐9, human leucocyte antigen‐DR or intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in tears and impression cytology samples. One of the current therapeutic strategies focuses on breaking the inflammatory cycle perpetuating the ocular surface disease, and preclinical/clinical research has led to the development of promising anti‐inflammatory compounds. For instance, cyclosporine, already approved in the United States, has recently been authorized in Europe to treat DED associated with severe keratitis. In addition, other agents such as corticosteroids, doxycycline and essential fatty acids, through their anti‐inflammatory properties, show encouraging results. We now have a clearer understanding of the inflammatory processes involved in DED, and there is hope that the still emerging preclinical/clinical findings will be translated into new and highly effective therapies for patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts; INSERM-DHOS CIC 503; Paris France
- UPMC Université Paris 06; UMR-S968; Institut de la Vision; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR-7210; Paris France
- Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP; Dept Ophthalmology; F-92100 Boulogne France
- University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines; 78000, Versailles France
| | - Murat Irkeç
- Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Francisco C. Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology; Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Department of Ophthalmology; Heinrich Heine University; Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Michael Lemp
- Department of Ophthalmology; Georgetown University; Washington USA
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Mazur M, Olczak J, Olejniczak S, Koralewski R, Czestkowski W, Jedrzejczak A, Golab J, Dzwonek K, Dymek B, Sklepkiewicz PL, Zagozdzon A, Noonan T, Mahboubi K, Conway B, Sheeler R, Beckett P, Hungerford WM, Podjarny A, Mitschler A, Cousido-Siah A, Fadel F, Golebiowski A. Targeting Acidic Mammalian chitinase Is Effective in Animal Model of Asthma. J Med Chem 2018; 61:695-710. [PMID: 29283260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights our work toward the identification of a potent, selective, and efficacious acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) inhibitor. Rational design, guided by X-ray analysis of several inhibitors bound to human chitotriosidase (hCHIT1), led to the identification of compound 7f as a highly potent AMCase inhibitor (IC50 values of 14 and 19 nM against human and mouse enzyme, respectively) and selective (>150× against mCHIT1) with very good PK properties. This compound dosed once daily at 30 mg/kg po showed significant anti-inflammatory efficacy in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice, reducing inflammatory cell influx in the BALF and total IgE concentration in plasma, which correlated with decrease of chitinolytic activity. Therapeutic efficacy of compound 7f in the clinically relevant aeroallergen-induced acute asthma model in mice provides a rationale for developing AMCase inhibitor for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Mazur
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Olczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Olejniczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Koralewski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Jedrzejczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw , 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dzwonek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dymek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Tom Noonan
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruce Conway
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryan Sheeler
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paul Beckett
- The Institute for Pharmaceutical Discovery , Business Drive 23, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - William M Hungerford
- The Institute for Pharmaceutical Discovery , Business Drive 23, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Alberto Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Firas Fadel
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Shen CR, Juang HH, Chen HS, Yang CJ, Wu CJ, Lee MH, Hwang YS, Kuo ML, Chen YS, Chen JK, Liu CL. The Correlation between Chitin and Acidic Mammalian Chitinase in Animal Models of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27371-7. [PMID: 26580611 PMCID: PMC4661891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow obstruction. It has been shown that an elicited expression of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Our recent study has demonstrated that the specific suppression of elevated AMCase leads to reduced eosinophilia and Th2-mediated immune responses in an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model of allergic asthma. In the current study, we show that the elicited expression of AMCase in the lung tissues of both ovalbumin- and Der P2-induced allergic asthma mouse models. The effects of allergic mediated molecules on AMCase expression were evaluated by utilizing promoter assay in the lung cells. In fact, the exposure of chitin, a polymerized sugar and the fundamental component of the major allergen mite and several of the inflammatory mediators, showed significant enhancement on AMCase expression. Such obtained results contribute to the basis of developing a promising therapeutic strategy for asthma by silencing AMCase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Shan Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Jen Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Hua Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Shan Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jeen-Kuan Chen
- Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining and Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Chiayi, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi 60051, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan.
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Falak R, Varasteh A, Ketabdar H, Sankian M. Expression of grape class IV chitinase in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:293-301. [PMID: 23481555 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most of pathogenesis related (PR) proteins possess complicated structures; hence their active recombinant forms are usually produced in eukaryotic systems. In this study, we employed an insect cell line to express a recombinant form of a previously identified grape PR3 allergen categorised as class IV chitinase. METHODS Grape chitinase cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR and inserted into pFastBacHTA using restriction enzymes. The recombinant pFastBacHTA was applied for the transformation of Escherichia coli DH10Bac cells. The purified recombinant bacmid was used for transfection of Sf9 cells. Finally, the IgE-immunoreactivity of purified recombinant protein was evaluated using grape allergic patient's sera. Moreover, polyclonal anti-6His-tag and monoclonal anti-chitinase antibodies were used for further assessment of recombinant protein. RESULTS SDS-PAGE analysis of the transfected Sf9 cells showed expression of a monomeric 25kDa and a dimeric 50 kDa recombinant protein. Western blotting revealed considerable IgE reactivity of the recombinant protein with grape allergic patients' sera. Furthermore, confirmatory assays showed specific reactivity of the recombinant protein with anti-His tag and anti-chitinase antibodies. CONCLUSION This study showed that, in contrast to E. coli, insect cells are suitable hosts for the production of a soluble and IgE-reactive recombinant form of grape class IV chitinase. This recombinant allergen could be used for component resolved diagnosis of grape allergy or other immunodiagnostic purposes.
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Spatial and temporal expression patterns of chitinase genes in developing zebrafish embryos. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 14:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, Regional Excellence Centre for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Eide KB, Norberg AL, Heggset EB, Lindbom AR, Vårum KM, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Human chitotriosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan. Biochemistry 2011; 51:487-95. [PMID: 22192075 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (HCHT) is one of two family 18 chitinases produced by humans, the other being acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). The enzyme is thought to be part of the human defense mechanism against fungal parasites, but its precise role and the details of its enzymatic properties have not yet been fully unraveled. We have studied the properties of HCHT by analyzing how the enzyme acts on high-molecular weight chitosans, soluble copolymers of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc, A), and glucosamine (GlcN, D). Using methods for in-depth studies of the chitinolytic machinery of bacterial family 18 enzymes, we show that HCHT degrades chitosan primarily via an endoprocessive mechanism, as would be expected on the basis of the structural features of its substrate-binding cleft. The preferences of HCHT subsites for acetylated versus nonacetylated sugars were assessed by sequence analysis of obtained oligomeric products showing a very strong, absolute, and a relative weak preference for an acetylated unit in the -2, -1, and +1 subsites, respectively. The latter information is important for the design of inhibitors that are specific for the human chitinases and also provides insight into what kind of products may be formed in vivo upon administration of chitosan-containing medicines or food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bistrup Eide
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Bucolo C, Musumeci M, Musumeci S, Drago F. Acidic Mammalian chitinase and the eye: implications for ocular inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:43. [PMID: 21811466 PMCID: PMC3144442 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases have an important role in the defense of organisms against chitin-containing parasites. An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) has been detected in epithelial cells in lung tissue samples taken from patients with asthma as well as in conjunctival epithelium of patients with inflammatory ocular diseases. Particularly, elevated AMCase activity has been observed in ocular tissues of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, and in patients affected by dry eye syndrome. This enzyme is induced via a TH2-specific, IL-13-dependent pathway. AMCase may thus be a key mediator of IL-13-induced responses in TH2-driven inflammatory ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
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Cho WS, Kim TH, Lee HM, Lee SH, Lee SH, Yoo JH, Kim YS, Lee SH. Increased expression of acidic mammalian chitinase and chitotriosidase in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:870-5. [PMID: 20422678 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) has emerged as an important mediator of allergic asthma in both animal models and in humans. Recently, chitotriosidase has been suggested to play a role in innate immunity because of its phagocytic-specific expression. Thus, AMCase and chitotriosidase may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic nasal mucosa. The expression and pattern of distribution of AMCase and chitotriosidase were, therefore, determined in normal and allergic nasal mucosa. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, prospective study. METHODS Normal inferior turbinate mucosa was obtained in patients who were admitted for augmentation rhinoplasty. Allergic turbinate mucosa was obtained from patients who had perennial allergic rhinitis during septo-turbinate surgery. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were applied to the normal and allergic nasal mucosa. RESULTS The expression of AMCase and chitotriosidase mRNAs and proteins analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot were detected in all normal and allergic turbinate mucosa tested. The levels of expression of AMCase and chitotriosidase mRNAs and proteins were increased in allergic turbinate mucosa compared with normal turbinate mucosa. In both normal and allergic turbinate mucosa, AMCase and chitotriosidase were detected in the epithelium, inflammatory cells, and submucosal glands. The staining intensity for AMCase and chitotriosidase was stronger in allergic nasal mucosa than normal nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS AMCase and chitotriosidase are constitutively expressed in normal turbinate mucosa, suggesting involvement in defense against chitin-containing pathogens. Upregulation of these chitinases in allergic condition suggests that they may play a role in the nasal allergic reaction like other inflammatory mediators in allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sung Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1482-517. [PMID: 20559485 PMCID: PMC2885077 DOI: 10.3390/md8051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. CHOS can be produced using chitin or chitosan as a starting material, using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations thereof. Production of well-defined CHOS-mixtures, or even pure CHOS, is of great interest since these oligosaccharides are thought to have several interesting bioactivities. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities is of major importance. However, so far in-depth knowledge on the mode-of-action of CHOS is scarce, one major reason being that most published studies are done with badly characterized heterogeneous mixtures of CHOS. Production of CHOS that are well-defined in terms of length, degree of N-acetylation, and sequence is not straightforward. Here we provide an overview of techniques that may be used to produce and characterize reasonably well-defined CHOS fractions. We also present possible medical applications of CHOS, including tumor growth inhibition and inhibition of T(H)2-induced inflammation in asthma, as well as use as a bone-strengthener in osteoporosis, a vector for gene delivery, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-malaria agent, or a hemostatic agent in wound-dressings. By using well-defined CHOS-mixtures it will become possible to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities.
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Yang CJ, Liu YK, Liu CL, Shen CN, Kuo ML, Su CC, Tseng CP, Yen TC, Shen CR. Inhibition of acidic mammalian chitinase by RNA interference suppresses ovalbumin-sensitized allergic asthma. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 20:1597-606. [PMID: 19548841 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a chronic helper T cell type 2-mediated inflammatory disease, is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that increased expression of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. In the present study, we sought to develop an RNA interference approach to suppress allergic asthma in mice through silencing of AMCase expression. Mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) were intratracheally administered a recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing short hairpin RNA (rAAV-shRNA) against AMCase. In OVA-sensitized mice, the development of allergic symptoms was significantly associated with elevated AMCase expression. After administration of rAAV-shRNA, there was a significant reduction of AMCase expression in the lung and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells of sensitized mice. Sensitized mice receiving rAAV-shRNA showed a significant improvement in allergic symptoms, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil infiltration, eotaxin, interleukin-13 secretion in BALF, and serum OVA-specific IgE level. Our data suggest the hyperexpression of AMCase in asthma can be suppressed by rAAV-mediated shRNA. Silencing AMCase expression by shRNA may be a promising therapeutic strategy in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Eurich K, Segawa M, Toei-Shimizu S, Mizoguchi E. Potential role of chitinase 3-like-1 in inflammation-associated carcinogenic changes of epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5249-59. [PMID: 19908331 PMCID: PMC2776850 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of mammalian chitinases includes members both with and without glycohydrolase enzymatic activity against chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Chitin is the structural component of fungi, crustaceans, insects and parasitic nematodes, but is completely absent in mammals. Exposure to antigens containing chitin- or chitin-like structures sometimes induces strong T helper type-I responses in mammals, which may be associated with the induction of mammalian chitinases. Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), a member of the mammalian chitinase family, is induced specifically during the course of inflammation in such disorders as inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis and asthma. In addition, CHI3L1 is expressed and secreted by several types of solid tumors including glioblastoma, colon cancer, breast cancer and malignant melanoma. Although the exact function of CHI3L1 in inflammation and cancer is still largely unknown, CHI3L1 plays a pivotal role in exacerbating the inflammatory processes and in promoting angiogenesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. CHI3L1 may be highly involved in the chronic engagement of inflammation which potentiates development of epithelial tumorigenesis presumably by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the protein kinase B signaling pathways. Anti-CHI3L1 antibodies or pan-chitinase inhibitors may have the potential to suppress CHI3L1-mediated chronic inflammation and the subsequent carcinogenic change in epithelial cells.
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Structural and catalytic polymorphism of human enzymes: Novel potential platforms for biomedical diagnostics. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:945-959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:79-85. [PMID: 19106700 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328323adb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) seems to be implicated in allergic asthma and allergic ocular pathologies. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of AMCase during Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) dry eye diseases. METHODS Six patients with MGD dry eye (20-58 years, median 40) and six patients with dry eye associated to SS (32-60 years, median 47) were enrolled in this study. AMCase activity was measured in tears and AMCase mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction from RNA extracted from epithelial cells of the conjunctiva. Six healthy adult subjects of the same age (34-44 years, median 39) were also studied as the control group. RESULTS AMCase activity was significantly increased in patients affected by MGD dry eye (18.54 +/- 1.5 nmol/ml/h) and SS dry eye (8.94 +/- 1.0 nmol/ml/h) respectively, compared to healthy controls (1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol/ml/h). AMCase activity was higher in the tears of subjects with MGD dry eye (P < 0.001). AMCase mRNA was detected in conjunctival epithelial cells and the expression was significantly higher in MGD dry eye than SS dry eye. A significant correlation between AMCase activity in the tears and mRNA in conjunctival epithelial cells was found. CONCLUSION AMCase may be an important marker in the pathogenesis of dry eye, suggesting the potential role of AMCase as a therapeutic target in these frequent pathologies.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:333-41. [PMID: 19535964 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32832e478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lalaker A, Nkrumah L, Lee WK, Ramanathan M, Lane AP. Chitin stimulates expression of acidic mammalian chitinase and eotaxin-3 by human sinonasal epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23:8-14. [PMID: 19379605 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonasal epithelial cells participate in host defense by initiating innate immune mechanisms against potential pathogens. Antimicrobial innate mechanisms have been shown to involve Th1-like inflammatory responses. Although epithelial cells can also be induced by Th2 cytokines to express proeosinophilic mediators, no environmental agents have been identified that promote this effect. METHODS Human sinonasal epithelial cells from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) and controls were harvested and grown in primary culture. Cell cultures were exposed to a range of concentrations of chitin for 24 hours, and mRNA for acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), eotaxin-3, and thymic stromal-derived lymphopoietin (TSLP) were assessed. Other cultures were exposed to interleukin 4 (IL- 4) alone and in combination with dust-mite antigen (DMA) for 36 hours. Extracted mRNA and cell culture supernatant were analyzed for expression of AMCase and eotaxin-3. RESULTS Chitin induced a dose-dependent expression of AMCase and eotaxin-3 mRNA but not TSLP. Patients with recalcitrant CRSwNPs showed lower baseline expression of AMCase when compared with treatment-responsive CRSwNP and less induction of AMCase expression by chitin. DMA did not directly induce expression of AMCase or eotaxin-3. Expression of eotaxin-3 was stimulated by IL-4 and further enhanced with the addition of DMA. Levels of AMCase were not significantly affected by either IL-4 or DMA exposure. In some cases, the combination of IL-4 and DMA was able to induce AMCase expression in cell cultures not producing AMCase at baseline. CONCLUSION The abundant biopolymer chitin appears to be recognized by a yet uncharacterized receptor on sinonasal epithelial cells. Chitin stimulates production of AMCase and eotaxin-3, two pro-Th2 effector proteins. This finding suggests the existence of a novel innate immune pathway for local defense against chitin-containing organisms in the sinonasal tract. Dysregulation of this function could precipitate or exacerbate Th2 inflammation, potentially acting as an underlying factor in recalcitrant CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lalaker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sutherland TE, Maizels RM, Allen JE. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins: potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of T-helper type 2 allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:943-55. [PMID: 19400900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian chitinase and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are a family of mediators increasingly associated with infection, T cell-mediated inflammation, wound healing, allergy and asthma. Although our current knowledge of the function of mammalian chitinases and CLPs is very limited, important information can be deduced from research carried out in lower organisms, and in different immunopathological conditions. Enzymatically active mammalian chitinase proteins may have evolved to degrade the copious amounts of chitin mammals are exposed to on a daily basis, and to form an innate barrier to chitin-containing organisms. CLPs are homologous to chitinases but lack the ability to degrade chitin. It is most striking that both chitinases and CLPs are up-regulated in T-helper type 2 (Th2)-driven conditions, and the first evidence is now emerging that these proteins may accentuate Th2 reactivity, and possibly contribute to the repair process that follows inflammation. Following studies demonstrating that chitinase inhibition leads to an attenuated allergic response, several strategies are being used to develop enzyme inhibitors for therapeutic use in human diseases. In this review, we will summarize recent insights into the effects of chitinases and CLPs in the context of Th2-dominated pathology with particular focus on allergy and asthma, discussing whether chitinase enzyme inhibitors may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Sutherland
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, consist exoskeleton of lower organisms such as fungi, crustaceans and insects except mammals. Recently, several studies evaluated immunologic effects of chitin in vivo and in vitro and revealed new aspects of chitin regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been shown that exogenous chitin activates macrophages and other innate immune cells and also modulates adaptive type 2 allergic inflammation. These studies further demonstrate that chitin stimulate macrophages by interacting with different cell surface receptors such as macrophage mannose receptor, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1, and leukotriene B4 receptor (BLT1). On the other hand, a number of chitinase or chitinase-like proteins (C/CLP) are ubiquitously expressed in the airways and intestinal tracts from insects to mammals. In general, these chitinase family proteins confer protective functions to the host against exogenous chitin-containing pathogens. However, substantial body of recent studies also set light on new roles of C/CLP in the development and progression of allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. In this review, recent findings on the role of chitin and C/CLP in allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling will be highlighted and controversial and unsolved issues in this field of studies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2008; 19:435-43. [PMID: 18772678 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32830d5da2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bucolo C, Musumeci M, Maltese A, Drago F, Musumeci S. Effect of chitinase inhibitors on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rabbits. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57:247-52. [PMID: 18353673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is significantly increased in tears of human allergic conjunctivitis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitinase inhibitors, allosamidin and caffeine versus dexamethasone, in rabbit endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). EIU was induced in rabbits by a single intravitreal injection of 100ng/10microl lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Drugs at four different concentrations (0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001mM) were topically applied to the rabbit eye five times in 24h. Tears were collected at 0, 6 and 24h after LPS to measure the AMCase activity. The effect of treatment was also evaluated at the same time by slit lamp examination. Tear AMCase activity increased 6 and 24h after LPS injection. The AMCase activity was significantly inhibited in all treated groups with all doses of allosamidin and caffeine except with the lowest concentration. A higher AMCase inhibition at 24h was found with allosamidin and caffeine compared to dexamethasone. Moreover, topical administration of allosamidin, caffeine and dexamethasone produced a remarkable reduction of inflammatory signs, in the order: dexamethasone>caffeine>allosamidin. AMCase inhibitors showed in this rabbit model of uveitis a notable control of inflammatory response with a significant reduction of AMCase activity in tears with caffeine and allosamidin. These results support the key role of AMCase in the pathogenesis of human ocular inflammatory diseases and the therapeutic effect of AMCase inhibitors on experimental uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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