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de la Fuente M, Delgado D, Beitia M, Barreda-Gómez G, Acera A, Sanchez M, Vecino E. Validation of a rapid collagenase activity detection technique based on fluorescent quenched gelatin with synovial fluid samples. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 39030513 PMCID: PMC11264812 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring collagenase activity is crucial in the field of joint health and disease management. Collagenases, enzymes responsible for collagen degradation, play a vital role in maintaining the balance between collagen synthesis and breakdown in joints. Dysregulation of collagenase activity leads to joint tissue degradation and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The development of methods to measure collagenase activity is essential for diagnosis, disease severity assessment, treatment monitoring, and identification of therapeutic targets. RESULTS This study aimed to validate a rapid collagenase activity detection technique using synovial fluid samples. Antibody microarray analysis was initially performed to quantify the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a major collagenase in joints. Subsequently, the developed gelatin-based test utilizing fluorescence measurement was used to determine collagenase activity. There was a significant correlation between the presence of MMP-9 and collagenase activity. In addition, Lower Limit of Detection and Upper Limit of Detection can be preliminary estimated as 8 ng/mL and 48 ng/mL respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed technique offers a potential point-of-care assessment of collagenase activity, providing real-time information for clinicians and researchers. By accurately quantifying collagenase activity, healthcare professionals can optimize patient care, improve treatment outcomes, and contribute to the understanding and management of joint-related disorders. Further research and validation are necessary to establish the full potential of this rapid collagenase activity detection method in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de la Fuente
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www.ehu.eus/gobe), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01008, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01008, Spain
| | | | - Arantxa Acera
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www.ehu.eus/gobe), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48001, Spain
| | - Mikel Sanchez
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01008, Spain
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01008, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www.ehu.eus/gobe), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
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2
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Bruszel B, Tóth-Molnár E, Janáky T, Szabó Z. Sources of Variance in Human Tear Proteomic Samples: Statistical Evaluation, Quality Control, Normalization, and Biological Insight. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1559. [PMID: 38338841 PMCID: PMC10855525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human tear fluid contains numerous compounds, which are present in highly variable amounts owing to the dynamic and multipurpose functions of tears. A better understanding of the level and sources of variance is essential for determining the functions of the different tear components and the limitations of tear samples as a potential biomarker source. In this study, a quantitative proteomic method was used to analyze variations in the tear protein profiles of healthy volunteers. High day-to-day and inter-eye personal variances were observed in the tear volumes, protein content, and composition of the tear samples. Several normalization and outlier exclusion approaches were evaluated to decrease variances. Despite the intrapersonal variances, statistically significant differences and cluster analysis revealed that proteome profile and immunoglobulin composition of tear fluid present personal characteristics. Using correlation analysis, we could identify several correlating protein clusters, mainly related to the source of the proteins. Our study is the first attempt to achieve more insight into the biochemical background of human tears by statistical evaluation of the experimentally observed dynamic behavior of the tear proteome. As a pilot study for determination of personal protein profiles of the tear fluids of individual patients, it contributes to the application of this noninvasively collectible body fluid in personal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Bruszel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.J.)
| | - Edit Tóth-Molnár
- Department of Ophtalmology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 10-11, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.J.)
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.J.)
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3
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Guntermann A, Fatoba O, Kronenberg M, Reinehr S, Grotegut P, Schargus M, Tsai T, Ivanova S, Serschnitzki B, Kumowski N, Maier C, Marcus K, Dick HB, Joachim SC, May C. Investigation of Inter- and Intra-Day Variability of Tear Fluid Regarding Flow Rate, Protein Concentration as well as Protein Composition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:13. [PMID: 37815507 PMCID: PMC10573576 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to present the determination of inter- and intra-day variations in tear flow rate, and tear fluid protein concentration, as well as protein composition regarding their impact for future biomarker studies. Methods Tear fluid was collected noninvasively from 18 healthy subjects by performing Schirmer tests at 4 different time points repetitive in a period of 2 days. The tear flow rate on the Schirmer test strips was measured. Proteins were extracted from strips and quantified using amino acid analysis. Protein composition was analyzed by the strips data-independent (DIA) based mass spectrometry. To exclude any impairments to health, volunteers underwent a detailed neurological as well as an ophthalmological examination. Results Whether tear fluid was collected from oculus sinister or oculus dexter did not affect the tear flow rate (P ≈ 0.63) or protein concentration (P ≈ 0.97) of individual subjects. Moreover, protein concentration was independent from the tear volume, so that a change in volume may only influence the total protein amount. When the examination days were compared, investigation of tear flow rate (P ≈ 0.001) and protein concentration (P ≈ 0.0003) indicated significant differences. Further, mass spectrometric analysis of tear fluid revealed 11 differentially regulated proteins when comparing both examination days. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of inter-day variation in tear flow rate, tear proteome concentration, and composition in healthy subjects, suggesting that inter-day variation needs to be taken into consideration in biomarker research of tear fluid. Identified proteins were assigned to functions in the immune response, oxidative and reducing processes, as well as mannose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Guntermann
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Kronenberg
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Schargus
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Asklepios Eye Hospital Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina Serschnitzki
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Kumowski
- Department of Pain Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Clinic I - Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Maier
- University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Medical Proteome Analysis, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Taylor Gonzalez DJ, Djulbegovic M, Antonietti M, Cordova M, Dayhoff GW, Mattes R, Galor A, Uversky VN, Karp CL. Intrinsic Disorder in the Human Tear Proteome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 37561450 PMCID: PMC10424804 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to characterize the proteome of human tears and assess for the presence of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs, despite lacking a rigid three-dimensional structure, maintain biological functionality and could shed light on the molecular interactions within tears. Methods We analyzed a dataset of 1475 proteins identified in the tear film of three healthy subjects. We employed several computational tools, including the Compositional Profiler, Rapid Intrinsic Disorder Analysis Online, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and Database of Disordered Protein Predictors to evaluate the intrinsic disorder, protein interactions, and functional characterization of the disordered regions within this proteome. Results Our analysis showed a notable inclination toward intrinsic disorder. Two out of 10 order-promoting residues and five out of 10 disorder-promoting residues were found enriched. Using the Predictor of Natural Disordered Regions (PONDR) VSL2 output, 95% of these proteins were classified as highly or moderately disordered. We revealed an extensive protein-protein interaction network with significant interaction enrichment. The most disordered proteins exhibited higher disorder binding sites and diverse posttranslational modifications compared to the most ordered ones. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive analysis of intrinsic disorder in the human tear film proteome, and it revealed an abundance of IDPs and their role in protein function and interaction networks. These findings suggest that variations in the intrinsic disorder of a tear film could be impacted by systemic and ocular conditions, offering promising avenues for disease biomarker identification and drug target development. Further research is needed to understand the implications of these findings in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mak Djulbegovic
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Matthew Cordova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Guy W. Dayhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Robby Mattes
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
- Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
- Research Services, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Carol L. Karp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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5
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Yvon C, Patel B, Malhotra R. Conjunctivochalasis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2023; 63:209-223. [PMID: 37439619 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
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6
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Boto de los Bueis A, de la Fuente M, Montejano-Milner R, del Hierro Zarzuelo A, Vecino E, Acera A. A Pilot Study of a Panel of Ocular Inflammation Biomarkers in Patients with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2881-2894. [PMID: 37185712 PMCID: PMC10136698 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases have a strong impact on individuals, the effects of which extend from milder visual impairment to blindness. Due to this and to their prevalence, these conditions constitute important health, social and economic challenges. Thus, improvements in their early detection and diagnosis will help dampen the impact of these conditions, both on patients and on healthcare systems alike. In this sense, identifying tear biomarkers could establish better non-invasive approaches to diagnose these diseases and to monitor responses to therapy. With this in mind, we developed a solid phase capture assay, based on antibody microarrays, to quantify S100A6, MMP-9 and CST4 in human tear samples, and we used these arrays to study tear samples from healthy controls and patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome, at times concomitant with rheumatoid arthritis. Our results point out that the detection of S100A6 in tear samples seems to be positively correlated to rheumatoid arthritis, consistent with the systemic nature of this autoinflammatory pathology. Thus, we provide evidence that antibody microarrays may potentially help diagnose certain pathologies, possibly paving the way for significant improvements in the future care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel de la Fuente
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rafael Montejano-Milner
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48001 Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Ozdalgic B, Gul M, Uygun ZO, Atçeken N, Tasoglu S. Emerging Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Tear Film Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:827. [PMID: 36290964 PMCID: PMC9599721 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human tear film, with a flow rate of 1-3 µL/min, is a rich bodily fluid that transmits a variety of metabolites and hormones containing proteins, lipids and electrolytes that provide clues about ocular and systemic diseases. Analysis of disease biomarkers such as proteins, mRNA, enzymes and cytokines in the tear film, collected by noninvasive methods, can provide significant results for sustaining a predictive, preventive and personalized medicine regarding various diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, dry eye, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and COVID-19. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a powerful technique for analyzing these biomarkers. EIS detects electrical equivalent circuit parameters related to biorecognition of receptor-analyte interactions on the electrode surface. This method is advantageous as it performs a label-free detection and allows the detection of non-electroactive compounds that cannot be detected by direct electron transfer, such as hormones and some proteins. Here, we review the opportunities regarding the integration of EIS into tear fluid sampling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berin Ozdalgic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Division of Optometry, School of Med Services & Techniques, Dogus University, Istanbul 34775, Türkiye
| | - Munire Gul
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Zihni Onur Uygun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Türkiye
| | - Nazente Atçeken
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Türkiye
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
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8
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Nättinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Clinical Tear Fluid Proteomics—A Novel Tool in Glaucoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158136. [PMID: 35897711 PMCID: PMC9331117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms the outermost layer of the ocular surface and its characteristics and composition have been connected to various ocular surface diseases. As tear proteomics enables the non-invasive investigation of protein levels in the tear fluid, it has become an increasingly popular approach in ocular surface and systemic disease studies. Glaucoma, which is a set of multifactorial diseases affecting mainly the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, has also been studied using tear proteomics. In this condition, the complete set of pathophysiological changes occurring in the eye is not yet fully understood, and biomarkers for early diagnosis and accurate treatment selection are needed. More in-depth analyses of glaucoma tear proteomics have started to emerge only more recently with the implementation of LC-MS/MS and other modern technologies. The aim of this review was to examine the published data of the tear protein changes occurring during glaucoma, its topical treatment, and surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulla Aapola
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Praveena Nukareddy
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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9
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Suárez-Cortés T, Merino-Inda N, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM. Tear and ocular surface disease biomarkers: A diagnostic and clinical perspective for ocular allergies and dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2022; 221:109121. [PMID: 35605673 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Validated biomarkers to be used as biological tools for managing ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are still an unmet need in daily clinical practice. Many studies have contributed to the already extensive list of candidate biomarkers for these disorders. Dry eye (DE) and ocular allergy (OA) are complex and multifactorial diseases, often coexisting and with overlapping symptoms. The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive updated revision of the most relevant biomarkers of DE and OA, with an emphasis on quantitative analyses and correlations with clinical parameter data. Analysis of biomarkers common for these pathologies has highlighted an important physiological process. Namely, the interleukin proteins (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-17), tumour necrotic factor (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ; Th1-Th7 pathway) and IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway) seem to represent similar inflammatory mechanisms. Moreover, changes in the levels of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5 and MUC16) are common alterations in the tear film mucous layer. We also examine the current state of medical devices and the main limitations to their use in clinical practice. Translational research in biomarkers for clinical practice depends on a feasible transition from the laboratory to the point-of-care. This requires large-scale, coordinated clinical validation campaigns to select the biomarkers with the highest specificity and sensitivity and significant correlation with clinical parameters. Moreover, technical limitations of multiplexed quantitation systems must be overcome to detect and measure the levels of several biomarkers in very small samples. To ensure the future of biomarker research, significant progress is necessary in a number of fields. There is an urgent need for global unification of clinical classification and diagnostics criteria. Widespread integration of proteomic and transcriptomic data is paramount for performing meaningful analyses using appropriate bioinformatics tools and artificial intelligence systems.
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10
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Lemos CN, da Silva LECM, Faustino JF, Fantucci MZ, Murashima ADAB, Adriano L, Alves M, Rocha EM. Oxidative Stress in the Protection and Injury of the Lacrimal Gland and the Ocular Surface: are There Perspectives for Therapeutics? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824726. [PMID: 35359431 PMCID: PMC8963457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a major disruption in the physiology of the lacrimal functional unit (LFU). Antioxidant enzymes have dual protective activities: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Peroxidases have been indistinctly used as markers of the secretory activity of the LFU and implicated in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of dry eye disease (DED), even though they comprise a large family of enzymes that includes lactoperoxidase (LPO) and glutathione peroxidase (GPO), among others. Assays to measure and correlate OS with other local LFU phenomena have methodological limitations. Studies implicate molecules and reactions involved in OS as markers of homeostasis, and other studies identify them as part of the physiopathology of diseases. Despite these conflicting concepts and observations, it is clear that OS is influential in the development of DED. Moreover, many antioxidant strategies have been proposed for its treatment, including calorie restriction to nutritional supplementation. This review offers a critical analysis of the biological mechanisms, diagnostic outcomes, drug use, dietary supplements, and life habits that implicate the influence of OS on DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nunes Lemos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Camila Nunes Lemos,
| | - Lilian Eslaine Costa Mendes da Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Ferreira Faustino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marina Zilio Fantucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Andrade Batista Murashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Adriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Melani Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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11
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Nättinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Looking deeper into ocular surface health: an introduction to clinical tear proteomics analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:486-498. [PMID: 34750985 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide. Reasons for this include the ongoing population ageing and increasing use of digital displays, although ophthalmologists have a wide selection of tools, which can be implemented in the evaluation of the ocular surface health, methods, which enable the in-depth study of biological functions are gaining more interest. These new approaches are needed, since the individual responses to ocular surface diseases and treatments can vary from person to person, and the correlations between clinical signs and symptoms are often low. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) methods can produce information on hundreds of tear proteins, which in turn can provide valuable information on the biological effects occurring on the ocular surface. In this review article, we will provide an overview of the different aspects, which are part of a successful tear proteomics study design and equip readers with a better understanding of the methods most suited for their MS-based tear proteomics study in the field of ophthalmology and ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Praveena Nukareddy
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Tays Eye Centre Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
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Tse JSH, Cheung JKW, Wong GTK, Lam TC, Choi KY, So KHY, Lam CDM, Sze AYH, Wong ACK, Yee GMC, Chan HHL. Integrating Clinical Data and Tear Proteomics to Assess Efficacy, Ocular Surface Status, and Biomarker Response After Orthokeratology Lens Wear. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:18. [PMID: 34559185 PMCID: PMC8475286 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the efficacy and ocular surface status of Breath-O Correct, novel orthokeratology (OK) lenses, worn overnight for 3 months. Lens-induced changes in the tear proteome were evaluated. Methods Thirty-one subjects, aged 19 to 26 years with refractive error from -1.00 to -5.00 D, were randomly assigned 1:1 to the treatment or control group. Refraction, visual acuity, corneal integrity, biomechanics and endothelial health, ocular surface changes, and subjective symptoms were assessed at the baseline, one-month, and three-month visits. The tear proteome was characterized over time using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical ion spectra mass spectrometry. Results Lenses improved uncorrected visual acuity and reduced spherical powers with similar efficacy to other OK lenses. Significant reductions (P < 0.05) in corneal hysteresis (11.12 ± 1.12 to 10.38 ± 1.36 mm Hg) and corneal resistance factor (11.06 ± 1.32 to 9.90 ± 1.45 mm Hg) were observed in the treatment group after one month of lens wear, whereas other assessed factors remained unchanged. Thirteen and eight differentially expressed proteins were found after one month and three months of lens wear, respectively. Two proteins (proline-rich protein 27 and immunoglobulin V regions) were differentially expressed at both visits. Conclusions Over a three-month period, Breath-O Correct lenses were overall safe, well tolerated, efficacious in refractive power reduction, and comparable with other OK lenses. Furthermore, their use caused only minor noninflammatory protein expression changes in the tear proteome. Translational Relevance This study investigated the safety of orthokeratology contact lenses on the ocular surface in molecular aspects and standard clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy S. H. Tse
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy K. W. Cheung
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Gigi T. K. Wong
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas C. Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Kai Yip Choi
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Katherine H. Y. So
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Christie D. M. Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Andes Y. H. Sze
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Angel C. K. Wong
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Gigi M. C. Yee
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Henry H. L. Chan
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
- University Research Facilities in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience (UBSN), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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The correction of conjunctivochalasis using high-frequency radiowave electrosurgery improves dry eye disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2551. [PMID: 33510304 PMCID: PMC7844232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the clinical impact of conjunctivochalasis (CCh) and its correction using high-frequency radiowave electrosurgery (HFR-ES), for signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). Forty patients diagnosed with symptomatic CCh were prospectively enrolled. As a result, patients with CCh had moderate to severe DED and most of them exhibited meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Corneo-conjunctival fluorescein staining score (CFS) and all lid-parallel-conjunctival-folds scores (LIPCOFs) were positively correlated. Nasal LIPCOF significantly correlated with symptoms and tear volume. Central, temporal, and total LIPCOF significantly correlated with MG loss, MGD stage, and lipid layer thickness. Independent significant factors associated with total LIPCOF included CFS, tear break-up time, and MGD stage. One month following HFR-ES, CCh was completely resolved in all cases. Patient age and preoperative nasal LIPCOF were determinants of outcomes associated with postoperative improvements in symptoms. Ocular surface parameters significantly improved, but MGD-related signs did not. Collectively, CCh associated with MGD severity deteriorates not only tear film stability and reservoir capacity, leading to DED exacerbation. Therefore, CCh should be corrected in patients with DED and MGD. Younger patients with nasal CCh are likely to experience more symptomatic relief after HFR-ES. Particularly, management for MGD should be maintained after CCh correction.
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Yaginuma S, Konno K, Shigeyasu C, Yamada M. Tear protein analysis in patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated with lacrimal passage intubation. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:409-415. [PMID: 33411097 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-020-00804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) may involve quantitative as well as qualitative changes in tears. We measured tear protein concentrations in patients with primary acquired NLDO and compared them with the tear proteins in healthy individuals and patients with dry eye disease. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Twenty-four patients diagnosed with primary acquired NLDO who underwent endoscopic lacrimal passage intubation were included in the study. Tear fluid was collected with Schirmer's test strips three times: before intubation, after intubation while the nasolacrimal tube was in place, and after extubation. At the same time, 24 age-matched normal controls and 24 patients with dry eye were selected from subjects whose tears were collected during the same study period. We measured the following components of tear fluid: total protein, lactoferrin, albumin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. RESULTS Total proteins and albumin levels in tears of the NLDO group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.014, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). Total proteins, albumin, and lactoferrin levels were significantly increased after extubation of nasolacrimal tube (P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.029, respectively, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). There were no statistically significant differences in total protein, albumin, lactoferrin and IL-6 levels between patients with NLDO after lacrimal passage extubation and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows distinct differences in protein composition of tear fluid in NLDO eyes and demonstrates that these can be normalized by nasolacrimal tube placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Yaginuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Kimihito Konno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Chika Shigeyasu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
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Aghamollaei H, Parvin S, Shahriary A. Review of proteomics approach to eye diseases affecting the anterior segment. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103881. [PMID: 32565161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness is a major health burden worldwide, and major ocular diseases causing visual impairment pertain to the anterior segment of the eye. Anterior segment ocular diseases are common, yet complex entities. Although many treatment options and surgical techniques are available for these ailments, the underlying cause and pathogenesis is still unclear. Finding ways to fundamentally treat these patients and rectify the underlying dysregulations leading to the disease may help cure patients completely without major complications. Proteomics approaches are a novel way to distinguish dysregulated proteins in a variety of biological tissues in a hypothesis-free manner, thus helping to find the responsible pathways leading to a certain disease. The aim of the current study is to review the available knowledge in scientific literature regarding the proteomics studies done on anterior segment eye diseases and suggest potential clinical implications to exploit the results of these studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Anterior segment ocular diseases are responsible for a major proportion of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Although ophthalmologists have several treatment options that can alleviate or control the progression of these diseases, no definite cure is available for most of them. Moreover, because these diseases are progressive, prompt diagnosis is of utmost important. Proteomics studies enable us to identify and quantify the dysregulated proteins in a biological specimen in a hypothesis-free manner. Understanding the dysregulated protein pathways shines a light on the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, these dysregulated proteins may act as biomarkers to help in diagnosis and treatment follow-up. Hence, in this article we sought out to review the available scientific literature regarding the proteomics studies of anterior segment ocular diseases and to identify potential applications of proteomic studies in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Parvin
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Graham KL, Diefenbach E, McCowan CI, White AJR. A technique for shotgun proteomic analysis of the precorneal tear film in dogs with naturally occurring primary glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:131-145. [PMID: 32364655 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a protocol for the characterization of protein patterns in tears of dogs with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). ANIMALS Nineteen dogs (25 eyes). METHODS Tear samples were collected using a Schirmer tear strip, from dogs with PACG (PACG-affected eyes, n = 8; unaffected eyes predisposed to PACG, n = 7), POAG (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 6). Protein precipitation and trypsin digestion were performed for analyses via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were identified using the SwissProt protein sequence database. Relative protein expression in 17 eyes (15 dogs) was evaluated using Proteome Discoverer 2.0. Pathway analyses were performed to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with primary glaucoma. RESULTS Unique peptides were identified in 505 proteins, with Major allergen Can f 1 and albumin identified with high confidence. Proteins unique to tears from diseased eyes (PACG: n = 7; POAG: n = 14) were identified. Nucleoside diphosphate was unique to tears in PACG eyes naïve to therapy, while retinal binding protein and NSFL1 cofactor p47 were unique to medicated PACG eyes. Relative expression of 34 proteins differed between disease states. Pathway analyses identified that the 'inflammatory response' was among the top disease/disorders in dogs with primary glaucoma (PACG and POAG) but not in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Tear samples suitable for mass spectrometry were readily obtained from pet dogs without needing specialized equipment. Further studies to validate the findings and explore potential candidate biomarkers for early disease detection and potential therapeutic targets are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Diefenbach
- Westmead Proteomics Facility, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina I McCowan
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew J R White
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Gerber-Hollbach N, Plattner K, O'Leary OE, Jenoe P, Moes S, Drexler B, Schoetzau A, Halter JP, Goldblum D. Tear Film Proteomics Reveal Important Differences Between Patients With and Without Ocular GvHD After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3521-3530. [PMID: 30025099 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To date, no biomarkers for ocular graft versus host disease (GvHD), a frequent complication following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), exist. In this prospective study, we evaluated the potential of human tear proteins as biomarkers for ocular GvHD. Methods Tears from 10 patients with moderate-to-severe ocular GvHD were compared to 10 patients without ocular GvHD. After a full ocular surface clinical examination, tears were collected onto Schirmer strips and protein composition was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare means and the false discovery rate method to adjust for multiple comparisons. Functional annotation of differentially expressed proteins was done with the PANTHER classification system. Results We identified 282 proteins in tryptic digests of Schirmer strips; 79 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups, from which 54 were up- and 25 downregulated. The most upregulated proteins were classified as nucleic acid binding and cytoskeletal proteins, while the most extensively downregulated proteins belong to an array of classes including transfer and receptor proteins, enzyme modulators, and hydrolases. In addition to proteins already confirmed as differentially expressed in dry eye disease, we report changes in 36 novel proteins. Conclusions This study reports the proteomic profile of tears in ocular GvHD for the first time and identifies a number of unique differentially expressed proteins. Further studies with a higher number of participants are necessary to confirm these results and to evaluate the reliability of these expression patterns in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gerber-Hollbach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kim Plattner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivia E O'Leary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jenoe
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzette Moes
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Drexler
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schoetzau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg P Halter
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Conjunctivochalasis: a systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:554-564. [PMID: 29128574 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctivochalasis (CCH) is a conjunctival condition characterized by loose, redundant conjunctival folds, most typically in the inferior bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes. Although CCH is a common cause of ocular irritation and discomfort, especially in the elderly, it is often overlooked in clinical practice. CCH may be associated with various ocular and nonocular conditions; however, the most important risk factor is aging. Although often asymptomatic, CCH may cause symptoms related to tear film instability and/or delayed tear clearance. Pathogenesis of CCH remains largely unknown but may involve different elements such as aged conjunctiva, unstable tear film, mechanical friction, ocular surface inflammation, and delayed tear clearance. Contradictory results have been reported on histopathologic changes in CCH, with some studies showing a normal microscopic structure. For symptomatic CCH, medical treatment may include lubrication and anti-inflammatory medications. For symptomatic patients who fail to respond to medical treatment, a surgical procedure may be considered. Although various surgical procedures have been used for CCH, more often, it consists of conjunctival cauterization or excision of the redundant conjunctiva, with or without amniotic membrane transplantation.
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Gan JY, Li QS, Zhang ZY, Zhang W, Zhang XR. The role of elastic fibers in pathogenesis of conjunctivochalasis. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1465-1473. [PMID: 28944209 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The PubMed, MEDLINE databases and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for information regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of conjunctivochalasis (CCh) and the synthesis and degradation of elastic fibers. After analysis of the literature, we found elastic fibers was a complex protein molecule from the structure and composition; the degradation of elastic fibers was one of the histopathological features of the disease; the vast majority of the factors related to the pathogenesis of CCh ultimately pointed to abnormal elastic fibers. By reasonably speculating, we considered that abnormal elastic fibers cause the conjunctival relaxation. In conclusion, we hypothesize that elastic fibers play an important role in the pathogenesis of CCh. Studies on the mechanism of synthesis, degradation of elastic fibers are helpful to clarify the pathogenesis of the disease and to find effective treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qing-Song Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhen-Yong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xing-Ru Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
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The study of the tear as example of translation: From the bench to the clinic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 92:507-508. [PMID: 28838628 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.
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Soria J, Acera A, Durán JA, Boto-de-Los-Bueis A, Del-Hierro-Zarzuelo A, González N, Reigada R, Suárez T. The analysis of human conjunctival epithelium proteome in ocular surface diseases using impression cytology and 2D-DIGE. Exp Eye Res 2017; 167:31-43. [PMID: 28336260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival impression cytology samples from patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), dry eye (DE), and healthy subjects (CT) were collected for determination of the degree of squamous metaplasia (SM) by PAS-hematoxylin staining and for comparative proteomic analyses by 2D-DIGE. The protein spots with discriminant expression were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Three independent statistical studies were conducted: i). Analysis of differential protein expression between study groups: We observed increased expression of proteins S100A4, S100A8, retinal dehydrogenase-1, peroxiredoxin-1, annexin-A1, annexin-A2, α-enolase, and glutathione S-transferase-P in DE, whereas the highest expression of peroxiredoxin-6, actin cytoplasmic-1, peroxiredoxin-2, and heat shock protein HSP-90-α was observed in MGD; ii). Correlation between changes in the proteome profile and the grade of SM: The expression of 5 different cytokeratins (KRT1, KRT4, KRT8, KRT10, and KRT13) correlated with the degree of SM; iii). Proteome profile differences between pathological and CT groups: An overall proteome analysis revealed upregulation of 9 proteins in the pathological groups (Annexin-A1, α-enolase, Annexin-A2, S100A8, cytokeratin-1, Peroxiredoxin-2 and Leukocyte elastase inhibitor) and downregulation of 2 proteins (Galectin-3 and Lipocalin-1). In conclusion, a sensitive proteomic approach to study conjunctival tissue collected from minimally invasive impression cytology was implemented. Differential proteomics analyses showed that in comparison with the MGD, the DE patients presented higher overexpression of proteins related to antimicrobial defense, tissue-damage response, and regulation of body fluid secretions. Changes in MGD proteome were associated with oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic processes. We found a correlation between the grade of SM and expression of proteins associated with cytoskeleton and keratinization. The studied pathological groups shared elements related to the defense and inflammatory responses. Dot blot assays of proteins ANXA1, S100A8, and S100A4 validated the proteomic results obtained from 2D-DIGE experiments and confirmed the correlation between the expression of these proteins and the clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Soria
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 612, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 612, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juan A Durán
- Instituto Clínico Quirúrgico de Oftalmología (ICQO), Virgen de Begoña Nº 34, E-48006 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | | | - Nerea González
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 612, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Reigada
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 612, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 612, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Absolute quantification of human tear lactoferrin using multiple reaction monitoring technique with stable-isotopic labeling. Anal Biochem 2015; 496:30-4. [PMID: 26717899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mass spectrometry technique of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to quantify and compare the expression level of lactoferrin in tear films among control, prostate cancer (CaP), and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) groups. Tear samples from 14 men with CaP, 15 men with BPH, and 14 controls were analyzed in the study. Collected tears (2 μl) of each sample were digested with trypsin overnight at 37 °C without any pretreatment, and tear lactoferrin was quantified using a lactoferrin-specific peptide, VPSHAVVAR, both using natural/light and isotopic-labeled/heavy peptides with MRM. The average tear lactoferrin concentration was 1.01 ± 0.07 μg/μl in control samples, 0.96 ± 0.07 μg/μl in the BPH group, and 0.98 ± 0.07 μg/μl in the CaP group. Our study is the first to quantify tear proteins using a total of 43 individual (non-pooled) tear samples and showed that direct digestion of tear samples is suitable for MRM studies. The calculated average lactoferrin concentration in the control group matched that in the published range of human tear lactoferrin concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the lactoferrin was stably expressed across all of the samples, with no significant differences being observed among the control, BPH, and CaP groups.
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Chhadva P, Alexander A, McClellan AL, McManus KT, Seiden B, Galor A. The impact of conjunctivochalasis on dry eye symptoms and signs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2867-71. [PMID: 26024073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this project was to study the relationship between conjunctivochalasis (Cch) and ocular signs and symptoms of dry eye. METHODS Ninety-six patients with normal eyelid and corneal anatomy were prospectively recruited from a Veterans Administration hospital over 12 months. Symptoms (via the dry eye questionnaire 5 [DEQ5]) and signs of dry eye were assessed along with quality of life implications. Statistical analyses comparing the above metrics among the three groups included χ(2), analysis of variance, and linear regression tests. RESULTS Participants were classified into three groups: nasal conjunctivochalasis (NCch; n = 31); nonnasal conjunctivochalasis (non-NCch; n = 41); and no conjunctivochalasis (no-Cch; n = 24). Patients with NCch had more dry eye symptoms than those with non-NCch (DEQ5: NCch = 13.8 ± 5.0, non-NCch = 10.2 ± 5.0, no-Cch = 11.6 ± 5.8; P = 0.014), and more ocular pain than those with Non-NCch and no-Cch (numerical rating scale [NRS]: NCch = 4.5 ± 3.0, non-NCch = 2.3 ± 2.8, no-Cch = 3.3 ± 2.6; P = 0.008). They also had worse dry eye signs compared to those with no-Cch measured by Schirmer score with anesthesia (NCch = 14.5 ± 6.9, non-NCch = 16.8 ± 8.2, no-Cch = 19.9 ± 6.4; P = 0.039); meibomian gland dropout (NCch 1.8 ± 0.9, non-NCch = 1.4 ± 1.0, no-Cch = 1.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.020); and eyelid vascularity (NCch = 0.84 ± 0.8, non-NCch = 0.74 ± 0.7, no-Cch = 0.33 ± 0.6; P = 0.019). Moreover, those with NCch more frequently reported that dry eye symptoms moderately to severely impacted their quality of life (NCch = 87%, non-NCch = 51%, no-Cch = 58%; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The presence of NCch associates with dry eye symptoms, abnormal tear parameters, and impacts quality of life compared with non-NCch and no-Cch. Based on these data, it is important for clinicians to look for Cch in patients with symptoms of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chhadva
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Abigail Alexander
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | | | - Benjamin Seiden
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States 3Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
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26
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Perumal N, Funke S, Wolters D, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Characterization of human reflex tear proteome reveals high expression of lacrimal proline-rich protein 4 (PRR4). Proteomics 2015; 15:3370-81. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Dominik Wolters
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
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27
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Farandos NM, Yetisen AK, Monteiro MJ, Lowe CR, Yun SH. Contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:792-810. [PMID: 25400274 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Contact lenses as a minimally invasive platform for diagnostics and drug delivery have emerged in recent years. Contact lens sensors have been developed for analyzing the glucose composition of tears as a surrogate for blood glucose monitoring and for the diagnosis of glaucoma by measuring intraocular pressure. However, the eye offers a wider diagnostic potential as a sensing site and therefore contact lens sensors have the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases and conditions. With advances in polymer synthesis, electronics and micro/nanofabrication, contact lens sensors can be produced to quantify the concentrations of many biomolecules in ocular fluids. Non- or minimally invasive contact lens sensors can be used directly in a clinical or point-of-care setting to monitor a disease state continuously. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in contact lens sensor fabrication, their detection, wireless powering, and readout mechanisms, and integration with mobile devices and smartphones. High-volume manufacturing considerations of contact lenses are also covered and a case study of an intraocular pressure contact lens sensor is provided as an example of a successful product. This Review further analyzes the contact lens market and the FDA regulatory requirements for commercialization of contact lens sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Farandos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QT UK
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christopher R. Lowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QT UK
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; 50 Blossom Street Boston MA 02114 USA
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28
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Quantitation of 47 human tear proteins using high resolution multiple reaction monitoring (HR-MRM) based-mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2015; 115:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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González N, Iloro I, Soria J, Duran JA, Santamaría A, Elortza F, Suárez T. Human tear peptide/protein profiling study of ocular surface diseases by SPE-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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You J, Willcox MD, Madigan MC, Wasinger V, Schiller B, Walsh BJ, Graham PH, Kearsley JH, Li Y. Tear fluid protein biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 62:151-96. [PMID: 24772667 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800096-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tear film covers and protects the ocular surface. It contains various molecules including a large variety of proteins. The protein composition of the tear fluid can change with respect to various local and systemic diseases. Prior to the advent of the proteomic era, tear protein analysis was limited to a few analytical techniques, the most common of which was immunoelectrophoresis, an approach dependent on antibody availability. Using proteomics, hundreds of tear proteins could potentially be identified and subsequently studied. Although detection of low-abundance proteins in the complex tear proteome remains a challenge, advances in sample fractionation and mass spectrometry have greatly enhanced our ability to detect these proteins. With increasing proteomic applications, tears show great potential as biomarkers in the development of clinical assays for various human diseases. In this chapter, we discuss the structure and functions of the tear film and methods for its collection. We also summarize potential tear protein biomarkers identified using proteomic techniques for both ocular and systemic diseases. Finally, modern proteomic techniques for tear biomarker research and future challenges are explored.
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31
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Saraygord-Afshari N, Naderi-Manesh H, Naderi M. Enhanced reproducibility of the human gel-based tear proteome maps in the presence of di-(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:660-7. [PMID: 24575874 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Biophysics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa Naderi
- Bina Eye Hospital; Tehran Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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32
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Desoubeaux G, Jourdan ML, Valera L, Jardin B, Hem S, Caille A, Cormier B, Marchand-Adam S, Bailly É, Diot P, Chandenier J. Proteomic demonstration of the recurrent presence of inter-alpha-inhibitor H4 heavy-chain during aspergillosis induced in an animal model. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:327-38. [PMID: 24360996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis remains a matter of great concern in oncology/haematology, intensive care units and organ transplantation departments. Despite the availability of various diagnostic tools with attractive features, new markers of infection are required for better medical care. We therefore looked for potential pulmonary biomarkers of aspergillosis, by carrying out two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis comparing the proteomes of bronchial-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from infected rats and from control rats presenting non-specific inflammation, both immunocompromised. A bioinformatic analysis of the 2D-maps revealed significant differences in the abundance of 20 protein spots (ANOVA P-value<0.01; q-value<0.03; power>0.8). One of these proteins, identified by mass spectrometry, was considered of potential interest: inter-alpha-inhibitor H4 heavy-chain (ITIH4), characterised for the first time in this infectious context. Western blotting confirmed its overabundance in all infected BALF, particularly at early stages of murine aspergillosis. Further investigations were carried on rat serum, and confirmed that ITIH4 levels increased during experimental aspergillosis. Preliminary results in human samples strengthened this trend. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the involvement of ITIH4 in aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Desoubeaux
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais, CEPR UMR-INSERM U1100/E.A. 6305, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France.
| | - Marie-Lise Jourdan
- CHU de Tours, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais, INSERM U1069/N2C, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Lionel Valera
- Sysdiag, CNRS UMR 3145 Bio-Rad, Cap Delta, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sonia Hem
- Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse protéomique - MSPP, Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, INRA UR1199, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Caille
- CHU de Tours, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais, INSERM 202, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Bénédicte Cormier
- CHU de Tours, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Université François Rabelais, CEPR UMR-INSERM U1100/E.A. 6305, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; CHU de Tours, Service de Pneumologie, Tours, France
| | - Éric Bailly
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Tours, France
| | - Patrice Diot
- Université François Rabelais, CEPR UMR-INSERM U1100/E.A. 6305, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; CHU de Tours, Service de Pneumologie, Tours, France
| | - Jacques Chandenier
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais, CEPR UMR-INSERM U1100/E.A. 6305, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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33
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Sweeney DF, Millar TJ, Raju SR. Tear film stability: a review. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:28-38. [PMID: 23973716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tear film stability can be assessed via a number of tools designed for clinical as well as research purposes. These techniques can give us insights into the tear film, and allow assessment of conditions that can lead to dry eye symptoms, and in severe cases, to significant ocular surface damage and deterioration of vision. Understanding what drives tear film instability and its assessment is also crucial for evaluating existing and new therapies. This review examines various techniques that are used to assess tear film instability: evaluation of tear break-up time and non-invasive break-time; topographic and interferometric techniques; confocal microscopic methods; aberrometry; and visual function tests. It also describes possible contributions of different tear film components; namely meibomian lipids, ocular mucins and proteins, and factors such as age, contact lens wear, ocular surgery and environmental stimuli, that may influence tear film instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah F Sweeney
- Office of the Pro-Vice Chancellor, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, Penrith, 2751 NSW, Australia.
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34
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Semba RD, Enghild JJ, Venkatraman V, Dyrlund TF, Van Eyk JE. The Human Eye Proteome Project: perspectives on an emerging proteome. Proteomics 2013; 13:2500-11. [PMID: 23749747 PMCID: PMC3978387 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are an estimated 285 million people with visual impairment worldwide, of whom 39 million are blind. The pathogenesis of many eye diseases remains poorly understood. The human eye is currently an emerging proteome that may provide key insight into the biological pathways of disease. We review proteomic investigations of the human eye and present a catalogue of 4842 nonredundant proteins identified in human eye tissues and biofluids to date. We highlight the need to identify new biomarkers for eye diseases using proteomics. Recent advances in proteomics do now allow the identification of hundreds to thousands of proteins in tissues and fluids, characterization of various PTMs and simultaneous quantification of multiple proteins. To facilitate proteomic studies of the eye, the Human Eye Proteome Project (HEPP) was organized in September 2012. The HEPP is one of the most recent components of the Biology/Disease-driven Human Proteome Project (B/D-HPP) whose overarching goal is to support the broad application of state-of-the-art measurements of proteins and proteomes by life scientists studying the molecular mechanisms of biological processes and human disease. The large repertoire of investigative proteomic tools has great potential to transform vision science and enhance understanding of physiology and disease processes that affect sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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35
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36
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Raju SR, Palaniappan CK, Ketelson HA, Davis JW, Millar TJ. Interfacial Dilatational Viscoelasticity of Human Meibomian Lipid Films. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:817-24. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.782050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Soria J, Durán JA, Etxebarria J, Merayo J, González N, Reigada R, García I, Acera A, Suárez T. Tear proteome and protein network analyses reveal a novel pentamarker panel for tear film characterization in dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction. J Proteomics 2012. [PMID: 23201116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction are common ocular surface disorders. Discrimination of both conditions often may be difficult given the overlapping of signs and symptoms, and the lack of correlation with clinical parameters. A total of 144 individuals were included in this study. To search for proteome differences, tear proteins were collected by Merocel sponge and analyzed using 2D-PAGE. Comparative tear protein profile analysis indicated changes in the expression levels of fifteen proteins. Subsequent to MALDI-TOF/TOF protein identification, network analysis revealed expression/interaction connections with other proteins, thereby identifying additional putative markers. A screening validation assay demonstrated the discriminative power of six candidate biomarkers. A further validation study using multiplexed-like ELISA assays in tear samples collected with both sponge and capillary confirmed the high discriminatory power of five biomarkers: S100A6, annexin A1 (ANXA1), annexin A11 (ANXA11), cystatin-S (CST4), and phospholipase A2-activating protein (PLAA) with an area under ROC curve (AUC)≥ 97.9% (sensitivity ≥ 94.3%; specificity ≥ 97.6%) when comparing dry eye and control individuals. This panel also discriminated between dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction and control individuals, with a global correct assignment (CA) of 73.2% between all groups. Correct assignment was not found to be significantly dependent on the tear collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soria
- Bioftalmik, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800, 2nd Floor, E-48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
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38
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McGinnigle S, Naroo SA, Eperjesi F. Evaluation of dry eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2012; 57:293-316. [PMID: 22726587 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common yet complex condition. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can cause dysfunction of the lids, lacrimal glands, meibomian glands, ocular surface cells, or neural network. These problems would ultimately be expressed at the tear film-ocular surface interface. The manifestations of these problems are experienced as symptoms such as grittiness, discomfort, burning sensation, hyperemia, and secondary epiphora in some cases. Accurate investigation of dry eye is crucial to correct management of the condition. Techniques can be classed according to their investigation of tear production, tear stability, and surface damage (including histological tests). The application, validity, reliability, compatibility, protocols, and indications for these are important. The use of a diagnostic algorithm may lead to more accurate diagnosis and management. The lack of correlation between signs and symptoms seems to favor tear film osmolarity, an objective biomarker, as the best current clue to correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McGinnigle
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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39
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Zhou L, Beuerman RW. Tear analysis in ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:527-50. [PMID: 22732126 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The thin layer of tears covering the ocular surface are a complex body fluid containing thousands of molecules of varied form and function of several origins. In this review, we have discussed some key issues in the analysis of tears in the context of understanding and diagnosing eye disease using current technologies of proteomics and metabolomics, and for their potential for clinical application. In the last several years, advances in proteomics/metabolomics/lipidomics technologies have greatly expanded our knowledge of the chemical composition of tear fluid. The quickened pace of studies has shown that tears as a complex extra-cellular fluid of the ocular surface contains a great deal of molecular information useful for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of ocular surface diseases that has the ability to addresses the emphasis on personalized medicine and biomarkers of disease. Future research directions will likely include (1) standardize tear collection, storage, extraction, and sample preparation; (2) quantitative proteomic analysis of tear proteins using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based mass spectrometry; (3) population based studies of human tear proteomics/metabolomics; (4) tear proteomics/metabolomics for systemic diseases; and (5) functional studies of tear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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40
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Acera A, Vecino E. [The tear biomarkers, as source of information for the ocular surface. the tears as mirror of the eye?]. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2012; 87:171-172. [PMID: 22633607 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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41
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Zhou L, Zhao SZ, Koh SK, Chen L, Vaz C, Tanavde V, Li XR, Beuerman RW. In-depth analysis of the human tear proteome. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3877-85. [PMID: 22634083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tears, a critical body fluid of the surface of the eye, contain an unknown number of molecules including proteins/peptides, lipids, small molecule metabolites, and electrolytes. There have been continued efforts for exploring the human tear proteome to develop biomarkers of disease. In this study, we used the high speed TripleTOF 5600 system as the platform to analyze the human tear proteome from healthy subjects (3 females and 1 male, average age: 36±14). We have identified 1543 proteins in the tears with less than 1% false discovery rate, which represents the largest number of human tear proteins reported to date. The data set was analyzed for gene ontology (GO) and compared with the human plasma proteome, NEIBank lacrimal gland gene dataset and NEIBank cornea gene dataset. This comprehensive tear protein list may serve as a reference list of human tear proteome for biomarker research of ocular diseases or establishment of MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) assays for targeted analysis. Tear fluid is a useful and an accessible source not only for evaluating ocular surface tissues (cornea and conjunctiva), inflammation, lacrimal gland function and a number of disease conditions, such as dry eye as well as response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
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42
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Panahi Y, Eftekhari Milani A, Sahebkar A, Naderi M, Babaei M, Beiraghdar F, Parvin S, Dadjo Y. Tear total protein analysis in patients with late sulfur mustard-induced ocular complications: a cross-sectional study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011; 31:104-10. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.615359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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