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Miranda S, Tonin FS, Pinto-Sousa C, Fortes-Gabriel E, Brito M. Genetic Profile of Rotavirus Type A in Children under 5 Years Old in Africa: A Systematic Review of Prevalence. Viruses 2024; 16:243. [PMID: 38400019 PMCID: PMC10893345 DOI: 10.3390/v16020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human type A rotavirus (RV-A) is world-recognized as the major pathogen causing viral gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. The literature indicates a substantial increase in the diversity of rotavirus strains across continents, especially in Africa, which can pose significant challenges including an increase of disease burden and a reduction of vaccines' effectiveness. However, few studies have mapped the variety of circulating virus strains in different regions, which may hamper decisions on epidemiological surveillance and preventive public health measures. Thus, our aim was to compile the most updated available evidence on the genetic profile of RV-A among children in Africa and determine the prevalence of different genotypes according to the geographical regions by means of a broad systematic review. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo without language, time limits, or geographical restrictions within the African continent. We selected full-text peer-reviewed articles assessing the genetic profile (i.e., genotyping) of RV-A in children up to 5 years old in Africa. Overall, 682 records were retrieved, resulting in 75 studies included for evidence synthesis. These studies were published between 1999 and 2022, were conducted in 28 countries from the five African regions, and 48% of the studies were carried out for 24 months or more. Most studies (n = 55; 73.3%) evaluated RV-A cases before the introduction of the vaccines, while around 20% of studies (n = 13) presented data after the vaccine approval in each country. Only seven (9.3%) studies compared evidence from both periods (pre- and post-vaccine introduction). Genotyping methods to assess RV-A varied between RT-PCR, nested or multiplex RT-PCR, testing only the most common P and G-types. We observed G1 and P[8] to be the most prevalent strains in Africa, with values around 31% and 43%, respectively. Yet if all the genotypes with the following highest prevalence were added ((G1 + G2, G3, G9) and (P[8] + P[6], P[4])), these figures would represent 80% and 99% of the total prevalence. The combination G1P[8] was the most reported in the studies (around 22%). This review study demonstrated an increased strain diversity in the past two decades, which could represent a challenge to the efficacy of the current vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola; (S.M.); (C.P.-S.)
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pinto-Sousa
- Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola; (S.M.); (C.P.-S.)
- UPRA-Universidade Privada de Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | - Elsa Fortes-Gabriel
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- ISTM- Instituto Superior Técnico Militar, Luanda, Angola
| | - Miguel Brito
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Qin YF, Gong QL, Zhang M, Sun ZY, Wang W, Wei XY, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Jiang J. Prevalence of bovine rotavirus among Bovidae in China during 1984-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105661. [PMID: 35817280 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is a potential zoonotic intestinal pathogen that brings a serious threat to calf health, and has resulted in huge economic losses to China's breeding industry. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of BRV among Bovidae from 1984 to 2021 in China. A total of 64 publications on BRV investigation in China were screened from the databases Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang Database, Technology Periodical Database (VIP), PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The random-effect model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of BRV, and the analyzed data were derived from 25 provinces in China. The estimated pooled prevalence of BRV in China was 35.7% (8176/17,292). In addition, the prevalence of BRV in Southwestern China (77.1%; 2924/3600) was significantly higher than that in other regions of China. Regarding geographic and climatic factors, the prevalence of BRV in the subgroup of latitude 30-35° (76.8%; 3303/4659) was significantly higher than that in the subgroup of latitude less than 30° (37.0%; 485/1275) or more than 35° (32.6%; 1703/5722), while the prevalence of BRV in the subgroup of longitude 100-105° (75.4%; 2513/3849) was significantly higher than that in the subgroup of longitude less than 100° (32.6%; 619/2255) or more than 105° (48.9%; 2359/5552). Rainfall was positively correlated with the prevalence of BRV, whereas temperature was negatively correlated with the positive rate of BRV (P < 0.05). Our data showed that the prevalence of BRV was strongly correlated with geographical and climatic conditions. Thus, we recommend that the corresponding prevention and control programs should be formulated according to different geographical conditions. The strengthening of BRV surveillance in areas with high altitude, low temperature, and heavy rainfall may contribute to the decrease of the incidence of BRV infection among Bovidae herds in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Qin
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Zheng-Yao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, China.
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, China.
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Wandera EA, Muriithi B, Kathiiko C, Mutunga F, Wachira M, Mumo M, Mwangi A, Tinkoi J, Meiguran M, Akumu P, Ndege V, Kasiku F, Ang'awa J, Mozichuki R, Kaneko S, Morita K, Ouma C, Ichinose Y. Impact of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene, health and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea disease epidemiology and microbial quality of water in a resource-constrained setting in Kenya: A controlled intervention study. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:669-677. [PMID: 35700209 PMCID: PMC9541685 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We assessed the impact of water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH), maternal, new‐born and child health (MNCH), nutrition and early childhood development (ECD) on diarrhoea and microbial quality of water in a resource‐constrained rural setting in Kenya. Methods Through a controlled intervention study, we tested faecal and water samples collected from both the intervention and control sites before and after the interventions using microbiological, immunological and molecular assays to determine the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic agents and microbial quality of water. Data from the hospital registers were used to estimate all‐cause diarrhoea prevalence. Results After the interventions, we observed a 58.2% (95% CI: 39.4–75.3) decline in all‐cause diarrhoea in the intervention site versus a 22.2% (95% CI: 5.9–49.4) reduction of the same in the control site. Besides rotavirus and pathogenic Escherichia coli, the rate of isolation of other diarrhoea‐causing bacteria declined substantially in the intervention site. The microbial quality of community and household water improved considerably in both the intervention (81.9%; 95% CI: 74.5%–87.8%) and control (72.5%; 95% CI: 64.2%–80.5%) sites with the relative improvements in the intervention site being slightly larger. Conclusions The integrated WASH, MNCH, nutrition and ECD interventions resulted in notable decline in all‐cause diarrhoea and improvements in water quality in the rural resource‐limited population in Kenya. This indicates a direct public health impact of the interventions and provides early evidence for public health policy makers to support the sustained implementation of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Betty Muriithi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Mutunga
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Wachira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine Mumo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Mwangi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Tinkoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mirasine Meiguran
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pius Akumu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valeria Ndege
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Kasiku
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Ang'awa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Opere WM, John M, Ombori O. Molecular Detection of Human Enteric Adenoviruses in Water Samples Collected from Lake Victoria Waters Along Homa Bay Town, Homa Bay County, Kenya. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:32-43. [PMID: 33141920 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lake Victoria is the primary source of water for millions of people in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. In recent years, population development around the lake has resulted in compromised sanitation standards resulting in increased faecal pollution of the lake. Consequently, this condition has increased the chances of waterborne enteric viruses, such as adenoviruses' circulation in the community. Adenoviruses can affect health in both humans and animals by causing a myriad of diseases including the gastrointestinal infections. The study aimed to detect contamination of the lake water with pathogenic human adenoviruses along Homa Bay town, Homa Bay County, Kenya. To examine the presence of adenoviral genome, we collected a total of 216 (monthly n = 36) water samples from six different locations marked by high levels of anthropogenic activities along the shoreline. Molecular amplification technique using the nested PCR procedure was used to detect the genomes from the water samples. Human adenoviruses were detected in 11 samples (5.09%). Statistical analyses indicated a significant correlation between adenovirus presence and the approximate distance from pit latrines and sewage treatment works at the area. The findings indicate that faecal contamination of the lake waters originated from the point sources. The findings also suggest a possibility of elevated levels of faecal pollution in different surface waters within the lake basin. The findings indicate that some of the enteric viruses circulating in the local community are human adenovirus type 40, and 41. The data may provide a basis for recognizing the need to prioritize environmental monitoring for enteric virus contamination on an on-going basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasonga Michael Opere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Maingi John
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omwoyo Ombori
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rakau KG, Nyaga MM, Gededzha MP, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele MJ, Seheri LM, Steele AD. Genetic characterization of G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains collected in six African countries between 2010 and 2014. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:107. [PMID: 33482744 PMCID: PMC7821174 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G12 rotaviruses were first observed in sub-Saharan Africa in 2004 and since then have continued to emerge and spread across the continent and are reported as a significant human rotavirus genotype in several African countries, both prior to and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. This study investigated the genetic variability of 15 G12 rotavirus strains associated with either P[6] or P[8] identified between 2010 and 2014 from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia. METHODS The investigation was carried out by comparing partial VP7 and partial VP4 sequences of the African G12P[6] and G12P[8] strains with the available GenBank sequences and exploring the recognized neutralization epitopes of these strains. Additionally, Bayesian evolutionary analysis was carried out using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implemented in BEAST to estimate the time to the most recent ancestor and evolutionary rate for these G12 rotavirus strains. RESULTS The findings suggested that the VP7 and VP4 nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the G12 strains circulating in African countries are closely related, irrespective of country of origin and year of detection, with the exception of the Ethiopian strains that clustered distinctly. Neutralization epitope analysis revealed that rotavirus VP4 P[8] genes associated with G12 had amino acid sequences similar to those reported globally including the vaccine strains in RotaTeq and Rotarix. The estimated evolutionary rate of the G12 strains was 1.016 × 10- 3 substitutions/site/year and was comparable to what has been previously reported. Three sub-clusters formed within the current circulating lineage III shows the diversification of G12 from three independent ancestries within a similar time frame in the late 1990s. CONCLUSIONS At present it appears to be unlikely that widespread vaccine use has driven the molecular evolution and sustainability of G12 strains in Africa. Continuous monitoring of rotavirus genotypes is recommended to assess the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on the dynamic nature of rotavirus evolution on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebareng G Rakau
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin M Nyaga
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Maemu P Gededzha
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- African Rotavirus Surveillance Network, Immunization, Vaccines and Development Cluster, WHO African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L Mapaseka Seheri
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Present address: Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Gikonyo JN, Mbatia B, Okanya PW, Obiero GFO, Sang C, Steele D, Nyangao J. Post-vaccine rotavirus genotype distribution in Nairobi County, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:434-440. [PMID: 32898668 PMCID: PMC7670220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are primary etiological agents of gastroenteritis in young children. In Kenya, G1P8 monovalent vaccine (Rotarix) was introduced in July 2014 for mandatory vaccination of all newborns at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Since then, no studies have been done to identify the rotavirus genotypes circulating in Nairobi County, Kenya, following the vaccine introduction, hence the post-vaccine genotype distribution is not known. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the post-vaccine occurrence of rotavirus genotypes in children <5 years of age in Nairobi County, Kenya. METHODS Stool samples were collected from children presenting with diarrhea for whom the vaccination status was card-confirmed. Fecal samples were analyzed for rotavirus antigen using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, followed by characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR, and nested PCR genotyping, targeting the most medically important genotypes. RESULTS The strains observed included G1P[8] (38.8%), G9P[8] (20.4%), G2P[4] (12.2%), G3[P4] (6.1%), G2P[6] (4.1%), and G9P[6] (4.1%). Mixed genotype constellations G3P[4][8] were also detected (4.1%). Remarkably, an increased prevalence of G2 genotypes was observed, revealing a change in genetic diversity of rotavirus strains. While the dominance of G1P[8] decreased after vaccination, an upsurge in G2P[4] (12.2%) and G9P[8] (20.4%) was observed. Additionally, G3[P4] (6.1%) and G2P[6] (4.1%) prevalence increased over the 3 years of study. CONCLUSIONS The results inform the need for robust longitudinal surveillance and epidemiological studies to assess the long-term interaction between rotavirus vaccine and strain ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ndung'u Gikonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Betty Mbatia
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University (USIU) - Africa, PO Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Patrick W Okanya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - George F O Obiero
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Carlene Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases, Global Health Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA98102, USA.
| | - James Nyangao
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Baicalin Is Curative Against Rotavirus Damp Heat Diarrhea by Tuning Colonic Mucosal Barrier and Lung Immune Function. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2234-2245. [PMID: 31802384 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that rotavirus (RV) is a causative factor for diarrhea and gastroenteritis in pediatric and neonatal settings. Baicalin has many functions, including antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and antihypertensive activities. However, the immunological mechanism of RV-induced diarrhea with heat-dampness syndrome (RV-DH) remains unclear. AIMS The aim of this study is to explore the role of baicalin in RV-DH diarrhea and its underlying mechanism. METHODS A mouse model of pediatric RV-DH diarrhea was established and treated with baicalin. The concentrations of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect the frequency of lymphocytes. RESULTS The concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, RVvb, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and colonic mucosa were significantly increased in the RV-DH group. Decreased expression of occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated loss of tight junction function and disturbances in intestinal mucosal permeability in the RV-DH group. Flow cytometry analysis showed a high rate of CD8+ lymphocytes and low amount of CD4+ lymphocytes in the RV-DH group. Treatment of RV-DH mice with baicalin significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea and ameliorated the symptoms and pathological and immunological changes. Furthermore, baicalin inhibited STAT1 and activated STAT3 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the curative and immunoregulatory properties of baicalin and have direct practical and clinical relevance for the treatment of RV-DH enteritis in humans.
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Owor BE, Mwanga MJ, Njeru R, Mugo R, Ngama M, Otieno GP, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Molecular characterization of rotavirus group A strains circulating prior to vaccine introduction in rural coastal Kenya, 2002-2013. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:150. [PMID: 31020048 PMCID: PMC6464063 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14908.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kenya introduced the monovalent Rotarix® rotavirus group A (RVA) vaccine nationally in mid-2014. Long-term surveillance data is important prior to wide-scale vaccine use to assess the impact on disease and to investigate the occurrence of heterotypic strains arising through immune selection. This report presents baseline data on RVA genotype circulation patterns and intra-genotype genetic diversity over a 7-year period in the pre-vaccine era in Kilifi, Kenya, from 2002 to 2004 and from 2010 to 2013. Methods: A total of 745 RVA strains identified in children admitted with acute gastroenteritis to a referral hospital in Coastal Kenya, were sequenced using the di-deoxy sequencing method in the VP4 and VP7 genomic segments (encoding P and G proteins, respectively). Sequencing successfully generated 569 (76%) and 572 (77%) consensus sequences for the VP4 and VP7 genes respectively. G and P genotypes were determined by use of BLAST and the online RotaC v2 RVA classification tool. Results: The most common GP combination was G1P[8] (51%), similar to the Rotarix® strain, followed by G9P[8] (15%) , G8P[4] (14%) and G2P[4] (5%). Unusual GP combinations—G1P[4], G2P[8], G3P[4,6], G8P[8,14], and G12P[4,6,8]—were observed at frequencies of <5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the infections were caused by both locally persistent strains as evidenced by divergence of local strains occurring over multiple seasons from the global ones, and newly introduced strains, which were closely related to global strains. The circulating RVA diversity showed temporal fluctuations both season by season and over the longer-term. None of the unusual strains increased in frequency over the observation period. Conclusions: The circulating RVA diversity showed temporal fluctuations with several unusual strains recorded, which rarely caused major outbreaks. These data will be useful in interpreting genotype patterns observed in the region during the vaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty E Owor
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Mike J Mwanga
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Regina Njeru
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Robert Mugo
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Mwanajuma Ngama
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - D J Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Warwick University, Coventry, Coventry, CV4 7AL, Kenya
| | - C N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.,School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
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9
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Owor BE, Mwanga MJ, Njeru R, Mugo R, Ngama M, Otieno GP, Nokes D, Agoti C. Molecular characterization of rotavirus group A strains circulating prior to vaccine introduction in rural coastal Kenya, 2002-2013. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:150. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14908.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kenya introduced the monovalent Rotarix® rotavirus group A (RVA) vaccine nationally in mid-2014. Long-term surveillance data is important prior to wide-scale vaccine use to assess the impact on disease and to investigate the occurrence of heterotypic strains arising through immune selection. This report presents baseline data on RVA genotype circulation patterns and intra-genotype genetic diversity over a 7-year period in the pre-vaccine era in Kilifi, Kenya, from 2002 to 2004 and from 2010 to 2013. Methods: A total of 745 RVA strains identified in children admitted with acute gastroenteritis to a referral hospital in Coastal Kenya, were sequenced using the di-deoxy sequencing method in the VP4 and VP7 genomic segments (encoding P and G proteins, respectively). Sequencing successfully generated 569 (76%) and 572 (77%) consensus sequences for the VP4 and VP7 genes respectively. G and P genotypes were determined by use of BLAST and the online RotaC v2 RVA classification tool. Results: The most common GP combination was G1P[8] (51%), similar to the Rotarix® strain, followed by G9P[8] (15%) , G8P[4] (14%) and G2P[4] (5%). Unusual GP combinations—G1P[4], G2P[8], G3P[4,6], G8P[8,14], and G12P[4,6,8]—were observed at frequencies of <5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the infections were caused by both locally persistent strains as evidenced by divergence of local strains occurring over multiple seasons from the global ones, and newly introduced strains, which were closely related to global strains. The circulating RVA diversity showed temporal fluctuations both season by season and over the longer-term. None of the unusual strains increased in frequency over the observation period. Conclusions: The circulating RVA diversity showed temporal fluctuations with several unusual strains recorded, which rarely caused major outbreaks. These data will be useful in interpreting genotype patterns observed in the region during the vaccine era.
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Simwaka JC, Mpabalwani EM, Seheri M, Peenze I, Monze M, Matapo B, Parashar UD, Mufunda J, Mphahlele JM, Tate JE, Mwenda JM. Diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in children under five years of age who presented with acute gastroenteritis before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, 2008-2015. Vaccine 2018; 36:7243-7247. [PMID: 29907481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the routine immunization schedule, the burden of rotavirus disease has significantly reduced in Zambia. Although rotavirus vaccines appear to confer good cross-protection against both vaccine and non-vaccine strains, concerns about strain replacement following vaccine implementation remain. We describe the diversity of the circulating rotavirus strains before and after the Rotarix® vaccine was introduced in Lusaka from January 2012. METHODS Under five children were enrolled through active surveillance at University Teaching Hospital using a standardized WHO case investigation form. Stool samples were collected from children who presented with ≥3 loose stool in 24 h and were admitted to the hospital for acute gastroenteritis as a primary illness. Samples were tested for group A rotavirus antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Randomly selected rotavirus positive samples were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for G and P genotyping and and Nucleotide sequencing was used to confirm some mixed infections. RESULTS A total of 4150 cases were enrolled and stool samples were collected from 4066 (98%) children between 2008 and 2011, before the vaccine was introduced. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 1561/4066 (38%). After vaccine introduction (2012 to 2015), 3168 cases were enrolled, 3092 (98%) samples were collected, and 977/3092 (32%) were positive for rotavirus. The most common G and P genotype combinations before vaccine introduction were G1P[8] (49%) in 2008; G12P[6] (24%) and G9P[8] (22%) in 2009; mixed rotavirus infections (32%) and G9P[8] (20%) in 2010, and G1P[6] (46%), G9P[6] (16%) and mixed infections (20%) in 2011. The predominant strains after vaccine introduction were G1P[8] (25%), G2P[4] (28%) and G2P[6] (23%) in 2012; G2P[4] (36%) and G2P[6] (44%) in 2013; G1P[8] (43%), G2P[4] (9%), and G2P[6] (24%) in 2014, while G2P[4] (54%) and G2P[6] (20%) continued to circulate in 2015. CONCLUSION These continual changes in the predominant strains suggest natural secular variation in circulating rotavirus strains post-vaccine introduction. These findings highlight the need for ongoing surveillance to continue monitoring how vaccine use affects strain evolution over a longer period of time and assess any normal seasonal fluctuations of the rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Simwaka
- University Teaching Hospital, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Evans M Mpabalwani
- University Teaching Hospital, Department of Pediatrics' and Child Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South African Medical Research Council Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit and WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ina Peenze
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South African Medical Research Council Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit and WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mwaka Monze
- University Teaching Hospital, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey M Mphahlele
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South African Medical Research Council Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit and WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization Regional office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville, Congo
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11
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Bundi M, Nyangao J, Galata A, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Guyo S, Miring'u G, Komoto S, Ichinose Y. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus hospitalisation rates among a resource-limited rural population in Mbita, Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:425-432. [PMID: 29432666 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A two-dose oral monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced into the Kenyan National Immunization Program in July 2014. We assessed trends in hospitalisation for rotavirus-specific acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and strain distribution among children <5 years in a rural, resource-limited setting in Kenya before and after the nationwide implementation of the vaccine. METHODS Data on rotavirus AGE and strain distribution were derived from a 5-year hospital-based surveillance. We compared rotavirus-related hospitalisations and strain distribution in the 2-year post-vaccine period with the 3-year pre-vaccine baseline. Vaccine administrative data from the Unit of Vaccines and Immunization Services (UVIS) for Mbita sub-county were used to estimate rotavirus immunisation coverage in the study area. RESULTS We observed a 48% (95% CI: 27-64%) overall decline in rotavirus-related hospitalisations among children aged <5 years in the post-vaccine period. Coverage with the last dose of rotavirus vaccine increased from 51% in year 1% to 72% in year 2 of the vaccine implementation. Concurrently, reductions in rotavirus hospitalisations increased from 40% in the first year to 53% in the second year of vaccine use. The reductions were most pronounced among the vaccine-eligible group, with the proportion of cases in this age group dropping to 14% in post-vaccine years from a high of 51% in the pre-vaccine period. A diversity of rotavirus strains circulated before the introduction of the vaccine with G1P[8] being the most dominant strain. G2P[4] replaced G1P[8] as the dominant strain after the vaccine was introduced. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus vaccination has resulted in a notable decline in hospital admissions for rotavirus infections in a rural resource-limited population in Kenya. This provides early evidence for continued use of rotavirus vaccines in routine childhood immunisations in Kenya. Our data also underscore the need for expanding coverage on second dose so as to maximise the impact of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shah Mohammad
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Amina Galata
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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12
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Ouermi D, Soubeiga D, Nadembega WMC, Sawadogo PM, Zohoncon TM, Obiri-Yeboah D, Djigma FW, Nordgren J, Simpore J. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Children under Five in Africa (2006-2016): A Systematic Review. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:59-69. [PMID: 29022996 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.59.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Group A human rotaviruses (RVA) are the most common causes of severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The available vaccines, while effective in Europe and North America have shown a reduced efficacy in Africa. One issue raised is the genetic variability of RVA. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review of molecular epidemiology to determine the prevalence of RVA genotypes circulating in Africa so as to establish a mapping of reliable data on these various genotypes. The search for articles was done from the National Institutes of Health (PUBMED) using three set of keywords. Articles were selected with inclusion criteria such as the date of publication, the age of the children, the sample size and the diagnostic techniques (standardized laboratory techniques). The data were imported into STATA SE version 11 software. Specific prevalence was estimated with Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95%. A total of 326 published studies were initially retrieved, out of which 27 studies were finally selected for the systematic review. The selected studies cover 20 African countries. The most encountered genotypes in Africa during this period were G1 (32.72%), followed by G2 (17.17%), G3 (9.88%), G9 (8.61%) and G12 (7.56%) among the G-types. The most common P-types were P[8] (48.71%) followed by P[6] (22.60%) and P[4] (11.58%) and the G1P[8] combination (22.64%) was the most encountered followed by G2P[4] (8.29%), G9P[8] (6.95%) and G2P[6] (5.00%). North Africa presented the highest prevalence of the P[8] genotype (65.70%). This review provides a comprehensive view of the current circulating rotavirus strains in Africa, which can be important in light of the new rotavirus vaccinations. Indeed, in Africa, the pursuit of national and continental studies for epidemiological surveillance of circulating rotavirus strains is vital for the promotion of future successful vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ouermi
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)/LABIOGENE, Université Ouaga I Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO, 01 B.P. 364, 01 Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - D Soubeiga
- Institut de Formation et de Recherche Interdisciplinaires en Santé (IFRIS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - W M C Nadembega
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)/LABIOGENE, Université Ouaga I Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO, 01 B.P. 364, 01 Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - P M Sawadogo
- Institut de Formation et de Recherche Interdisciplinaires en Santé (IFRIS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - T M Zohoncon
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)/LABIOGENE, Université Ouaga I Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO, 01 B.P. 364, 01 Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - D Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - F W Djigma
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)/LABIOGENE, Université Ouaga I Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO, 01 B.P. 364, 01 Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - J Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - J Simpore
- University Saint Thomas d'Aquin, USTA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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13
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Chan-It W, Chanta C. Emergence of G9P[8] rotaviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2015-2016. J Med Virol 2017; 90:477-484. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wisoot Chan-It
- Biology Program; Faculty of Science and Technology; Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University; Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Chulapong Chanta
- Pediatric Unit; Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital; Chiang Rai Thailand
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14
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Weldegebriel G, Mwenda JM, Chakauya J, Daniel F, Masresha B, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Impact of rotavirus vaccine on rotavirus diarrhoea in countries of East and Southern Africa. Vaccine 2017; 36:7124-7130. [PMID: 29102168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Established in 2006 with four countries conducting hospital-based rotavirus surveillance, the African rotavirus surveillance network has expanded over subsequent years. By 2015, 14 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) East and Southern Africa sub-region (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) were participating in the rotavirus surveillance network coordinated by WHO. We monitored the proportion of rotavirus diarrhoea among children under five years of age who were hospitalized for diarrhoea in the sentinel hospitals from 2010 to 2015 among countries that introduced rotavirus vaccine during or before 2013 (Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia and Ethiopia) and compared with the other countries in the network. METHODS Children under the age of five years hospitalized due to acute diarrhoea were enrolled into the sentinel surveillance system and had stool samples collected and tested for rotavirus antigens by enzyme immunoassay. We described trends in rotavirus positivity among tested stool samples before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. RESULTS In countries that introduced rotavirus vaccine by 2013 (Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia and Ethiopia), average rotavirus vaccine coverage from 2010 to 2015 improved from 0% in 2010 and 2011, 13% in 2012, 46% in 2013, 83% in 2014 to 90% in 2015. Annual average rotavirus positivity from 2010 to 2015 was 35%, 33%, 38%, 28%, 27%, and 19%, respectively. In countries that introduced rotavirus vaccine after 2013 or had not introduced by 2015, average rotavirus vaccine coverage was 0% in 2010-2013, 13% in 2014 and 51% in 2015. In these countries, rotavirus positivity was 44% in 2010, 32% in 2011, 33% in 2012, 41% in 2013, 40% in 2014 and 25% in 2015. CONCLUSION Countries that introduced rotavirus vaccine by 2013 had a lower proportion of rotavirus positive hospitalizations in 2013-2015 as compared to those that had not introduced rotavirus vaccine by 2013. The decrease in rotavirus positivity was inversely related to increase in rotavirus vaccine coverage showing impact of rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | | | - Balcha Masresha
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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15
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Ope M, Nyoka R, Unshur A, Oyier FO, Mowlid SA, Owino B, Ochieng SB, Okello CI, Montgomery JM, Wagacha B, Galev A, Abdow A, Esona MD, Tate J, Fitter D, Cookson ST, Arunmozhi B, Marano N. Evaluation of the Field Performance of ImmunoCard STAT! ® Rapid Diagnostic Test for Rotavirus in Dadaab Refugee Camp and at the Kenya-Somalia Border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1302-1306. [PMID: 28719278 PMCID: PMC5462563 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus commonly causes diarrhea in children, leading to hospitalization and even death. Rapid diagnostic tests are feasible alternatives for determining rotavirus outbreaks in refugee camps that have inadequate laboratory capacity. We evaluated the field performance of ImmunoCard STAT!® Rotavirus (ICS-RV) in Dadaab Refugee Camp and at the Kenya–Somalia border. From May to December 2014, we prospectively enrolled children aged < 5 years hospitalized with acute diarrhea, defined as ≥ 3 episodes of loose stool in 24 hours for < 7 days. Stool samples were collected and tested by trained surveillance clerks using ICS-RV per manufacturer's instructions. The field performance characteristics of ICS-RV were evaluated against the gold standard test, Premier™ Rotaclone® enzyme immunoassay. The operational characteristics were evaluated using World Health Organization (WHO) ASSURED criteria to determine whether ICS-RV is appropriate as a point-of-care test by administering a standard questionnaire and observing surveillance clerks performing the test. We enrolled 213 patients with a median age of 10 months (range = 1–48); 58.2% were male. A total of 71 (33.3%) and 60 (28.2%) patients tested positive for rotavirus infection by immunoassay and ICS-RV, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ICS-RV compared with the immunoassay were 83.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 72.3–91.0), 99.3% (95% CI = 96.1–100), 98.3% (95% CI = 91.1–100), and 92.1% (95% CI = 86.6–95.5), respectively. The ICS-RV fulfilled the WHO ASSURED criteria for point-of-care testing. ICS-RV is a field-ready point-of-care test with good field performance and operational characteristics. It can be useful in determining rotavirus outbreaks in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Ope
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raymond Nyoka
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Brian Owino
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Dadaab, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Burton Wagacha
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Mathew D Esona
- U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline Tate
- U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Fitter
- U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan T Cookson
- U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nina Marano
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Bundi M, Komoto S, Nyangao J, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Miring'u G, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus and all-cause gastroenteritis in peri-urban Kenyan children. Vaccine 2017; 35:5217-5223. [PMID: 28780116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced into the National Immunization Program in Kenya in July 2014. We examined the impact of the vaccine on hospitalization for all-cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and rotavirus-specific AGE and strain distribution at a large referral hospital which serves a predominantly peri-urban population in Central Kenya. Data on rotavirus AGE and strain distribution were derived from ongoing hospital-based AGE surveillance. Hospital administrative data were used to compare trends in all-cause AGE. Pre-vaccine (July 2009-June 2014) and post-vaccine (July 2014-June 2016) periods were compared for changes in hospitalization for all-cause AGE and rotavirus AGE and strain distribution. Following the vaccine introduction, the proportion of children aged <5years hospitalized for rotavirus declined by 30% (95% CI: 19-45%) in the first year and 64% (95% CI: 49-77%) in the second year. Reductions in rotavirus positivity were most pronounced among the vaccine-eligible group (<12months) in the first year post-vaccination at 42% (95% CI: 28-56%). Greater reductions of 67% (95% CI: 51-79%) were seen in the second year in the 12-23months age group. Similarly, hospitalizations for all-cause AGE among children <5years of age decreased by 31% (95% CI: 24-40%) in the first year and 58% (95% CI: 49-67%) in the second year of vaccine introduction. Seasonal peaks of rotavirus and all-cause AGE were reduced substantially. There was an increased detection of G2P[4], G3P[6] and G3P[8], which coincided temporally with the timing of the vaccine introduction. Thus, introducing the rotavirus vaccine into the routine immunization program in Kenya has resulted in a notable decline in rotavirus and all-cause AGE hospitalizations in Central Kenya. This provides early evidence for public health policy makers in Kenya to support the sustained use of the rotavirus vaccine in routine immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
| | - Shah Mohammad
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan; National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Japan
| | | | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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17
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Maphalala G, Phungwayo N, Masona G, Lukhele N, Tsegaye G, Dube N, Sindisiwe D, Khumalo L, Daniel F, Katsande R, Tate JE, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G. Early impact of rotavirus vaccine in under 5year old children hospitalized due to diarrhea, Swaziland. Vaccine 2017; 36:7210-7214. [PMID: 28778615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swaziland introduced rotavirus vaccine in the National Immunization Program, in May 2015, with the objective of reducing the burden of rotavirus diarrheal disease. We monitored the early impact of the vaccine in reducing rotavirus diarrhea. METHODS We conducted sentinel rotavirus surveillance from January 2013 to December 2016 in children under five years of age admitted due to diarrhea attending Mbabane Government Referral Hospital in the Hhohho Region and Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in the Manzini Region. All cases had stool samples collected and tested for rotavirus antigen by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Between 2013 and 2016, 596 samples were collected and tested. Rotavirus positivity reduced from average of 50.8% (172/338) (in 2013-2014 (pre vaccine period)) to 29% (24/82) in 2016, post-vaccine introduction. The median age of children with rotavirus infection increased from average of 10months in 2013-2014 to 13.7months in 2016. The peak season for all-cause diarrhea and rotavirus-specific hospitalizations among children under five years of age was June-August in all years with a blunting of the peak season in 2016. Rotavirus positivity among children 0-11months reduced from an average of 49% in 2013-2014 (116/236) to 33% (15/45) in 2016, a 33% reduction following rotavirus vaccine introduction. CONCLUSION There has been a rapid reduction of all-cause diarrhea and rotavirus hospitalizations in Swaziland, particularly in young children and during the rotavirus season, after the introduction rotavirus vaccine. Continued surveillance is needed to monitor the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugu Maphalala
- National Reference Laboratory, Surveillance Laboratory, Swaziland.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nomsa Dube
- Ministry of Health, Expanded Programme for Immunization, Swaziland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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18
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Agutu MT, Ongus J, Kombich J, Kamenwa R, Nyangao J, Kagira J, Ogutu AA, Bitek A. Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 26:38. [PMID: 28451016 PMCID: PMC5398238 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.38.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 611 000 children die from rotavirus gastroenteritis, and two million are hospitalized, worldwide. In Kenya, the impact of recent rotavirus vaccinations on morbidities has not been estimated. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and identity of rotavirus strains isolated from rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in vaccinated children presenting with acute gastroenteritis. Methods Two hundred and ninety eight specimen from children presented at Gertrude Childrens’ Hospital from January to June 2012 were tested by EIA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) for rotavirus antigens. Molecular characterization was conducted on rotavirus-positive specimens. Extracted viral RNA was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the specific rotavirus VP4 (P-types) and VP7 (G-types) determined. Results The prevalence rate of rotavirus was 31.5% (94/298). Of the rotavirus dsRNA, 57 (60.1%) gave visible RNA profiles, 38 (40.4%) assigned long electropherotypes while 19 (20.2%) were short electropherotypes. The strains among the vaccinated were G3P [4], G12P [6], G3P [6], G9P [4], G mixed G9/3P [4] and G1/3P [4]. Specifically, the G genotypes were G9/3 (5.3%), G9 (4.3%), G3 (4.3%), G12 (2.1%) and mixed G1/3 (1.1%). The P genotypes detected were P [4] (5.3%) and P [6] (5.3%). Conclusion The present study demonstrates diversity in circulating genotypes with emergence of genotypes G3, G9, G12 and mixed genotypes G9/3 and recommends that vaccines should be formulated with a broad range of strains to include G9 and G12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Theresa Agutu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Julliette Ongus
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - John Kagira
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Komoto S, Maeno Y, Nyangao J, Ide T, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Tsuji T, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Central Kenya before vaccine introduction, 2009-2014. J Med Virol 2016; 89:809-817. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A. Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Shah Mohammad
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | | | - Tomihiko Ide
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
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20
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Heylen E, Zeller M, Ciarlet M, Lawrence J, Steele D, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Human P[6] Rotaviruses From Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia Are Closely Related to Those of Human P[4] and P[8] Rotaviruses Circulating Worldwide. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1039-49. [PMID: 27471320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P[6] rotaviruses have been circulating with a high prevalence in African and, to a more limited extent, Asian countries, but they have not been highly prevalent in other parts of the world. METHODS To investigate the genomic relationship between African and Asian human P[6] rotaviruses and P[4] and P[8] rotaviruses circulating worldwide, we sequenced 39 P[6] strains, collected in Ghana, Mali, Kenya and Bangladesh, providing the largest data set of P[6] rotavirus genomes isolated in low-income countries or anywhere else in the world that has been published thus far. RESULTS Overall, the data indicate that the genetic backbone of human P[6] strains from the low-income countries are similar to those of P[4] or P[8] strains circulating worldwide. CONCLUSIONS The observation that gene segment 4 is the main differentiator between human P[6] and non-P[6] strains suggests that the VP4 spike protein is most likely one of the main reasons preventing the rapid spread of P[6] strains to the rest of the world despite multiple introductions. These observations reinforce previous findings about the receptor specificity of P[6] rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Heylen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Max Ciarlet
- Vaccines-Clinical Research Department, Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jody Lawrence
- Vaccines-Clinical Research Department, Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Duncan Steele
- Vaccines and Immunization, PATH, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
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21
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Re-emergence of genotype G9 during a five-and-a-half-year period in Turkish children with rotavirus diarrhea. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2879-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Children with Diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153652. [PMID: 27092779 PMCID: PMC4836733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those under five years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of common enteric viruses in children under five years old in Burkina Faso. Stool samples from children with (n = 263) and without (n = 50) diarrhea disorders were collected in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from November 2011 to September 2012. Rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and Aichivirus A were detected using real-time or end-point (RT-)PCR. Rotavirus strains were G and P genotyped by multiplex RT-PCR and other viral strains were characterized by sequencing of viral subgenomic segements. At least one viral agent was detected in 85.6% and 72% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively. Rotavirus (63.5%), adenovirus (31.2%) and genogroup II norovirus (18.2%) were the most prevalent viruses in symptomatic patients, but only rotavirus and genogroup II norovirus were significantly associated with diarrhea (OR: 7.9, 95%CI: 3.7-17; OR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1-11.7, respectively). Sapovirus (10.3%), astrovirus (4.9%), genogroup I norovirus (2.7%) and Aichivirus A (0.8%) were less prevalent. The predominant genotype of rotavirus was G9P[8] (36.5%), and the predominant norovirus strain was GII.4 variant 2012 (71.4%). Among sapovirus, the genogroup II (87.5%) predominated. Astrovirus type 1 (41.7%) was the most frequent astrovirus identified. Aichivirus A belonged to the three genotypes (A, B and C). Enteric adenoviruses type 40 and 41 were identified in 10.2% and 5.1% respectively. Several cases of co-infections were detected. The results highlight the high prevalence and the high diversity of enteric viruses in Burkinabe children.
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23
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Langa JS, Thompson R, Arnaldo P, Resque HR, Rose T, Enosse SM, Fialho A, de Assis RMS, da Silva MFM, Leite JPG. Epidemiology of rotavirus A diarrhea in Chókwè, Southern Mozambique, from February to September, 2011. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1751-8. [PMID: 27003797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute diarrhea disease caused by Rotaviruses A (RVA) is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children ≤5 years old in developing countries. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between February and September, 2011 to determine the proportion of acute diarrhea caused by RVA. A total of 254 stool specimens were collected from children ≤5 years old with acute diarrhea, including outpatients (222 children) and inpatients (32 children), in three local health centers in Chókwè District, Gaza Province, South of Mozambique. RVA antigens were detected using enzyme immunoassay (EIA); the RVA G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes were determined by RT-PCR or analysis sequencing. Sixty (24%) out of 254 fecal specimens were positive for RVA by EIA; being 58 (97%) from children ≤2 years of age. RVA prevalence peaks in June and July (coldest and drier months) and the G[P] binary combination observed were G12P[8] (57%); G1P[8] (9%); G12P[6] (6%); and 2% for each of the following genotypes: G1P[6], G2P[6] G4P[6], and G9P[8]. Non-Typeable (NT) G and/or P genotypes were observed as follows: G12P [NT] (6%); G1P [NT], G3P[NT] and GNTP[NT] (4%). Considering the different GP combinations, G12 represented 67% of the genotypes. This is the first data showing the diversity of RVA genotypes in Mozambique highlighting the epidemiological importance of these viruses in acute diarrhea cases in children ≤2 years old. In addition, these findings will provide a baseline data before the introduction of the RVA monovalent (Rotarix(®) ) vaccine in the National Immunization Program in September 2015. J. Med. Virol. 88:1751-1758, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo S Langa
- Chokwe Health Research and Training Centre (CITSC), National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique.,Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Thompson
- Chokwe Health Research and Training Centre (CITSC), National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Paulo Arnaldo
- Chokwe Health Research and Training Centre (CITSC), National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Hugo Reis Resque
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rose
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Enosse
- Chokwe Health Research and Training Centre (CITSC), National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alexandre Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelle Figueira Marques da Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Esteves A, Nordgren J, Pereira J, Fortes F, Dimbu R, Saraiva N, Mendes C, Istrate C. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in four provinces of Angola before vaccine introduction. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1511-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Esteves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; NOVA University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Medical Faculty, Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linkoping University; Linkoping Sweden
| | - Joana Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; NOVA University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Filomeno Fortes
- Department of Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health; National Program for Malaria Control; Luanda Angola
| | - Rafael Dimbu
- Department of Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health; National Program for Malaria Control; Luanda Angola
| | - Nilton Saraiva
- Department of Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health; National Program for Malaria Control; Luanda Angola
| | - Cristina Mendes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; NOVA University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Claudia Istrate
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; NOVA University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
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25
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Kiulia NM, Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC, Obara MA, Medema G, Rose JB. Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters. Pathogens 2015; 4:229-55. [PMID: 25984911 PMCID: PMC4493472 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children globally. Waterborne transmission of RV and the presence of RV in water sources are of major public health importance. In this paper, we present the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for RV (GloWPa-Rota model) to estimate the global distribution of RV emissions to surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first model to do so. We review the literature to estimate three RV specific variables for the model: incidence, excretion rate and removal during wastewater treatment. We estimate total global RV emissions to be 2 × 1018 viral particles/grid/year, of which 87% is produced by the urban population. Hotspot regions with high RV emissions are urban areas in densely populated parts of the world, such as Bangladesh and Nigeria, while low emissions are found in rural areas in North Russia and the Australian desert. Even for industrialized regions with high population density and without tertiary treatment, such as the UK, substantial emissions are estimated. Modeling exercises like the one presented in this paper provide unique opportunities to further study these emissions to surface water, their sources and scenarios for improved management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maureen A Obara
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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26
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Nyaga MM, Jere KC, Esona MD, Seheri ML, Stucker KM, Halpin RA, Akopov A, Stockwell TB, Peenze I, Diop A, Ndiaye K, Boula A, Maphalala G, Berejena C, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Wentworth DE, Mphahlele MJ. Whole genome detection of rotavirus mixed infections in human, porcine and bovine samples co-infected with various rotavirus strains collected from sub-Saharan Africa. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 31:321-34. [PMID: 25701122 PMCID: PMC4361293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are among the main global causes of severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5years. Strain diversity, mixed infections and untypeable RVA strains are frequently reported in Africa. We analysed rotavirus-positive human stool samples (n=13) obtained from hospitalised children under the age of 5years who presented with acute gastroenteritis at sentinel hospital sites in six African countries, as well as bovine and porcine stool samples (n=1 each), to gain insights into rotavirus diversity and evolution. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis and genotyping with G-(VP7) and P-specific (VP4) typing primers suggested that 13 of the 15 samples contained more than 11 segments and/or mixed G/P genotypes. Full-length amplicons for each segment were generated using RVA-specific primers and sequenced using the Ion Torrent and/or Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing platforms. Sequencing detected at least one segment in each sample for which duplicate sequences, often having distinct genotypes, existed. This supported and extended the PAGE and RT-PCR genotyping findings that suggested these samples were collected from individuals that had mixed rotavirus infections. The study reports the first porcine (MRC-DPRU1567) and bovine (MRC-DPRU3010) mixed infections. We also report a unique genome segment 9 (VP7), whose G9 genotype belongs to lineage VI and clusters with porcine reference strains. Previously, African G9 strains have all been in lineage III. Furthermore, additional RVA segments isolated from humans have a clear evolutionary relationship with porcine, bovine and ovine rotavirus sequences, indicating relatively recent interspecies transmission and reassortment. Thus, multiple RVA strains from sub-Saharan Africa are infecting mammalian hosts with unpredictable variations in their gene segment combinations. Whole-genome sequence analyses of mixed RVA strains underscore the considerable diversity of rotavirus sequences and genome segment combinations that result from a complex evolutionary history involving multiple host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Nyaga
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Mathew D Esona
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mapaseka L Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ina Peenze
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Amadou Diop
- Albert Royer National Paediatric Hospital Laboratory, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Unite de Virologie Medicale Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Angeline Boula
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Gugu Maphalala
- The National Clinical Laboratory Service, Mbabane, Swaziland.
| | - Chipo Berejena
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Section, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo.
| | - A Duncan Steele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa; Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases Programme, Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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27
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Collins P, Mulherin E, O'Shea H, Cashman O, Lennon G, Pidgeon E, Coughlan S, Hall W, Fanning S. Changing patterns of rotavirus strains circulating in Ireland: Re-emergence of G2P[4] and identification of novel genotypes in Ireland. J Med Virol 2015; 87:764-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Emily Mulherin
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health; Physiotherapy and Population Science; Dublin Ireland
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Olivia Cashman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Grainne Lennon
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Eugene Pidgeon
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Suzie Coughlan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - William Hall
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health; Physiotherapy and Population Science; Dublin Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast Ireland
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28
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Active, population-based surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis in Chinese children: Beijing Municipality and Gansu Province, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:40-6. [PMID: 25105897 PMCID: PMC4618561 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of population-based incidence for rotavirus inpatient and outpatient visits, as well as their associated medical costs, can provide valuable information to assess the potential benefits of rotavirus vaccination. METHODS We conducted active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis at 6 medical institutions for children younger than 5 years from July 2012 to June 2013 in Beijing Municipality and Gansu Province. We collected stool samples of diarrhea patients for testing rotavirus, and epidemiological, clinical and cost data. RESULTS The proportion of rotavirus-positive for inpatient and outpatient visits from Beijing was 28.7% (138/481) and 19.4% (133/687); a statistically lower proportion than observed in Gansu among inpatient visits (45.2%, 245/542, P < 0.001) and among outpatient visits (28.8%, 66/229, P = 0.003), respectively. The G9P[8] genotype was most prevalent in Beijing (60.6%) and in Gansu (77.6%). The median Vesikari scale value was 16 for rotavirus inpatients and 15 for nonrotavirus inpatients. Population-based estimated rates of rotavirus-related hospitalizations were 14.4 (95% CI, 13-16) per 10,000 children, and the rate of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the outpatient setting was 149 (95% CI, 145-153) per 10,000 children younger than 5 years. The estimated total number of rotavirus-related inpatient visits were 3790 (95% CI, 2488-3827) cases and 29,101 (95% CI: 27,748-29,279) outpatient visits. The total cost of rotavirus infection was $1.4 million (95% CI, $0.9-1.4 million) for hospitalizations and $4.2 million (95% CI, $4.0-4.2 million) for outpatient visits per year in Beijing and Gansu. CONCLUSION Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children younger than 5 years worldwide,accounting for an estimated 25 million clinic visits, 2 million hospitalizations and 453,000 deaths each year. In China, the world's most populous nation, surveillance at sentinel hospitals showed that approximately 48% of AGE hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years were attributed to rotavirus from 2003 to 2007, and 13,387 rotavirus deaths were estimated in China in 2002 alone.The Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine, consisting of serotype G10P[12], was licensed in 2000 but is not included in the National Expanded Program of Immunization vaccine recommendations for Chinese children. License applications for new rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix, produced by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, and RotaTeq, produced by Merck and Company) have been submitted for administering these vaccines to Chinese infants [corrected].
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29
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Mullick S, Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Sur D, Manna B, Nataro JP, Levine MM, Ramamurthy T, Chawla-Sarkar M. Community based case-control study of rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children during 2008-2010 reveals vast genetic diversity and increased prevalence of G9 strains in Kolkata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112970. [PMID: 25401757 PMCID: PMC4234499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children (<5 years) worldwide. Although rotavirus vaccines have been successfully administered in many countries, in India the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in national immunization program was approved in 2014. Since high disease burden and large number of genetic variants have been reported from low income countries including India, monitoring of rotavirus was initiated prior to implementation of the vaccine in the region. METHODS A total number of 3,582 stool samples were collected from an urban slum community in Kolkata, among which 1,568 samples were obtained from children of ≤ 5 years of age, with moderate to severe diarrhoea and 2,014 samples were collected from age-sex matched healthy neighbourhood controls. Rotavirus positive samples were typed by multiplex semi-nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Circulating strains were phylogenetically analyzed. RESULTS Among 1,568 children with diarrhoea, 395 (25.2%), and among 2,014 asymptomatic children, 42 (2%) were rotavirus positive. G1P[8] was identified as the most common strain (32%) followed by G9P[8] (16.9%), G2P[4] (13.5%) and G9P[4] (10.75%). G12 strains with combinations of P[4], P[6] and P[8] comprised 11.9% of total positive strains. The rest (<10%) were rare and uncommon strains like G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[8] and animal-like strains G4P[6], G6P[14] and G11P[25]. The 42 rotavirus positive samples from asymptomatic children revealed common genotypes like G1, G2 and G9. CONCLUSION This community based case-control study showed increased predominance of genotype G9 in Kolkata. It also confirmed co-circulation of a large number of genetic variants in the community. Asymptomatic rotavirus positive children though low in number can also be a source of dispersal of infection in the community. This study provides background information to the policy makers for implementation of rotavirus vaccines in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Mullick
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Santanu Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dipika Sur
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Byomkesh Manna
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - James P. Nataro
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Human G3P[4] rotavirus obtained in Japan, 2013, possibly emerged through a human-equine rotavirus reassortment event. Virus Genes 2014; 50:129-33. [PMID: 25352228 PMCID: PMC4349953 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two novel G3P[4] rotavirus strains were detected from children with acute diarrhea in Sendai, Japan, identified as a G3–P[4]–I2–R2–C2–M2–A2–N2–T2–E2–H2 genotype constellation by whole-genome sequence analysis. The VP7 gene of the two strains displayed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (91 %) and showed a close genetic relationship (99 % bootstrap value) to an equine rotavirus reported in India. The other gene segments were related to human group A rotaviruses. This report suggests a possible reassortment event between human and equine rotaviruses.
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Istrate C, Sharma S, Nordgren J, Videira e Castro S, Lopes Â, Piedade J, Zaky A, Lima A, Neves E, Veiga J, Esteves A. High rate of detection of G8P[6] rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in São Tomé and Príncipe. Arch Virol 2014; 160:423-8. [PMID: 25283609 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The burden of rotavirus infections greatly affects the low-income African countries. In the absence of epidemiological data on pediatric diarrhea in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), a study was conducted from August to December 2011. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 36.7 % of the collected fecal samples (87/237). G8P[6] was identified as the predominant genotype (71.1 % detection rate), while G1P[8] represented only 8.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 G8 strains showed clustering within lineage G8d, while VP4 P[6] strains clustered within lineage 1a. Our results represent the first report on rotavirus from STP and show one of the highest detection rates of G8 rotaviruses worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Istrate
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Grupo de Virologia, Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal,
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Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
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Komoto S, Wandera Apondi E, Shah M, Odoyo E, Nyangao J, Tomita M, Wakuda M, Maeno Y, Shirato H, Tsuji T, Ichinose Y, Taniguchi K. Whole genomic analysis of human G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains that have emerged in Kenya: identification of porcine-like NSP4 genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:277-93. [PMID: 25111611 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G12 rotaviruses are globally emerging rotavirus strains causing severe childhood diarrhea. However, the whole genomes of only a few G12 strains have been fully sequenced and analyzed, of which only one G12P[4] and one G12P[6] are from Africa. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genomes of three G12 strains (RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH633/2010/G12P[6], RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH651/2010/G12P[8], and RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH684/2010/G12P[6]) identified in three stool specimens from children with acute diarrhea in Kenya, Africa. On whole genomic analysis, all three Kenyan G12 strains were found to have a Wa-like genetic backbone: G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 (strains KDH633 and KDH684) and G12-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 (strain KDH651). Phylogenetic analysis showed that most genes of the three strains examined in this study were genetically related to globally circulating human G1, G9, and G12 strains. Of note is that the NSP4 genes of strains KDH633 and KDH684 appeared to be of porcine origin, suggesting the occurrence of reassortment between human and porcine strains. Furthermore, strains KDH633 and KDH684 were very closely related to each other in all the 11 gene segments, indicating derivation of the two strains from a common origin. On the other hand, strain KDH651 consistently formed distinct clusters of 10 of the 11 gene segments (VP1-2, VP4, VP6-7, and NSP1-5), indicating a distinct origin of strain KDH651 from that of strains KDH633 and KDH684. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole genome-based characterization of G12 strains that have emerged in Kenya. Our observations will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of emerging G12 rotaviruses in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Ernest Wandera Apondi
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Mohammad Shah
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Mayuko Tomita
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Wakuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Haruko Shirato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Tatte VS, Chothe NS, Chitambar SD. Characterisation of rotavirus strains identified in adolescents and adults with acute gastroenteritis highlights circulation of non-typeable strains: 2008–2012. Vaccine 2014; 32 Suppl 1:A68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ope M, Ochieng SB, Tabu C, Marano N. Rotavirus enteritis in Dadaab refugee camps: implications for immunization programs in Kenya and Resettlement Countries. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:v-vi. [PMID: 25551839 PMCID: PMC4305156 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The section listed above, written by members of the CDC's Division of Global Migration and Quarantine and focusing on globally mobile populations and infectious disease outbreaks, is freely available online only, in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases at (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org ).
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Nyaga MM, Esona MD, Jere KC, Peenze I, Seheri ML, Mphahlele MJ. Genetic diversity of rotavirus genome segment 6 (encoding VP6) in Pretoria, South Africa. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:179. [PMID: 24790824 PMCID: PMC4000354 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus viral protein 6 (VP6), encoded by genome segment (GS) 6, is the primary target for rotavirus diagnosis by serological and some molecular techniques. Selected full length nucleotide sequences of GS 6 of rotavirus strains from South Africa were sequenced and analysed to determine genetic diversity and variations within the circulating rotaviruses. FINDINGS The VP6 amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger ABI 3130xl. Phylogenetic and pairwise analysis revealed that the VP6 genes of the study strains belonged to two different VP6 [I] genotypes. Five sequences were assigned genotype I1 and seven as genotype I2. Comparison of the group specific antigenic regions of the South African strains to the reference strains, shows that the South African VP6 sequences belonging to the VP6 genotype I2 were highly conserved, with only two amino acids changes at positions 239 (T›N) and 261(I›V). On the other hand, South African VP6 sequences belonging to I1 genotypes revealed several amino acid variations mostly within the antigenic region III. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus strains with I1 and I2 genotype are predominantly circulating within the South African communities of which the later seems to be more conserved within the antigenic regions. The observed genetic variations observed within GS 6 of rotaviruses analysed in the current study are unlikely to impact negatively on the performance of the current VP6-based detection methods. Nevertheless, investigators should continually consider this diversity and adapt the primer design for the detection and characterization of the VP6 gene accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Nyaga
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa ; Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia USA
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ina Peenze
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka L Seheri
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo/NHLS Dr George Mukhari Tertiary Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
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