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I A, Raghavan Pillai VB, P Joseph A, Ramani P, P J, Ramalingam K. Identification and Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cells in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Epithelial Dysplasia Using NANOG: An Immunohistochemical Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e55111. [PMID: 38558704 PMCID: PMC10979711 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity may show precursor lesions, termed as potentially malignant disorders, of which leukoplakia is the most frequent one. Oral leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis for which the histological diagnosis may be either hyperplasia or oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and sometimes even oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Cancer stem cells (CSCs), identified in various tumors, are a specific group of cells that exhibit the properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Among the various biomarkers that identify CSCs, the transcription factor NANOG is considered to be a significant one. AIM In this study, we intend to identify and compare the immunohistochemical expression of NANOG in OSCC, OED, and normal oral mucosa. METHODOLOGY Tissue blocks of OSCC (n=28), OED (n=28), and normal oral mucosa (n=28) were used in this study. Specimens were immunohistochemically analyzed for NANOG expression. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Games-Howell post hoc, and Student t-test. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 21; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) software was used for performing the statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set as 0.05. OBSERVATIONS NANOG expression was higher in OSCC when compared to oral dysplasias and normal oral mucosa, in decreasing order. A significantly higher histo-score and labeling index score were observed in OSCC and oral dysplasias compared to normal oral mucosa (p=<0.001). CONCLUSION The expression levels of NANOG were positively correlated with disease progression in OSCC, implicating that NANOG can be used as a surrogate marker of oral oncogenesis and prognosis. Therefore, decoding the molecular mechanisms of NANOG regulation in the progression of cancer helps in developing new therapeutic strategies for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya I
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, IND
| | - Varun B Raghavan Pillai
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, IND
| | - Anna P Joseph
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, IND
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jayanthi P
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, IND
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Szyposzynska A, Bielawska-Pohl A, Murawski M, Sozanski R, Chodaczek G, Klimczak A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles from Adipose Tissue: Unraveling Their Impact on Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells and Their Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15862. [PMID: 37958844 PMCID: PMC10647545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derivatives can be promising tools in oncology including ovarian cancer treatment. This study aimed to determine the effect of HATMSC2-MVs (microvesicles derived from human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue origin) on the fate and behavior of primary ovarian cancer cells. Human primary ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells were isolated from two sources: post-operative tissue of ovarian cancer and ascitic fluid. The phenotype of cells was characterized using flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of HATMSC2-MVs on the biological activity of primary cells was analyzed in 2D (proliferation, migration, and cell survival) and 3D (cell survival) models. We demonstrated that HATMSC2-MVs internalized into primary ovarian cancer cells decrease the metabolic activity and induce the cancer cell death and are leading to decreased migratory activity of tumor cells. The results suggests that the anti-cancer effect of HATMSC2-MVs, with high probability, is contributed by the delivery of molecules that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p21, tumor suppressor p53, executor caspase 3) and proapoptotic regulators (bad, BIM, Fas, FasL, p27, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2), and their presence has been confirmed by apoptotic protein antibody array. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to inhibit primary OvCa cells growth and apoptosis induction after exposure of OvCa cells on HATMSC2-MVs treatment; however, further studies are needed to clarify their anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szyposzynska
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Marek Murawski
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-599 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafal Sozanski
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-599 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Łukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
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Wang F, Zhao J, Zhang C, Yang B, Tian T, Tian M, Meng N, Xie W, Liu G, Zhu X, Su M, He Z, Liu Y, Tang D, Li Y. Effect of microserum environment stimulation on extraction and biological function of colorectal cancer stem cells. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:156. [PMID: 37639070 PMCID: PMC10462592 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D cancer stem cell (CSC) cultures are widely used as in vitro tumor models. In this study, we determined the effects of enriching HCT116 tumor spheres initially cultured in serum-free medium with different concentrations of serum, focusing on the effect of microserum environment stimulation on extraction and biological function of colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs). METHODS CCSCs were enriched in standard serum-free medium and serum-free medium with different concentrations of serum for 1 week. The expression of CSC-associated markers in CCSCs, and the presence and relative proportion of CSCs (CD133/CD44 cell sorting) were then determined to elucidate the effect of the microserum environment on the preservation of CSC-related features. Further, the tumorigenic capacity of CCSCs was evaluated in an immunodeficiency mouse model. RESULTS Our data indicated that a significantly greater number of spheres with a greater size range and high viability without drastic alteration in biological and structural features, which maintained self-renewal potential after sequential passages were formed after serum supplementation. Real-time analysis showed that both serum spheres and serum-free spheres displayed similar expression patterns for key stemness genes. Serum spheres showed higher expression of the CSC surface markers CD133 and CD44 than did CSCs spheres cultured in serum-free medium. Adherent cultures in complete medium could adapt to the serum-containing microenvironment faster and showed higher proliferation ability. The addition of serum induced EMT and promoted the migration and invasion of serum globular cells. Compared with serum-free cells and adherent cells, serum spheres showed higher tumor initiation ability. CONCLUSIONS Microserum environment stimulation could be an effective strategy for reliable enrichment of intact CCSCs, and a more efficient CSC enrichment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin City, 300072 China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Chike Zhang
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Bei Jing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province China
| | - Bo Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Mengxian Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Na Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Guangyang Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Min Su
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 71 Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550001 Guizhou Province China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Bei Jing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province China
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Varier L, Sundaram SM, Gamit N, Warrier S. An Overview of Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Chemoresistance and a Precision Medicine Approach Targeting the Wnt Pathway with the Antagonist sFRP4. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041275. [PMID: 36831617 PMCID: PMC9954718 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent gynecological cancers, having a relatively high fatality rate with a low five-year chance of survival when detected in late stages. The early detection, treatment and prevention of metastasis is pertinent and a pressing research priority as many patients are diagnosed only in stage three of ovarian cancer. Despite surgical interventions, targeted immunotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, relapses are significantly higher than other cancers, suggesting the dire need to identify the root cause of metastasis and relapse and present more precise therapeutic options. In this review, we first describe types of ovarian cancers, the existing markers and treatment modalities. As ovarian cancer is driven and sustained by an elusive and highly chemoresistant population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), their role and the associated signature markers are exhaustively discussed. Non-invasive diagnostic markers, which can be identified early in the disease using circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are also described. The mechanism of the self-renewal, chemoresistance and metastasis of ovarian CSCs is regulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, its role in ovarian cancer in promoting stemness and metastasis is delineated. Based on our findings, we propose a novel strategy of Wnt inhibition using a well-known Wnt antagonist, secreted frizzled related protein 4 (sFRP4), wherein short micropeptides derived from the whole protein can be used as powerful inhibitors. The latest approaches to early diagnosis and novel treatment strategies emphasized in this review will help design precision medicine approaches for an effective capture and destruction of highly aggressive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Varier
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - S. Mohana Sundaram
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
- Correspondence:
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Alwosaibai K, Aalmri S, Mashhour M, Ghandorah S, Alshangiti A, Azam F, Selwi W, Gharaibeh L, Alatawi Y, Alruwaii Z, Alsaab HO. PD-L1 is highly expressed in ovarian cancer and associated with cancer stem cells populations expressing CD44 and other stem cell markers. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:13. [PMID: 36604635 PMCID: PMC9814309 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including PD-L1 (programmed death ligand-1) inhibitors have well documented anticancer therapeutic effect in most types of cancers but its use in the treatment of ovarian cancer is not yet proven. The aim of our study is to explore the predictive biomarkers in ovarian cancer and its association with the outcomes. We have investigated the role of PD-L1 expressions in the tumor microenvironment cells including immune cells and cancer stem cells in different types of ovarian cancer. METHODS A total of 119 surgical archived ovarian cancer samples were collected from the pathology department at King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia that included serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas, mucinous carcinomas, endometrioid carcinomas, and granulosa cell tumors. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed using (i) PD-L1 antibodies to detect PD-L1 expressions; (ii) CD8 and CD4 to detect Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs); and (iii) CD44, LGR5, and ALDH2 to detect stem cell markers. The clinicopathological data were collected from patients' medical record to investigate the association with PD-L1, TILs, and stem cells expressions. RESULTS We report high PD-L1 expressions in 47.8% of ovarian cancer samples. PD-L1 expressions were detected in different types of epithelial ovarian cancer and were not associated with poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, determining the expression levels of TILs in the ovarian cancer tissues found that 81% (n = 97) of ovarian cancer samples have TILs that express both of CD8 and CD4 and significantly associated with high PD-L1 expressions. Interestingly, we have found that ovarian cancer tissues with high expressions of PD-L1 were associated with high expressions of stem cells expressing CD44 and LGR5. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 is highly expressed in the serous type of ovarian carcinomas and the overall expression of PD-L1 is not associated with poor survival rate. Furthermore, PD-L1 expressions are strongly associated with TILs and stem cell markers in ovarian cancer. Inhibiting the PD-L1 using immune checkpoint inhibitors might downregulate stem cell population that known to be associated with cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud Alwosaibai
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Research Center, Biomedical Research Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salmah Aalmri
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Research Center, Biomedical Research Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miral Mashhour
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Ghandorah
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Alshangiti
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Department of Medical Oncology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Azam
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Department of Medical Oncology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Selwi
- grid.415280.a0000 0004 0402 3867Department of Medical Oncology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Gharaibeh
- grid.116345.40000000406441915Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasser Alatawi
- grid.440760.10000 0004 0419 5685Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Alruwaii
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O BOX 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Ovarian Cancer and Associated Gene Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246246. [PMID: 36551731 PMCID: PMC9777152 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, over 100,000 women are diagnosed with a gynecologic malignancy every year, with ovarian cancer being the most lethal. One of the hallmark characteristics of ovarian cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. While the exact mechanisms of chemoresistance are poorly understood, it is known that changes at the cellular and molecular level make chemoresistance challenging to treat. Improved therapeutic options are needed to target these changes at the molecular level. Using a precision medicine approach, such as gene therapy, genes can be specifically exploited to resensitize tumors to therapeutics. This review highlights traditional and novel gene targets that can be used to develop new and improved targeted therapies, from drug efflux proteins to ovarian cancer stem cells. The review also addresses the clinical relevance and landscape of the discussed gene targets.
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Yun H, Han GH, Kim J, Chung J, Kim J, Cho H. NANOG
regulates epithelial–mesenchymal transition via
AMPK
/
mTOR
signalling pathway in ovarian cancer
SKOV
‐3 and
A2780
cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5277-5291. [PMID: 36114703 PMCID: PMC9575063 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG engages with tumour initiation and metastasis by regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, its role in association with pAMPKα, and its clinical significance in EOC have not been elucidated even though AMPK is known to degrade NANOG in various human cancers. Hence, we investigated the role of pAMPKα and its association with NANOG as potential prognostic biomarkers in EOC. Both NANOG and pAMPKα expression were significantly overexpressed in EOCs comparing nonadjacent normal epithelial tissues, benign tissues, and borderline tumours. NANOG overexpression was significantly associated with poor disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), whereas pAMPKα overexpression was associated with good DFS and OS. Importantly, multivariate analysis revealed that the combination of high NANOG and low pAMPKα expression was a poor independent prognostic factor for DFS and was associated with platinum resistance. In ovarian cancer cell lines, siRNA‐mediated NANOG knockdown diminished migration and invasion properties by regulating the EMT process via the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway. Furthermore, treatment with AMPK activator suppressed expression of stemness factors such as NANOG, Oct4 and Sox2. Collectively, these findings established that the combination of high NANOG and low pAMPKα expression was associated with EOC progression and platinum resistance, suggesting a potential prognostic biomarker for clinical management in EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Korea
| | - Julie Kim
- Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USA
| | - Joon‐Yong Chung
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Jae‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Cho JG, Kim SW, Lee A, Jeong HN, Yun E, Choi J, Jeong SJ, Chang W, Oh S, Yoo KH, Lee JB, Yoon S, Lee MS, Park JH, Jung MH, Kim SW, Kim KH, Suh DS, Choi KU, Choi J, Kim J, Kwon BS. MicroRNA-dependent inhibition of WEE1 controls cancer stem-like characteristics and malignant behavior in ovarian cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:803-822. [PMID: 36159587 PMCID: PMC9463562 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pluripotency Stemness and Cancer: More Questions than Answers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:77-100. [PMID: 34725790 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells provided us with fascinating new knowledge in recent years. Mechanistic insight into intricate regulatory circuitry governing pluripotency stemness and disclosing parallels between pluripotency stemness and cancer instigated numerous studies focusing on roles of pluripotency transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog, Sall4 and Tfcp2L1, in cancer. Although generally well substantiated as tumour-promoting factors, oncogenic roles of pluripotency transcription factors and their clinical impacts are revealing themselves as increasingly complex. In certain tumours, both Oct4 and Sox2 behave as genuine oncogenes, and reporter genes driven by composite regulatory elements jointly recognized by both the factors can identify stem-like cells in a proportion of tumours. On the other hand, cancer stem cells seem to be biologically very heterogeneous both among different tumour types and among and even within individual tumours. Pluripotency transcription factors are certainly implicated in cancer stemness, but do not seem to encompass its entire spectrum. Certain cancer stem cells maintain their stemness by biological mechanisms completely different from pluripotency stemness, sometimes even by engaging signalling pathways that promote differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, while these signalling pathways may well be antithetical to stemness in pluripotent stem cells, they may cooperate with pluripotency factors in cancer stem cells - a paradigmatic example is provided by the MAPK-AP-1 pathway. Unexpectedly, forced expression of pluripotency transcription factors in cancer cells frequently results in loss of their tumour-initiating ability, their phenotypic reversion and partial epigenetic normalization. Besides the very different signalling contexts operating in pluripotent and cancer stem cells, respectively, the pronounced dose dependency of reprogramming pluripotency factors may also contribute to the frequent loss of tumorigenicity observed in induced pluripotent cancer cells. Finally, contradictory cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects of various signalling molecules operate during pluripotency (cancer) reprogramming. The effects of pluripotency transcription factors in cancer are thus best explained within the concept of cancer stem cell heterogeneity.
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Zhao M, Tang Z, Wang Y, Ding J, Guo Y, Gao T. A direct negative feedback loop of miR-4721/FOXA1/Nanog promotes nasopharyngeal cell stem cell enrichment and metastasis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:387. [PMID: 34503528 PMCID: PMC8428129 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The recurrence and metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) may be mainly attributed to the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs); however, the linkage mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Methods The levels of miR-4721, FOXA1, and Nanog expression in NPC were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In vivo and in vitro metastasis assays confirmed miR-4721 promotes cell migration and invasion. Tumor spheroid formation assay, side population (SP) assay, and ALDEFLUOR assay verified miR-4721 regulates cancer stem cell-like properties. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-4721 directly regulates FOXA1 and FOXA1 effects the promoter activity of miR-4721 and Nanog. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that FOXA1 combined the promoter region of human miR-4721 and Nanog and the possible mechanism was also analyzed. Results In this study, a new mechanism of NPC tumorigenesis related to miR-4721 was verified. We found that miR-4721, FOXA1 and Nanog control their expressions through a negative feedback loop and then activate the downstream regulator of stem cell signaling to promote the enrichment and metastasis of NPC stem cells. Conclusion These findings elucidate that the feedback loop of miR-4721/FOXA1/Nanog can regulate stemness and metastasis in NPC and may provide an experimental theoretical basis for metastasis and treatment resistance in NPC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03059-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Zibo Tang
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ding
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Tianhui Gao
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
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Zhang C, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Zhong C, Ji T, Duan J, Wang Y. RNAi mediated silencing of Nanog expression suppresses the growth of human colorectal cancer stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:254-260. [PMID: 33288197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world known for its poor recurrence-free prognosis. Previous studies have shown that it is closely linked with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have self-renewal potential and the capacity to differentiate into diverse populations. Nanog is an important transcription factor that functions to maintain the self-renewal and proliferation of embryonic stem cells; however, many recent studies have shown that Nanog is also highly expressed in many cancer stem cells. To investigate whether Nanog plays a crucial role in maintaining the stemness of colorectal CSCs, RNA interference was used to downregulate Nanog expression in the CRC stem cell line, EpCAM+CD44+HCT-116 cells (CCSCs). We examined the anti-tumor function of Nanog in vitro and in vivo, using small interfering RNA. Our results revealed that the Nanog mRNA expression level in CCSCs was higher than that in HCT-116 cells. We found that the depletion of Nanog inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in CCSCs. In addition, the invasive ability of CCSCs was markedly restricted when Nanog was silenced by small interfering RNA. Furthermore, we found that the silencing of Nanog decreased tumor size and weight and improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, these findings collectively demonstrate that Nanog, which is highly expressed in CRC stem cells, is a key factor in the development of tumor growth, and it may serve as a potential marker of prognosis and a novel and effective therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yongjing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chunlian Zhong
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Tianju Ji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jinyue Duan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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12
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Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Role in Tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1330:151-169. [PMID: 34339036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73359-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogenous disease with variable clinicopathological and molecular mechanisms being responsible for tumorigenesis. Despite substantial technological improvement, lack of early diagnosis contributes to its highest mortality. Ovarian cancer is considered to be the most lethal female gynaecological cancer across the world. Conventional treatment modules with platinum- and Taxane-based chemotherapy can cause an initial satisfactory improvement in ovarian cancer patients. However, approximately 75-80% patients of advanced stage ovarian cancer, experience relapse and nearly 40% have overall poor survival rate. It has been observed that a subpopulation of cells referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs), having self renewal property, escape the conventional chemotherapy because of their quiescent nature. Later, these CSCs following its interaction with microenvironment and release of various inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases, induce invasion and propagation to distant organs of the body mainly peritoneal cavity. These CSCs can be enriched by their specific surface markers such as CD44, CD117, CD133 and intracellular enzyme such as aldehyde dehydrogenase. This tumorigenicity is further aggravated by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of CSCs and neovascularisation via epigenetic reprogramming and over-expression of various signalling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, NOTCH, Hedgehog, etc. to name a few. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of various cellular events involving interaction between cancer cells and cancer stem cells as well as its surrounding micro environmental components would be of unmet need to achieve the ultimate goal of better management of ovarian cancer patients. This chapter deals with the impact of ovarian cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis which would help in the implementation of basic research into the clinical field in the form of translational research in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality in ovarian cancer patients through amelioration of diagnosis and impoverishment of therapeutic resistance.
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13
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Nameki R, Chang H, Reddy J, Corona RI, Lawrenson K. Transcription factors in epithelial ovarian cancer: histotype-specific drivers and novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107722. [PMID: 33137377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are major contributors to cancer risk and somatic development. In preclinical and clinical studies, direct or indirect inhibition of TF-mediated oncogenic gene expression profiles have proven to be effective in many tumor types, highlighting this group of proteins as valuable therapeutic targets. In spite of this, our understanding of TFs in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is relatively limited. EOC is a heterogeneous disease composed of five major histologic subtypes; high-grade serous, low-grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous. Each histology is associated with unique clinical etiologies, sensitivity to therapies, and molecular signatures - including diverse transcriptional regulatory programs. While some TFs are shared across EOC subtypes, a set of TFs are expressed in a histotype-specific manner and likely explain part of the histologic diversity of EOC subtypes. Targeting TFs present with unique opportunities for development of novel precision medicine strategies for ovarian cancer. This article reviews the critical TFs in EOC subtypes and highlights the potential of exploiting TFs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbin Nameki
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Chang
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Reddy
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosario I Corona
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Wang F, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang J, Xu G. Highly expressed STAT1 contributes to the suppression of stemness properties in human paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11042-11060. [PMID: 32516753 PMCID: PMC7346083 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) is an important factor in various cellular processes. The cancer stem cell (CSC) is considered as a tumor-initiating cell that drives the inner hierarchy in many cancers including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here, we explored for the first time the regulation of STAT1 on stemness properties in chemoresistant EOC cells. The paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant EOC cell line (OV3R-PTX) was derived from PTX-sensitive OVCAR-3 cells treated by the PTX regimen. A single cell clone OV3R-PTX-B4 was selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. PTX-resistant cells grew slowly in conventional 2D and 3D cultures, but tumor xenograft with PTX-resistant cells grew fast in nude mice. Interestingly, OV3R-PTX-B4 cells shared the characteristics of CSCs and stemness properties were found to be increased in the non-adherent spheroid culture system. The PTX-resistant cells had a high expression of CSC-related markers and low expression of STAT1 that had a high methylation level of CpG in its promoter region. Overexpressed STAT1 suppressed stemness properties, cell proliferation, and colony formation and favored the overall survival of patients with EOC. In summary, these data indicate a regulatory mechanism of STAT1 underlying drug resistance and provide a potential therapeutic application for EOC patients with PTX resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchen Wang
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jinguo Zhang
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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16
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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17
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Trevellin E, Pirozzolo G, Fassan M, Vettor R. Prognostic value of stem cell markers in esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer: a meta-analysis. J Cancer 2020; 11:4240-4249. [PMID: 32368307 PMCID: PMC7196270 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal cancer is an aggressive tumor, with poor prognosis and low survival rates. Although diagnosis and treatment have improved considerably, more efficient prognostic factors are urgently needed to prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Cancer stem cells are key players in tumor progression and several studies have investigated the association between the expression of stemness genes and clinical outcome. However, the prognostic value of stemness markers in esophageal cancer remains controversial. We identified six factors involved in angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis and self-renewal that have been associated to poor prognosis in other types of cancer. We conducted a review of the literature and a meta-analysis to assess their potential prognostic role in this malignancy. Material and Methods: The database of PMC, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched to investigate the association between CD34, CD133, Nucleostemin, OCT-4, NANOG and CD90, and the survival of patients affected by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or esophageal adenocarcinoma. Among the 615 eligible studies, a total of 19 articles (including 1586 patients) met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, and the pooled hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Data showed that high expression of CD34 (HR 2.10; 95%CI 1.41-3.14; I2=56%; p=0.0003), CD133 (HR 1.91; 95%CI 1.15-3.19; I2=55%; p=0.01) and Nucleostemin (HR 2.97; 95%CI 1.11-7.98; I2=0%; p=0.03) were associated with poor prognosis in patients affected by esophageal cancer. The expression of NANOG and OCT-4 showed no significant association with survival of patients, whereas no study involving CD90 was included in this meta-analysis. Conclusion: CD34, CD133 and Nucleostemin might represent useful prognostic markers in patients affected by esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Trevellin
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pirozzolo
- Emergency General Surgery, Ospedale dell'Angelo - ULSS 3 Serenissima, 30174 Venice, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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18
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Grubelnik G, Boštjančič E, Pavlič A, Kos M, Zidar N. NANOG expression in human development and cancerogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:456-464. [PMID: 32041418 PMCID: PMC7082888 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220905560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG is an important stem cell transcription factor involved in human development and cancerogenesis. Its expression is complex and regulated on different levels. Moreover, NANOG protein might regulate hundreds of target genes at the same time. NANOG is crucial for preimplantation development phase and progressively decreases during embryonic stem cells differentiation, thus regulating embryonic and fetal development. Postnatally, NANOG is undetectable or expressed in very low amounts in the majority of human tissues. NANOG re-expression can be detected during cancerogenesis, already in precancerous lesions, with increasing levels of NANOG in high grade dysplasia. NANOG is believed to enable cancer cells to obtain stem-cell like properties, which are believed to be the source of expanding growth, tumor maintenance, metastasis formation, and tumor relapse. High NANOG expression in cancer is frequently associated with advanced stage, poor differentiation, worse overall survival, and resistance to treatment, and is therefore a promising prognostic and predictive marker. We summarize the current knowledge on the role of NANOG in cancerogenesis and development, including our own experience. We provide a critical overview of NANOG as a prognostic and diagnostic factor, including problems regarding its regulation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gašper Grubelnik
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Pavlič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marina Kos
- Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice and University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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19
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Oh SJ, Lee J, Kim Y, Song KH, Cho E, Kim M, Jung H, Kim TW. Far Beyond Cancer Immunotherapy: Reversion of Multi-Malignant Phenotypes of Immunotherapeutic-Resistant Cancer by Targeting the NANOG Signaling Axis. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e7. [PMID: 32158595 PMCID: PMC7049583 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, in the form of vaccination, adoptive cellular transfer, or immune checkpoint inhibitors, has emerged as a promising practice within the field of oncology. However, despite the developing field's potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, the presence of immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells in many patients present a challenge and limitation to these immunotherapies. These cells not only indicate immunotherapeutic resistance, but also show multi-modal resistance to conventional therapies, abnormal metabolism, stemness, and metastasis. How can immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells render multi-malignant phenotypes? We reasoned that the immune-refractory phenotype could be associated with multi-malignant phenotypes and that these phenotypes are linked together by a factor that acts as the master regulator. In this review, we discussed the role of the embryonic transcription factor NANOG as a crucial master regulator we named “common factor” in multi-malignant phenotypes and presented strategies to overcome multi-malignancy in immunotherapeutic-resistant cancer by restraining the NANOG-mediated multi-malignant signaling axis. Strategies that blunt the NANOG axis could improve the clinical management of therapy-refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Oh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Translational Research Institute for Incurable Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Lee
- College of Science, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yukang Kim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Translational Research Institute for Incurable Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eunho Cho
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Translational Research Institute for Incurable Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Minsung Kim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Heejae Jung
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Translational Research Institute for Incurable Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
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20
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Kaipio K, Chen P, Roering P, Huhtinen K, Mikkonen P, Östling P, Lehtinen L, Mansuri N, Korpela T, Potdar S, Hynninen J, Auranen A, Grénman S, Wennerberg K, Hautaniemi S, Carpén O. ALDH1A1-related stemness in high-grade serous ovarian cancer is a negative prognostic indicator but potentially targetable by EGFR/mTOR-PI3K/aurora kinase inhibitors. J Pathol 2019; 250:159-169. [PMID: 31595974 DOI: 10.1002/path.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor chemotherapy response remains a major treatment challenge for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). Cancer stem cells are the major contributors to relapse and treatment failure as they can survive conventional therapy. Our objectives were to characterise stemness features in primary patient-derived cell lines, correlate stemness markers with clinical outcome and test the response of our cells to both conventional and exploratory drugs. Tissue and ascites samples, treatment-naive and/or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, were prospectively collected. Primary cancer cells, cultured under conditions favouring either adherent or spheroid growth, were tested for stemness markers; the same markers were analysed in tissue and correlated with chemotherapy response and survival. Drug sensitivity and resistance testing was performed with 306 oncology compounds. Spheroid growth condition HGSC cells showed increased stemness marker expression (including aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform I; ALDH1A1) as compared with adherent growth condition cells, and increased resistance to platinum and taxane. A set of eight stemness markers separated treatment-naive tumours into two clusters and identified a distinct subgroup of HGSC with enriched stemness features. Expression of ALDH1A1, but not most other stemness markers, was increased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its expression in treatment-naive tumours correlated with chemoresistance and reduced survival. In drug sensitivity and resistance testing, five compounds, including two PI3K-mTOR inhibitors, demonstrated significant activity in both cell culture conditions. Thirteen compounds, including EGFR, PI3K-mTOR and aurora kinase inhibitors, were more toxic to spheroid cells than adherent cells. Our results identify stemness markers in HGSC that are associated with a decreased response to conventional chemotherapy and reduced survival if expressed by treatment-naive tumours. EGFR, mTOR-PI3K and aurora kinase inhibitors are candidates for targeting this cell population. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kaipio
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ping Chen
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Pia Roering
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Piia Mikkonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Östling
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Oncology & Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Lehtinen
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Naziha Mansuri
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Korpela
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Swapnil Potdar
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, High Throughput Biomedicine Unit (HTB), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Hynninen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Auranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seija Grénman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, High Throughput Biomedicine Unit (HTB), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Kenda Suster N, Virant-Klun I. Presence and role of stem cells in ovarian cancer. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:383-397. [PMID: 31396367 PMCID: PMC6682502 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i7.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. It is typically diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease, with metastatic sites disseminated widely within the abdominal cavity. Ovarian cancer treatment is challenging due to high disease recurrence and further complicated pursuant to acquired chemoresistance. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory proposes that both tumor development and progression are driven by undifferentiated stem cells capable of self-renewal and tumor-initiation. The most recent evidence revealed that CSCs in terms of ovarian cancer are not only responsible for primary tumor growth, metastasis and relapse of disease, but also for the development of chemoresistance. As the elimination of this cell population is critical for increasing treatment success, a deeper understanding of ovarian CSCs pathobiology, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment, is needed. Finally, before introducing new therapeutic agents for ovarian cancer, targeting CSCs, accurate identification of different ovarian stem cell subpopulations, including the very small embryonic-like stem cells suggested as progenitors, is necessary. To these ends, reliable markers of ovarian CSCs should be identified. In this review, we present the current knowledge and a critical discussion concerning ovarian CSCs and their clinical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kenda Suster
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Irma Virant-Klun
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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22
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Kang KT, Kwon YW, Kim DK, Lee SI, Kim KH, Suh DS, Kim JH. TRRAP stimulates the tumorigenic potential of ovarian cancer stem cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 29936929 PMCID: PMC6235085 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal gynecological malignancy in women and identification of new therapeutic targets is essential for the continued development of therapy for ovarian cancer. TRRAP (transformation/transcription domain-associated protein) is an adaptor protein and a component of histone acetyltransferase complex. The present study was undertaken to investigate the roles played by TRRAP in the proliferation and tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer stem cells. TRRAP expression was found to be up-regulated in the sphere cultures of A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of TRRAP significantly decreased cell proliferation and the number of A2780 spheroids. In addition, TRRAP knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and increased apoptotic percentages of A2780 sphere cells. Notably, the mRNA levels of stemness-associated markers, that is, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, were suppressed in TRRAP-silenced A2780 sphere cells. In addition, TRRAP overexpression increased the mRNA level of NANOG and the transcriptional activity of NANOG promoter in these cells. Furthermore, TRRAP knockdown significantly reduced tumor growth in a murine xenograft transplantation model. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest that TRRAP plays an important role in the regulation of the proliferation and stemness of ovarian cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taek Kang
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Su In Lee
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyung Kim
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Suh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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23
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Zhao L, Liu J, Chen S, Fang C, Zhang X, Luo Z. Prognostic significance of NANOG expression in solid tumors: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5515-5526. [PMID: 30233213 PMCID: PMC6134963 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s169593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose NANOG is a tumor marker and indicates poor prognosis in various neoplasms; however, the evidence is controversial. This meta-analysis investigated the association of NANOG expression and clinicopathological features, and it impact on survival of patients with malignant tumors. Methods Studies published through May 31, 2018 were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Two researchers independently screened the content and quality of studies and extracted data. Correlations of NANOG expression, clinicopathological variables, and survival were analyzed and the combined odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results Thirty-three articles including 35 data sets of 3,959 patients were analyzed. Overall, elevated NANOG expression was associated with poor overall survival (HR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.87–2.58, P<0.001) and poor disease-free survival (HR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.54–3.18, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis found that NANOG expression was associated with worse overall survival in non–small cell lung (HR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.26–2.76, P = 0.002), head and neck (HR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.75–3.02, P<0.001), and digestive system (HR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.95–2.91, P<0.001) cancers. Moreover, we found that high NANOG expression was associated with poor tumor differentiation (OR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.59–4.55, P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.50–4.47, P = 0.001), advanced TNM stage (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.42–3.45, P<0.001), and T stage (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20–0.93, P = 0.031). Conclusion The evidence supports NANOG as a tumor biomarker to guide clinical management and indicate prognosis. Additional studies are needed to further validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiong Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China,
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China,
| | - Chun Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China,
| | - Xianquan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China,
| | - Zhibin Luo
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400010, China,
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24
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Ling K, Jiang L, Liang S, Kwong J, Yang L, Li Y, PingYin, Deng Q, Liang Z. Nanog interaction with the androgen receptor signaling axis induce ovarian cancer stem cell regulation: studies based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29716628 PMCID: PMC5930492 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) contribute to the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. Involvement of the androgen receptor (AR) in the malignant behaviors of other tumors has been reported. However, whether AR associates with Nanog (a stem cell marker) and participates in OCSC functions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Nanog with AR and examined whether this interaction induced stem-like properties in ovarian cancer cells. Methods AR and Nanog expression in ovarian tumors was evaluated. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we constructed a Nanog green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker cell model to investigate the expression and co-localization of Nanog and AR. Then, we examined the effect of androgen on the Nanog promoter in ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and SKOV3). After androgen or anti-androgen treatment, cell proliferation, migration, sphere formation, colony formation and tumorigenesis were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Results Both AR and Nanog expression were obviously high in ovarian tumors. Our results showed that Nanog expression was correlated with AR expression. The androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activated Nanog promoter transcription. Meanwhile, Nanog GFP-positive cells treated with DHT exhibited higher levels of proliferation, migration, sphere formation and colony formation. We also observed that the tumorigenesis of Nanog GFP-positive cells was significantly higher than that of the GFP-negative cells. Xenografts of Nanog GFP-positive cells showed significant differences when treated with androgen or anti-androgen drugs in vivo. Conclusions The interaction of Nanog with the AR signaling axis might induce or contribute to OCSC regulation. In addition, androgen might promote stemness characteristics in ovarian cancer cells by activating the Nanog promoter. This finding merits further study because it may provide a new understanding of OCSC regulation from a hormone perspective and lead to the reevaluation of stem cell therapy for ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-018-0403-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijian Ling
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lupin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shi Liang
- Bjrigham Young University, ID 272 Rigby Hall, Rexburg, 83460-4500, USA
| | - Joseph Kwong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiyan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yudi Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - PingYin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qingchun Deng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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25
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Cancer Stem Cell-Related Marker NANOG Expression in Ovarian Serous Tumors: A Clinicopathological Study of 159 Cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:2006-2013. [PMID: 28906309 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to assess cancer stem cell-related marker NANOG expression in ovarian serous tumors and to evaluate its prognostic significance in relation to ovarian serous carcinoma. METHODS NANOG protein expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in the ovarian tissue microarrays of 20 patients with benign ovarian serous tumors, 30 patients with borderline ovarian serous tumors, and 109 patients with ovarian serous carcinomas, from which 106 were of high-grade and 3 of low-grade morphology Immunohistochemical reaction was scored according to signal intensity and the percentage of positive cells in tumor samples. Pursuant to our summation of signal intensity and positive cell occurrence, we divided our samples into 4 groups: NANOG-negative, NANOG-slightly positive, NANOG-moderately positive, and NANOG-strongly positive group. Complete clinical data were obtained for the ovarian serous carcinoma group, and correlation between clinical data and NANOG expression was analyzed. RESULTS A specific brown nuclear, or cytoplasmic reaction, was considered a positive NANOG staining. In terms of the ovarian serous carcinoma group, 69.7% were NANOG positive, 22.9% slightly positive, 22.9% moderately positive, and 23.9% strongly positive. All NANOG-positive cases were of high-grade morphology. Benign and borderline tumors and low-grade serous carcinomas were NANOG negative. There was no significant correlation between NANOG expression and clinical parameters in terms of the ovarian serous carcinoma group. CONCLUSIONS Positive NANOG expression is significantly associated with high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma and is absent in benign, borderline, and low-grade serous lesions. In our study, there was no correlation between NANOG expression and clinical parameters, including its use in the prognosis of ovarian serous carcinoma.
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26
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Parida S, Chakraborty S, Maji RK, Ghosh Z. Elucidating the gene regulatory networks modulating cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Genomics 2018; 111:103-113. [PMID: 29355597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer have perplexed investigators for decades. The most prevalent type of it is the high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOv) which is a highly aggressive disease with high relapse rates and insurgence of chemo-resistance at later stages of treatment. These are driven by a rare population of stem cell like cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). We have taken up a systems approach to find out the common gene interaction paths between non-CSC tumor cells (CCs) and CSCs in HGSOv. Detailed investigation reveals a set of 17 Transcription Factors (named as pivot-TFs) which can govern changes in the mode of gene regulation along these paths. Overall, this work highlights a divergent road map of functional information relayed by these common key players in the two cell states, which might aid towards designing novel therapeutic measures to target the CSCs for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibun Parida
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | | | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India.
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27
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Debruyne DN, Turchi L, Burel-Vandenbos F, Fareh M, Almairac F, Virolle V, Figarella-Branger D, Baeza-Kallee N, Lagadec P, Kubiniek V, Paquis P, Fontaine D, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Virolle T. DOCK4 promotes loss of proliferation in glioblastoma progenitor cells through nuclear beta-catenin accumulation and subsequent miR-302-367 cluster expression. Oncogene 2017; 37:241-254. [PMID: 28925399 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are lethal primitive brain tumours characterized by a strong intra-tumour heterogeneity. We observed in GBM tissues the coexistence of functionally divergent micro-territories either enriched in more differentiated and non-mitotic cells or in mitotic undifferentiated OLIG2 positive cells while sharing similar genomic abnormalities. Understanding the formation of such functionally divergent micro-territories in glioblastomas (GBM) is essential to comprehend GBM biogenesis, plasticity and to develop therapies. Here we report an unexpected anti-proliferative role of beta-catenin in non-mitotic differentiated GBM cells. By cell type specific stimulation of miR-302, which directly represses cyclin D1 and stemness features, beta-catenin is capable to change its known proliferative function. Nuclear beta-catenin accumulation in non-mitotic cells is due to a feed forward mechanism between DOCK4 and beta-catenin, allowed by increased GSK3-beta activity. DOCK4 over expression suppresses selfrenewal and tumorigenicity of GBM stem-like cells. Accordingly in the frame of GBM median of survival, increased level of DOCK4 predicts improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Debruyne
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France
| | - L Turchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France.,Service de Neurchirurgie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - F Burel-Vandenbos
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France.,Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - M Fareh
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France
| | - F Almairac
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France.,Service de Neurchirurgie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - V Virolle
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France
| | - D Figarella-Branger
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France.,CRO2, INSERM UMR 911, Marseille Cedex, France.,Departement de Pathology, CHU de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - N Baeza-Kallee
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France.,CRO2, INSERM UMR 911, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - P Lagadec
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France
| | - V Kubiniek
- Laboratory of Solid Tumors Genetics, University Hospital of Nice, France
| | - P Paquis
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France.,Service de Neurchirurgie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - D Fontaine
- Service de Neurchirurgie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - M-P Junier
- CNRS UMR8246 Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard, Paris France.,Inserm U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard, Paris France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie UMCR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial, Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard Paris France
| | - H Chneiweiss
- CNRS UMR8246 Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard, Paris France.,Inserm U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard, Paris France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie UMCR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS; Team Glial, Plasticity; 7 quai Saint-Bernard Paris France
| | - T Virolle
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, UMR7277, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1091, Nice, France
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), with their self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation potential, are a critical subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation, growth, and resistance to therapy. Like embryonic and adult stem cells, CSCs express markers that are not expressed in normal somatic cells and are thus thought to contribute towards a 'stemness' phenotype. This review summarizes the current knowledge of stemness-related markers in human cancers, with a particular focus on important transcription factors, protein surface markers and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yvonne Li
- Dana Farber cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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29
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Liu B, Gong S, Li Q, Chen X, Moore J, Suraneni MV, Badeaux MD, Jeter CR, Shen J, Mehmood R, Fan Q, Tang DG. Transgenic overexpression of NanogP8 in the mouse prostate is insufficient to initiate tumorigenesis but weakly promotes tumor development in the Hi-Myc mouse model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52746-52760. [PMID: 28881767 PMCID: PMC5581066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This project was undertaken to address a critical cancer biology question: Is overexpression of the pluripotency molecule Nanog sufficient to initiate tumor development in a somatic tissue? Nanog1 is critical for the self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells, and its retrotransposed homolog, NanogP8 is preferentially expressed in somatic cancer cells. Our work has shown that shRNA-mediated knockdown of NanogP8 in prostate, breast, and colon cancer cells inhibits tumor regeneration whereas inducible overexpression of NanogP8 promotes cancer stem cell phenotypes and properties. To address the key unanswered question whether tissue-specific overexpression of NanogP8 is sufficient to promote tumor development in vivo, we generated a NanogP8 transgenic mouse model, in which the ARR2PB promoter was used to drive NanogP8 cDNA. Surprisingly, the ARR2PB-NanogP8 transgenic mice were viable, developed normally, and did not form spontaneous tumors in >2 years. Also, both wild type and ARR2PB-NanogP8 transgenic mice responded similarly to castration and regeneration and castrated ARR2PB-NanogP8 transgenic mice also did not develop tumors. By crossing the ARR2PB-NanogP8 transgenic mice with ARR2PB-Myc (i.e., Hi-Myc) mice, we found that the double transgenic (i.e., ARR2PB-NanogP8; Hi-Myc) mice showed similar tumor incidence and histology to the Hi-Myc mice. Interestingly, however, we observed white dots in the ventral lobes of the double transgenic prostates, which were characterized as overgrown ductules/buds featured by crowded atypical Nanog-expressing luminal cells. Taken together, our present work demonstrates that transgenic overexpression of NanogP8 in the mouse prostate is insufficient to initiate tumorigenesis but weakly promotes tumor development in the Hi-Myc mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigang Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Shuai Gong
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John Moore
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Mahipal V Suraneni
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Mark D Badeaux
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Collene R Jeter
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Qingxia Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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30
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Wei L, Yin F, Zhang W, Li L. STROBE-compliant integrin through focal adhesion involve in cancer stem cell and multidrug resistance of ovarian cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6345. [PMID: 28328815 PMCID: PMC5371452 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be the root of carcinoma relapse and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Hunting for the potential CSC genes and explain their functions would be a feasible strategy to meet the challenge of the drug resistance in ovarian cancer. In this study, we performed bioinformatic approaches such as biochip data extraction and pathway enrichment analyses to elucidate the mechanism of the CSC genes in regulation of drug resistance. Potential key genes, integrins, were identified to be related to CSC in addition to their associations with drug resistance and prognosis in ovarian cancer. A total of 36 ovarian CSC genes involved in regulation of drug resistance were summarized, and potential drug resistance-related CSC genes were identified based on 3 independent microarrays retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Profiles. Pathway enrichment of CSC genes associated with drug resistance in ovarian cancer indicated that focal adhesion signaling might play important roles in CSC genes-mediated drug resistance. Integrins are members of the adhesion molecules family, and integrin subunit alpha 1, integrin subunit alpha 5, and integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6) were identified as central CSC genes and their expression in side population cells, cisplatin-resistant SKOV3 (SKOV3/DDP2) cells, and cisplatin-resistant A2780 (A2780/DDP) cells were dysregulated as measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The high expression of ITGA6 in 287 ovarian cancer patients of TCGA cohort was significantly associated with poorer progression-free survival. This study provide the basis for further understanding of CSC genes in regulation of drug resistance in ovarian cancer, and integrins could be a potential biomarker for prognosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Fuqiang Yin
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
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31
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Kenda Suster N, Smrkolj S, Virant-Klun I. Putative stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition revealed in sections of ovarian tumor in patients with serous ovarian carcinoma using immunohistochemistry for vimentin and pluripotency-related markers. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:11. [PMID: 28231820 PMCID: PMC5324304 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of aggressive character of ovarian cancer and unsuccessful treatment of women with this deadly disease has been recently explained by the theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It has been reported that ovarian carcinogenesis and progression of disease is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT, a physiological cell process during embryonic development and later in life during regeneration, could, when induced in pathological condition, generate CSCs-like cells. Until now EMT in the ovarian tissue has been mainly studied in cell cultures in vitro. The aim of this study was to focus on in situ morphological changes in the ovarian surface epithelium of tumor tissue in women with epithelial ovarian cancer after we applied the antibodies for markers of EMT vimentin and pluripotency-related markers NANOG, SOX2 and SSEA-4. Methods We analyzed ovarian tissue sections of 20 women with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. After eosin and hematoxylin staining, used in standard practice, immunohistochemistry was performed for vimentin and markers of pluripotency: NANOG, SSEA-4 and SOX2. We focused on the ovarian surface epithelium in order to observe morphological changes in tumor tissue. Results Among epithelial cells of the ovarian surface epithelium in women with serous ovarian carcinoma we observed a population of small NANOG-positive cells with diameters of up to 5 μm and nuclei, which filled almost the entire cell volumes. These small NANOG-positive cells were in some cases concentrated in the regions with morphologically changed epithelial cells. In these regions, a population of bigger round cells with diameters of 10–15 μm with large nuclei, and positively stained for vimentin, NANOG and other markers of pluripotnecy, were released from the surface epithelium. These cells are proposed as CSCs, and possibly originate from small stem cells among epithelial cells. They formed typical cell clusters, invaded the tissue by changing their round shape into a mesenchymal-like phenotype, and contributed to the manifestation of ovarian cancer. Conclusions Our findings show morphological changes in the ovarian surface epithelium in tumor slides of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma and provide a new population of putative CSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13048-017-0306-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kenda Suster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Spela Smrkolj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irma Virant-Klun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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The Progress and Prospects of Putative Biomarkers for Liver Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7614971. [PMID: 27610139 PMCID: PMC5005617 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7614971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is organized by liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), which are a subset of cells with “stem-like” characteristics. Identification of the LCSCs is a fundamental and important problem in HCC research. LCSCs have been investigated by various stem cell biomarkers. There is still lack of consensus regarding the existence of a “global” marker for LCSCs in HCC. In this review article, we summarize the progress and prospects of putative biomarkers for LCSCs in the past decades, which is essential to develop future therapies targeting CSCs and to predict prognosis and curative effect of these therapies.
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Jiang Z, Liu Y, Wang C. Oncogenic NanogP8 expression regulates cell proliferation and migration through the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human gastric cancer - SGC-7901cell line. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4859-66. [PMID: 27563247 PMCID: PMC4984828 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s97861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although elevated expression of NanogP8 has been detected in many human tumor tissues, its role in gastric tumorigenesis remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the function and regulatory mechanism of NanogP8 in gastric cancer. METHODS In this study, NanogP8 cDNA was amplified by real time polymerase chain reaction from the human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. The shRNA for RNA interference was established. The NanogP8, pAkt, Akt, pERK, ERK, p-mTOR, and mTOR proteins were detected by using the Western blot assay. Cell viability was evaluated by using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were also examined by using the transwell assay. RESULTS The results indicated that the NanogP8 overexpression promoted proliferation and migration of SGC-7901 cell line, whereas its ablation exerted opposite effects. Interestingly, NanogP8 activated Akt, a key mediator of survival signals, and without affecting total Akt protein level. The NanogP8-increased gastric cell proliferation was downregulated by Akt inhibition. Our results further showed that increasing NanogP8 expression in human gastric cancer cells promoted cell proliferation by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway and further maintained gastric cell survival. CONCLUSION Our findings extend the knowledge regarding the oncogenic functions and proved that the NanogP8 regulates cell proliferation and migration by Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human gastric cancer SGC-7901cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Oing C, Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C. Investigational targeted therapies for the treatment of testicular germ cell tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1033-43. [PMID: 27286362 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common malignancy among men aged between 15 to 45. Despite high cure rates of >90% over all GCTs, 3 to 5% of patients will still die of platinum-refractory disease. New systemic treatment options are needed to improve treatment success in this challenging setting. AREAS COVERED To review targeted treatment options and preclinical developments in platinum-refractory GCTs, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Medline and scientific meeting abstracts on published clinical trials and reports on molecularly targeted approaches was conducted. Outcomes of platinum-refractory disease and of patients failing high-dose chemotherapy remain poor. Currently, no molecularly targeted treatment has shown clinically meaningful activity in unselected patient populations in clinical trials, but individual patients may achieve short-lived objective responses by treatment with sunitinib, brentuximab vedotin or imatinib. Targeted trials based on molecular selection of patients have not yet been performed. EXPERT OPINION The limited activity of targeted agents in refractory GCT is disappointing. Assessment of druggable biomarkers and marker-stratified treatment may help individual patients, but is largely lacking. The low incidence and high curability of GCTs make the design of larger clinical trials difficult. The potential of novel agents, i.e. immune-checkpoint inhibitors, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Oing
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Kollmannsberger
- b Division of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver Cancer Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Karin Oechsle
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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Yin Yang 1 is associated with cancer stem cell transcription factors (SOX2, OCT4, BMI1) and clinical implication. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:84. [PMID: 27225481 PMCID: PMC4881184 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is frequently overexpressed in cancerous tissues compared to normal tissues and has regulatory roles in cell proliferation, cell viability, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and drug/immune resistance. YY1 shares many properties with cancer stem cells (CSCs) that drive tumorigenesis, metastasis and drug resistance and are regulated by overexpression of certain transcription factors, including SOX2, OCT4 (POU5F1), BMI1 and NANOG. Based on these similarities, it was expected that YY1 expression would be associated with SOX2, OCT4, BMI1, and NANOG’s expressions and activities. Data mining from the proteomic tissue-based datasets from the Human Protein Atlas were used for protein expression patterns of YY1 and the four CSC markers in 17 types of cancer, including both solid and hematological malignancies. A close association was revealed between the frequency of expressions of YY1 and SOX2 as well as SOX2 and OCT4 in all cancers analyzed. Two types of dynamics were identified based on the nature of their association, namely, inverse or direct, between YY1 and SOX2. These two dynamics define distinctive patterns of BMI1 and OCT4 expressions. The relationship between YY1 and SOX2 expressions as well as the expressions of BMI1 and OCT4 resulted in the classification of four groups of cancers with distinct molecular signatures: 1) Prostate, lung, cervical, endometrial, ovarian and glioma cancers (YY1loSOX2hiBMI1hiOCT4hi) 2) Skin, testis and breast cancers (YY1hiSOX2loBMI1hiOCT4hi) 3) Liver, stomach, renal, pancreatic and urothelial cancers (YY1loSOX2loBMI1hiOCT4hi) and 4) Colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma (YY1hiSOX2hiBMI1loOCT4hi). A regulatory loop is proposed consisting of the cross-talk between the NF-kB/PI3K/AKT pathways and the downstream inter-regulation of target gene products YY1, OCT4, SOX2 and BMI1.
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Liu S, Sun J, Cai B, Xi X, Yang L, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Sun Y. NANOG regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance through activation of the STAT3 pathway in epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9671-80. [PMID: 26801672 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NANOG is a key transcription factor that is overexpressed and plays an important role in various cancers. Its overexpression is associated with highly tumorigenic, drug-resistant, and poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism of action of NANOG in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a critical process in cancer invasion and metastasis, is also associated with drug resistance. We determined whether NANOG is associated with EMT and chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. NANOG expression was increased in epithelial ovarian cancer cells (HEY and SKOV3) compared with normal epithelial ovarian cells (Moody). Low expression of NANOG increased the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of vimentin, β-catenin, and Snail. Furthermore, the cell migration and invasion abilities were decreased. The multidrug resistance genes MDR-1 and GST-π were also downregulated when NANOG was lowly expressed. The cells that were transfected with the si-NANOG plasmid were more sensitive to cisplatin compared with the cells that were transfected with empty vector. The data demonstrated that Stat3 was correlated with NANOG-mediated EMT and drug resistance. The silencing of Stat3 expression abrogated NANOG-mediated EMT changes and increased the sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapy. These results suggest that NANOG mediates EMT and drug resistance through activation of the Stat3 pathway in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Xiaowei Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Youji Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201600.
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Hadjimichael C, Chanoumidou K, Papadopoulou N, Arampatzi P, Papamatheakis J, Kretsovali A. Common stemness regulators of embryonic and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1150-1184. [PMID: 26516408 PMCID: PMC4620423 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i9.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells is regulated by a well characterized gene transcription circuitry. The circuitry is assembled by ESC specific transcription factors, signal transducing molecules and epigenetic regulators. Growing understanding of stem-like cells, albeit of more complex phenotypes, present in tumors (cancer stem cells), provides a common conceptual and research framework for basic and applied stem cell biology. In this review, we highlight current results on biomarkers, gene signatures, signaling pathways and epigenetic regulators that are common in embryonic and cancer stem cells. We discuss their role in determining the cell phenotype and finally, their potential use to design next generation biological and pharmaceutical approaches for regenerative medicine and cancer therapies.
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38
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Lee SR, Roh YG, Kim SK, Lee JS, Seol SY, Lee HH, Kim WT, Kim WJ, Heo J, Cha HJ, Kang TH, Chung JW, Chu IS, Leem SH. Activation of EZH2 and SUZ12 Regulated by E2F1 Predicts the Disease Progression and Aggressive Characteristics of Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5391-403. [PMID: 26268246 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous study identified E2F1 as a key mediator of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) progression. The aim of this study was to identify the E2F1-related genes associated with poor prognosis and aggressive characteristics of bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microarray analysis was performed to find E2F1-related genes associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness in the gene expression data from 165 primary patients with bladder cancer. The biologic activity of E2F1-related genes in tumor progression and aggressiveness was confirmed with experimental assays using bladder cancer cells and tumor xenograft assay. RESULTS The expression of E2F1 was significantly associated with EZH2 and SUZ12. The overexpression of E2F1, EZH2, and SUZ12 enhanced cancer progression including cell colony formation, migration, and invasiveness. Knockdown of these genes reduced motility, blocked invasion, and decreased tumor size in vivo. E2F1 bound the proximal EZH2 and SUZ12 promoter to activate transcription, suggesting that E2F1 and its downstream effectors, EZH2 and SUZ12, could be important mediators for the cancer progression. In addition, we confirmed an association between these genes and aggressive characteristics. Interestingly, the treatment of anticancer drugs to the cells overexpressing E2F1, EZH2, and SUZ12 induced the expression of CD44, KLF4, OCT4, and ABCG2 known as cancer stem cell (CSC)-related genes. CONCLUSIONS The link between E2F1, EZH2, and/or SUZ12 revealed that E2f1 directly regulates transcription of the EZH2 and SUZ12 genes. The signature of E2F1-EZH2-SUZ12 shows a predictive value for prognosis in bladder tumors and the E2F1-EZH2-SUZ12-driven transcriptional events may regulate the cancer aggressiveness and chemo-resistance, which may provide opportunity for development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ra Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gil Roh
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - So-Young Seol
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Heo
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Chu
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Blaylock RL. Cancer microenvironment, inflammation and cancer stem cells: A hypothesis for a paradigm change and new targets in cancer control. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:92. [PMID: 26097771 PMCID: PMC4455122 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.157890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since President Nixon officially declared a war on cancer with the National Cancer Act, billions of dollars have been spent on research in hopes of finding a cure for cancer. Recent reviews have pointed out that over the ensuing 42 years, cancer death rates have barely changed for the major cancers. Recently, several researchers have questioned the prevailing cancer paradigm based on recent discoveries concerning the mechanism of carcinogenesis and the origins of cancer. Over the past decade we have learned a great deal concerning both of these central issues. Cell signaling has taken center stage, particularly as regards the links between chronic inflammation and cancer development. It is now evident that the common factor among a great number of carcinogenic agents is activation of genes controlling inflammation cell-signaling pathways and that these signals control all aspects of the cancer process. Of these pathways, the most important and common to all cancers is the NFκB and STAT3 pathways. The second discovery of critical importance is that mutated stem cells appear to be in charge of the cancer process. Most chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy kill daughter cells of the cancer stem cell, many of which are not tumorigenic themselves. Most cancer stem cells are completely resistant to conventional treatments, which explain dormancy and the poor cure rate with metastatic tumors. A growing number of studies are finding that several polyphenol extracts can kill cancer stem cells as well as daughter cells and can enhance the effectiveness and safety of conventional treatments. These new discoveries provide the clinician with a whole new set of targets for cancer control and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Assistant Editor-in-Chief, Surgical Neurology International, 315 Rolling Meadows Rd, Ridgeland, MS 39157, USA
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40
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Gong S, Li Q, Jeter CR, Fan Q, Tang DG, Liu B. Regulation of NANOG in cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:679-87. [PMID: 26013997 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As one of the key pluripotency transcription factors, NANOG plays a critical role in maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency in normal embryonic stem cells. Recent data indicate that NANOG is expressed in a variety of cancers and its expression correlates with poor survival in cancer patients. Of interest, many studies suggest that NANOG enhances the defined characteristics of cancer stem cells and may thus function as an oncogene to promote carcinogenesis. Therefore, NANOG expression determines the cell fate not only in pluripotent cells but also in cancer cells. Although the regulation of NANOG in normal embryonic stem cells is reasonably well understood, the regulation of NANOG in cancer cells has only emerged recently. The current review provides a most updated summary on how NANOG expression is regulated during tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Collene R Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Qingxia Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
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41
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House CD, Hernandez L, Annunziata CM. In vitro enrichment of ovarian cancer tumor-initiating cells. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25742116 PMCID: PMC4354662 DOI: 10.3791/52446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent ‘floater’ cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.
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42
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Huang CE, Yu CC, Hu FW, Chou MY, Tsai LL. Enhanced chemosensitivity by targeting Nanog in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14935-48. [PMID: 25158233 PMCID: PMC4200775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150914935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemo-resistance is the major cause of high mortality in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) in which HNSCC-derived cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be involved. Previously, we enriched a subpopulation of HNSCC-derived spheroid cells (SC) (HNSCC-SC) and identified Nanog as a CSCs marker. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Nanog in the chemosensitivity of HNSCC. The functional and clinicopathological studies of Nanog were investigated in HNSCC cells and specimens. Nanog expression was increased in HNSCC cell lines as compared to a normal oral epithelial cell line. Nanog upregulation in clinical tissues from HNSCC patients with recurrent and metastatic specimens relative to the mRNA levels in the samples from normal or primary tissues were examined. Targeting Nanog in HNSCC-SC significantly inhibited their tumorigenic and CSCs-like abilities and effectively increased the sensitivity of HNSCC-SC to chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin treatment. Targeting Nanog in HNSCC-SC showed a synergistic therapeutic effect with cisplatin. Our results suggest that targeting Nanog may have promising therapeutic potential for HNSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Nanog Homeobox Protein
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-En Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Wei Hu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Lo-Lin Tsai
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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Chung WM, Chang WC, Chen L, Lin TY, Chen LC, Hung YC, Ma WL. Ligand-independent androgen receptors promote ovarian teratocarcinoma cell growth by stimulating self-renewal of cancer stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:24-35. [PMID: 24793306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian teratocarcinoma (OVTC) arises from germ cells and contains a high percentage of cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), which promote cancer development through their ability to self-renew. Androgen and androgen receptor (androgen/AR) signaling has been reported to participate in cancer stemness in some types of cancer; however, this phenomenon has never been studied in OVTC. METHODS Ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line PA1 was manipulated to overexpress or knockdown AR by lentiviral deliver system. After analyzing of AR expression in PA1 cells, cell growth assay was assessed at every given time point. In order to determine ligand effect on AR actions, luciferase assay was performed to evaluate endogenous and exogenous AR function in PA1 cells. CD133 stem cell marker antibody was used to identify CSPCs in PA1 cells, and AR expression level in enriched CSPCs was determined. To assess AR effects on CD133+ population progression, stem cell functional assays (side population, sphere formation assay, CD133 expression) were used to analyze role of AR in PA1 CSPCs. In tissue specimen, immunohistochemistry staining was used to carry out AR and CD133 staining in normal and tumor tissue. RESULTS We examined androgen/AR signaling in OVTC PA1 cells, a CSPCs-rich cell line, and found that AR, but not androgen, promoted cell growth. We also examined the effects of AR on CSPCs characteristics and found that AR expression was more abundant in CD133+ cells, a well-defined ovarian cancer stem/progenitor marker, than in CD133- populations. Moreover, results of the sphere formation assay revealed that AR expression was required to maintain CSPCs populations. Interestingly, this AR-governed self-renewal capacity of CSPCs was only observed in CD133+ cells. In addition, we found that AR-mediated CSPCs enrichment was accompanied by down-regulation of p53 and p16. Finally, co-expression of AR and CD133 was more abundant in OVTC lesions than in normal ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that AR itself might play a ligand-independent role in the development of OVTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Chung
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Lumin Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Yi Lin
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chi Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Hung
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Abada PB, Howell SB. Cisplatin induces resistance by triggering differentiation of testicular embryonal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87444. [PMID: 24475288 PMCID: PMC3903721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although testicular germ cell tumors are generally quite responsive to treatment with cisplatin, a small fraction of them acquire resistance during therapy. Even when cisplatin treatment is successful the patient is often left with a residual teratoma at the site of the primary tumor suggesting that cisplatin may trigger differentiation in some tumors. Using the human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTera2/D1, we confirmed that exposure to the differentiating agent retinoic acid produced a reduction in pluripotency markers NANOG and POU5F1 (Oct3/4) and an acute concentration-dependent increase in resistance to both cisplatin and paclitaxel that reached as high as 18-fold for cisplatin and 61-fold for paclitaxel within four days. A two day exposure to cisplatin also produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the expression of the NANOG and POU5F1 and increased expression of three markers whose levels increase with differentiation including Nestin, SCG10 and Fibronectin. In parallel, exposure to cisplatin induced up to 6.2-fold resistance to itself and 104-fold resistance to paclitaxel. Paclitaxel did not induce differentiation or resistance to either itself or cisplatin. Neither retinoic acid nor cisplatin induced resistance in cervical or prostate cancer cell lines or other germ cell tumor lines in which they failed to alter the expression of NANOG and POU5F1. Forced expression of NANOG prevented the induction of resistance to cisplatin by retinoic acid. We conclude that cisplatin can acutely induce resistance to itself and paclitaxel by triggering a differentiation response in pluripotent germ cell tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo B. Abada
- Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Howell
- Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Iv Santaliz-Ruiz LE, Xie X, Old M, Teknos TN, Pan Q. Emerging role of nanog in tumorigenesis and cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2741-8. [PMID: 24375318 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanog is a transcription factor that is well-established as a key regulator of embryonic stem cell (ESC) maintenance. Recent evidence demonstrates that Nanog is dysregulated and intimately involved in promoting tumorigenesis in part through regulation of the cancer stem cell (CSC) population. Elevated Nanog is associated with poorer outcome in numerous epithelial malignancies. Nanog is enriched in CSCs and ablation of Nanog is sufficient to reduce the CSC pool. Nanog has also been implicated to promote chemoresistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Insight into the Nanog signaling cascade, upstream regulators and downstream effectors, is beginning to emerge but remains to be fully elucidated. This review highlights the current literature on the emerging role of Nanog in tumorigenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Iv Santaliz-Ruiz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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Di J, Duiveman-de Boer T, Figdor CG, Torensma R. Aiming to immune elimination of ovarian cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2013; 5:149-162. [PMID: 24179603 PMCID: PMC3812519 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v5.i4.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer accounts for only 3% of all cancers in women, but it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Treatment with chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery shows a good response to the therapy. However, in a large proportion of the patients the tumor grows back within a few years. Cancer stem cells, that are less responsive to these treatments, are blamed for this recurrence of disease. Immune therapy either cellular or humoral is a novel concept to treat cancer. It is based on the notice that immune cells invade the tumor. However, the tumor invest heavily to escape from immune elimination by recruiting several immune suppressive mechanisms. These processes are normally in place to limit excessive immune activation and prevent autoimmune phenomena. Here, we discuss current knowledge about the immune (suppressive) status in ovarian cancer. Moreover, we discuss the immunological targets of ovarian cancer stem cells.
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Annunziata CM, Kohn EC. Novel Facts About FAK: New Connections to Drug Resistance? J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1430-1. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Wang ML, Chiou SH, Wu CW. Targeting cancer stem cells: emerging role of Nanog transcription factor. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 24043946 PMCID: PMC3772775 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s38114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of stemness factors in cancer initiation and progression has drawn much attention recently, especially after the finding that introducing four stemness factors in somatic cells is able to reprogram the cells back to an embryonic stem cell-like state. Following accumulating data revealing abnormal elevated expression levels of key stemness factors, like Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, in several types of cancer stem cells; the importance and therapeutic potential of targeting these stemness regulators in cancers has turned to research focus. Nanog determines cell fate in both embryonic and cancer stem cells; activating Nanog at an inappropriate time would result in cancer stem cells rather than normal pluripotent stem cells or differentiated somatic cells. Upregulated Nanog is correlated with poor survival outcome of patients with various types of cancer. The discoveries of downstream regulatory pathways directly or indirectly mediated by Nanog indicate that Nanog regulates several aspects of cancer development such as tumor cell proliferation, self-renewal, motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune evasion, and drug-resistance, which are all defined features for cancer stem cells. The current review paper illustrates the central role of Nanog in the regulatory networks of cancer malignant development and stemness acquirement, as well as in the communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stroma. Though a more defined model is needed to test the therapeutic efficacy of targeting Nanog as a cancer treatment method, current animal experiments using siNanog or shNanog have shown the promising therapeutic potential of Nanog targeting in several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mong-Lien Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The molecular fingerprint of high grade serous ovarian cancer reflects its fallopian tube origin. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6571-96. [PMID: 23528888 PMCID: PMC3645655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the most lethal and frequent type of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), has poor long term prognosis due to a combination of factors: late detection, great metastatic potential and the capacity to develop resistance to available therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, there has been considerable controversy concerning the etiology of this malignancy. New studies, both clinical and molecular, strongly suggest that HGSC originates not from the surface of the ovary, but from the epithelial layer of the neighboring fallopian tube fimbriae. In this paper we summarize data supporting the central role of fallopian tube epithelium in the development of HGSC. Specifically, we address cellular pathways and regulatory mechanisms which are modulated in the process of transformation, but also genetic changes which accumulate during disease progression. Similarities between fallopian tube mucosa and the malignant tissue of HGSC warrant a closer analysis of homeostatic mechanisms in healthy epithelium in order to elucidate key steps in disease development. Finally, we highlight the importance of the cancer stem cell (CSC) identification and understanding of its niche regulation for improvement of therapeutic strategies.
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