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Ricci Conesa H, Skröder H, Norton N, Bencina G, Tsoumani E. Clinical and economic burden of acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in European children, after widespread use of PCVs-A systematic literature review of published evidence. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297098. [PMID: 38564583 PMCID: PMC10986968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood disease frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13) can reduce the risk of AOM but may also shift AOM etiology and serotype distribution. The aim of this study was to review estimates from published literature of the burden of AOM in Europe after widespread use of PCVs over the past 10 years, focusing on incidence, etiology, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and economic burden. METHODS This systematic review included published literature from 31 European countries, for children aged ≤5 years, published after 2011. Searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, Google, and three disease conference websites. Risk of bias was assessed with ISPOR-AMCP-NPC, ECOBIAS or ROBIS, depending on the type of study. RESULTS In total, 107 relevant records were identified, which revealed wide variation in study methodology and reporting, thus limiting comparisons across outcomes. No homogenous trends were identified in incidence rates across countries, or in detection of S. pneumoniae as a cause of AOM over time. There were indications of a reduction in hospitalization rates (decreases between 24.5-38.8% points, depending on country, PCV type and time since PCV introduction) and antibiotic resistance (decreases between 14-24%, depending on country), following the widespread use of PCVs over time. The last two trends imply a potential decrease in economic burden, though this was not possible to confirm with the identified cost data. There was also evidence of an increase in serotype distributions towards non-vaccine serotypes in all of the countries where non-PCV serotype data were available, as well as limited data of increased antibiotic resistance within non-vaccine serotypes. CONCLUSIONS Though some factors point to a reduction in AOM burden in Europe, the burden still remains high, residual burden from uncovered serotypes is present and it is difficult to provide comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date estimates of said burden from the published literature. This could be improved by standardised methodology, reporting and wider use of surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Goran Bencina
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, MSD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleana Tsoumani
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, MSD, Athens, Greece
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Ahamad A, Yuan C, Chung C, Blair B, Tran A, Tehreem B. Metabolism and gene sequence variation in Turicella otitidis implies its adaptability and pathogenicity in extra-otic infection: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:735. [PMID: 37891485 PMCID: PMC10612267 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Turicella otitidis belongs to the Corynebacteriaceae family and is a normal inhabitant of the ear and exists in a commensal relationship with its host. In children, T. otitidis is frequently associated with otitis media. The emergence of Turicella otitidis as a pathogen is concerning, particularly due to the limited availability of data on its pathogenic properties. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of T. otitidis infections occurring in both the ear and other anatomical sites, and to summarize the differences in metabolism and genome sequences between isolates obtained from the ear and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrinash Ahamad
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Profession, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cuishan Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Profession, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Casey Chung
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Profession, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Briana Blair
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Profession, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amy Tran
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Profession, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bushra Tehreem
- Department of Pediatrics- SUNY Down State, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Marom T, Gluck O, Ovnat Tamir S. Treatment failure in pediatric acute otitis media: How do you define? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 150:110888. [PMID: 34416438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reaching the point of treatment failure in the management of pediatric acute otitis media (AOM) is decision-changing, and is often associated with switching to a broader coverage antibiotic with/without middle ear surgical drainage. Yet, still there is no consensus on the definition of what is treatment failure, which may lead to confusion for clinical decision-making purposes. We sought to review the heterogeneity of treatment failure definitions in AOM. METHODS We searched for relevant English language manuscripts using the following key-words: ['otitis media' (OM) or (AOM)] AND ['treatment failure' or 'failure' or 'response failure' or 'response'] AND 'human' in various electronic databases from 1/1/2005 through 10/31/2020. RESULTS In the 60 retrieved papers, treatment failure was considered only when antibiotics had been prescribed beforehand, but not when watchful waiting had been adopted. We categorized the manuscripts into 5 major treatment failure definition subgroups, which occasionally overlapped: unimprovement or worsening of symptoms or signs of failure in otoscopy (n = 36), specialist(s) referral or hospital admission (n = 12), changing or adding antibiotic treatment (n = 22), failure to eradicate causative bacteria (n = 7) and failure as perceived by parents (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS We suggest a broader definition of AOM treatment failure including physical examination findings and degree of initial treatment response, which will enable an unbiased, uniform comparison of treatments for pediatric AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Marom
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ben Gurion University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ashdod, Israel.
| | - Ofer Gluck
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ben Gurion University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Sharon Ovnat Tamir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ben Gurion University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ashdod, Israel
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Differential IL-17A response to S. pneumoniae in adenoid tissue of children with sleep disordered breathing and otitis media with effusion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19839. [PMID: 31882693 PMCID: PMC6934741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumonia, one of the major colonizers in nasopharyngeal adenoids, has been the predominant pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM) in children. Recent evidence suggests an association between IL-17A-mediated immune response and the clearance of pneumococcal colonization in nasopharyngeal adenoids. Here, we evaluated the expressions of IL-17A and associated genes in hypertrophic adenoid tissues of children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and otitis media with effusion (OME) and their association with pneumococcal carriage. Sixty-six pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled. During adenoidectomy, nasopharyngeal swab and adenoid tissues were used to determine pneumococcal carriage and IL-17A expression. Our results revealed significantly higher levels of IL-17A and IL-17A:IL-10 mRNA in the SDB patients positive for nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage than those negative. However, these differences were not significant in the OME group. These results suggested, in OME patients, prolonged or chronic pneumococcal carriage may occur because of insufficient IL-17A-mediated mucosal clearance, and could further lead to AOM and OME development.
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Coughtrie AL, Jefferies JM, Cleary DW, Doncaster CP, Faust SN, Kraaijeveld AR, Moore MV, Mullee MA, Roderick PJ, Webb JS, Yuen HM, Clarke SC. Microbial epidemiology and carriage studies for the evaluation of vaccines. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1408-1418. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Coughtrie
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Johanna M. Jefferies
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David W. Cleary
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Saul N. Faust
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Michael V. Moore
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark A. Mullee
- NIHR Research Design Service South Central, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul J. Roderick
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy S. Webb
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ho Ming Yuen
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart C. Clarke
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Ubukata K, Morozumi M, Sakuma M, Adachi Y, Mokuno E, Tajima T, Iwata S. Genetic characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from pediatric patients with acute otitis media after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:720-726. [PMID: 30987951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) occurs commonly in pediatric populations. We examined resistance genotype, antibiotic susceptibility, quinolone (QL) resistance, and multilocus sequence type (MLST) among Haemophilus influenzae isolates causing AOM following introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Japan. The AOM surveillance group included 69 participating otolaryngologists. Causative pathogens isolated from middle ear fluid (MEF) samples collected from 582 children with AOM were identified using both bacterial culture and real-time PCR. H. influenzae isolates among these pathogens were characterized by capsular type, resistance genotype, antibiotic susceptibility, QL resistance, and MLST. In 2016, H. influenzae was identified in 319 samples (54.8%), among which 72.4% (n = 231) tested positive by both culture and PCR; remaining H. influenzae cases were only PCR-positive. This proportion of H. influenzae positivity has increased significantly from 41.2% in 2006 (p < 0.001). Among culture-positive strains, genotypic β-lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin (AMP)-resistant (gBLNAR) strains were frequent (63.2%), with β-lactamase-nonproducing AMP-susceptible (gBLNAS) strains accounting for only 24.2%. Susceptibilities of gBLNAR to oral antimicrobials were best for tosufloxacin, followed by cefditoren and tebipenem; MIC90s were 0.031 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, and 1 μg/mL, respectively. In 7 gBLNAR isolates (3.0%), QL susceptibility was low, owing to amino acid substitutions in GyrA and/or ParC. Sequence types identified numbered 107, including 28 that were new. Prevention of further increases in resistance to antimicrobial agents will require antibiotic selection based on characterization of causative pathogens in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Ubukata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Morozumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Mokuno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hakujikai Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hakujikai Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Bacterial causes of otitis media with spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane in the era of 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211712. [PMID: 30707730 PMCID: PMC6358092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) implementation, the number of acute otitis media (AOM) episodes has decreased, but AOM still remains among the most common diagnoses in childhood. From 2% to 17% of cases of AOM feature spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (SPTM). The aim of this study was to describe the bacteriological causes of SPTM 5 to 8 years years after PCV13 implementation, in 2010. From 2015 to 2018, children with SPTM were prospectively enrolled by 41 pediatricians. Middle ear fluid was obtained by sampling spontaneous discharge. Among the 470 children with SPTM (median age 20.8 months), no otopathogen was isolated for 251 (53.4% [95% CI 48.8%;58.0%]): 47.1% of infants and toddlers, 68.3% older children (p<0.001). Among children with isolated bacterial otopathogens (n = 219), non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) was the most frequent otopathogen isolated (n = 106, 48.4% [95% CI 41.6%;55.2%]), followed by Streptoccocus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) (n = 76, 34.7% [95% CI 28.4%;41.4%]) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) (n = 61, 27.9% [95% Ci 22.0%;34.3%]). NTHi was frequently isolated in infants and toddlers (53.1%), whereas the main otopathogen in older children was GAS (52.3%). In cases of co-infection with at least two otopathogens (16.9%, n = 37/219), NTHi was frequently involved (78.4%, n = 29/37). When Sp was isolated, PCV13 serotypes accounted for 32.1% of cases, with serotype 3 the main serotype (16.1%). Among Sp strains, 29.5% were penicillin-intermediate and among NTHi strains, 16.0% were β-lactamase-producers. More than 5 years after PCV13 implementation, the leading bacterial species recovered from AOM with SPTM was NTHi for infants and toddlers and GAS for older children. In both age groups, Sp was the third most frequent pathogen and vaccine serotypes still played an important role. No resistant Sp strains were isolated, and the frequency of β-lactamase-producing NTHi did not exceed 16%.
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Decreased Acute Otitis Media With Treatment Failure After Introduction of the Ten-valent Pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae Protein D Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:361-366. [PMID: 29278616 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) nonresponsive to antibiotics is most commonly caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. A strategy for treating these infections with parenteral ceftriaxone was adopted at the Children's Hospital Iceland. The 10-valent pneumococcal H. influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine was introduced into the vaccination program in Iceland in 2011. The aim was to study its effect on the incidence of AOM with treatment failure. METHODS This retrospective observational study included children who visited the Children's Hospital Iceland because of AOM or received ceftriaxone, regardless of indication from 2008-2015. Incidence rate was calculated for prevaccine (2008-2011) and postvaccine (2012-2015) periods using person-years at risk within the hospital's referral region. Incidence rate ratio of ceftriaxone treatment episodes of AOM was calculated using the Mantel-Haenzel method adjusting for age. Incidence risk ratio of ceftriaxone treatment if presenting to the hospital with AOM was calculated to adjust for rate of AOM visits. RESULTS Visits for AOM decreased from 47.5 to 33.9 visits per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-0.91), P < 0.001. Fewer AOM episodes were treated with ceftriaxone, decreasing from 6.49 to 2.96 treatment episodes per 1000 person-years, with an overall Mantel-Haenzel adjusted IRR 0.45 (95% CI: 0.37-0.54; P < 0.001). This remained significant after adjusting for the decrease in AOM visits, IRR 0.53 (95% CI: 0.44-0.63; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Visits for AOM and ceftriaxone use decreased significantly after H. influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine introduction. The observed decrease in ceftriaxone use is presumed to represent a decline in AOM with treatment failure, secondary to a decrease in resistant infections.
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Van Dyke MK, Pirçon JY, Cohen R, Madhi SA, Rosenblüt A, Macias Parra M, Al-Mazrou K, Grevers G, Lopez P, Naranjo L, Pumarola F, Sonsuwan N, Hausdorff WP. Etiology of Acute Otitis Media in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age: A Pooled Analysis of 10 Similarly Designed Observational Studies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:274-281. [PMID: 27918383 PMCID: PMC5312727 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is an important cause of childhood morbidity and antibiotic prescriptions. However, the relative importance of the well-known otopathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hflu), remains unclear because of a limited number of tympanocentesis-based studies that vary significantly in populations sampled, case definitions and heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of results from 10 AOM etiology studies of similar design, the protocols of which were derived from a common protocol and conducted in children 3 months to 5 years of age in different countries. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for within-study correlations. RESULTS The majority, 55.5% (95% confidence interval: 47.0%-65.7%) of 1124 AOM episodes, were bacterial pathogen positive: 29.1% (24.8%-34.1%) yielded Hflu and 23.6% (19.0%-29.2%) Spn. Proportions of Hflu and Spn were higher and lower, respectively, in heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-vaccinated children. Hflu and Spn were each isolated from 20% to 35% of children in every 1-year age range. Hflu was less likely to be isolated from first (vs. subsequent) episodes [relative risk (RR): 0.71 (0.60-0.84)]. Spn was more often isolated from sporadic (vs. recurrent) cases [RR: 0.76 (0.61-0.97)]; the opposite was true for Hflu [RR: 1.4 (1.00-1.96)]. Spn cases were more likely to present with severe (vs. mild) symptoms [RR: 1.42 (1.01-2.01)] and Hflu cases with severe tympanic membrane inflammation [RR: 1.35 (1.06-1.71)]. CONCLUSIONS Spn and Hflu remain the leading otopathogens in all populations examined. While associated with overlapping symptoms and severity, they exhibit some differences in their likelihood to cause disease in specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Van Dyke
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jean-Yves Pirçon
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Robert Cohen
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Andrés Rosenblüt
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mercedes Macias Parra
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khalid Al-Mazrou
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gerhard Grevers
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pio Lopez
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Laura Naranjo
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Felix Pumarola
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuntigar Sonsuwan
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - William P. Hausdorff
- From the GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, CHI Créteil and UPEC, France; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Unidad de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico; Otolaryngology Department, King Saud University & King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ENT-Center, Prinzenweg 1, 82319 Starnberg, Germany; Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia; GSK Biologicals, Ciudad Panama, Panama; Sección de ORL Pediátrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; and Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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10
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Han SB, Kim JH, Kang JH, Ma SH, Kim CS, Kim KH, Kim HM, Choi YY. Recent epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharynxes of Korean children with acute otitis media. J Infect Chemother 2016; 23:136-141. [PMID: 28024738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study was performed to evaluate serotype distribution, multilocus sequence typing, and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae identified in Korean children with acute otitis media (AOM) after the introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children diagnosed with AOM in seven hospitals in Korea. The bacteria identified in these samples and the serotypes, sequence types (STs), and antibiotic susceptibilities of S. pneumoniae isolates were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 390 children were enrolled, and bacteria were identified in 376 (96.4%) children. S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were identified in 155 (39.7%), 127 (32.6%) and 86 (22.1%) children, respectively. Serotype 19A (22.4%) was the most common S. pneumoniae serotype, with serogroups 11 (14.7%) and 15 (13.5%) following. ST320 (23.5%) was the most common ST; ST166 (17.0%) and ST83 (8.5%) followed. The overall susceptibility rates of S. pneumoniae to oral penicillin V and amoxicillin/clavulanate were 2.6% and 53.2%, respectively. The susceptibility rate to cefditoren was 91.0%; however, the rates for other cephalosporins were less than 10.0%. Compared with other serogroups, S. pneumoniae serogroups 19, 11, and 15 showed significantly lower susceptibility rates to all the antibiotics tested. CONCLUSION S. pneumoniae serotype 19A, serogroups 11 and 15 were the major nasopharyngeal-colonizing bacteria in Korean children with AOM after the introduction of PCV7. These relatively prevalent serotype/serogroups showed lower antibiotic susceptibility rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Youn Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cohen R, Biscardi S, Levy C. The multifaceted impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in children in France between 2001 to 2014. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:277-84. [PMID: 26905678 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2003, France was the first European country to recommend 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) for a large proportion of healthy children. With complicated recommendations, the vaccine coverage during the first 4 y of implementation was low, then progressively increased to reach 90% in 2008. The aim of this review was to describe the particular impact of PCVs in a country where the vaccine coverage was initially suboptimal. After PCV7 implementation, the PCV7 serotypes nearly disappeared among pneumococci isolated from meningitis (-73%), other invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD; -90%) and pneumococcal carriage (-97%). Consequently, the rates of penicillin-resistant strains declined. However, because of important serotype replacement, the global effect on the incidence of meningitis (-31%) or other IPD (-14%) was modest and observed only in young children < 2 y old. After PCV13 transition, with immediate high vaccine coverage, the vaccine had an important impact on all pneumococcal disease: reduction of -20% for pneumococcal meningitis, -36% for non-meningitis IPD, -32% for community acquired pneumonia and -15% for S. pneumoniae carriage. These findings underline the complexity of pneumococcal epidemiology and the importance of high and fast vaccination coverage to obtain the optimal effect of PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cohen
- a Université Paris Est ; IMRB- GRC GEMINI ; Créteil , France.,b ACTIV; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne ; Saint-Maur des Fossés , France.,c Clinical Research Center (CRC) ; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil ; Créteil , France.,d Unité Court Séjour; Petits Nourrissons ; Service de Néonatologie; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil ; France.,e GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie) ; Paris , France
| | - Sandra Biscardi
- a Université Paris Est ; IMRB- GRC GEMINI ; Créteil , France.,c Clinical Research Center (CRC) ; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil ; Créteil , France.,e GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie) ; Paris , France.,f Service des urgences pédiatriques ; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil ; Créteil , France
| | - Corinne Levy
- a Université Paris Est ; IMRB- GRC GEMINI ; Créteil , France.,b ACTIV; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne ; Saint-Maur des Fossés , France.,c Clinical Research Center (CRC) ; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil ; Créteil , France.,e GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie) ; Paris , France
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12
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Ngo CC, Massa HM, Thornton RB, Cripps AW. Predominant Bacteria Detected from the Middle Ear Fluid of Children Experiencing Otitis Media: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150949. [PMID: 26953891 PMCID: PMC4783106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media (OM) is amongst the most common childhood diseases and is associated with multiple microbial pathogens within the middle ear. Global and temporal monitoring of predominant bacterial pathogens is important to inform new treatment strategies, vaccine development and to monitor the impact of vaccine implementation to improve progress toward global OM prevention. METHODS A systematic review of published reports of microbiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME) from January, 1970 to August 2014, was performed using PubMed databases. RESULTS This review confirmed that Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, remain the predominant bacterial pathogens, with S. pneumoniae the predominant bacterium in the majority reports from AOM patients. In contrast, H. influenzae was the predominant bacterium for patients experiencing chronic OME, recurrent AOM and AOM with treatment failure. This result was consistent, even where improved detection sensitivity from the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) rather than bacterial culture was conducted. On average, PCR analyses increased the frequency of detection of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae 3.2 fold compared to culture, whilst Moraxella catarrhalis was 4.5 times more frequently identified by PCR. Molecular methods can also improve monitoring of regional changes in the serotypes and identification frequency of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae over time or after vaccine implementation, such as after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Globally, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae remain the predominant otopathogens associated with OM as identified through bacterial culture; however, molecular methods continue to improve the frequency and accuracy of detection of individual serotypes. Ongoing monitoring with appropriate detection methods for OM pathogens can support development of improved vaccines to provide protection from the complex combination of otopathogens within the middle ear, ultimately aiming to reduce the risk of chronic and recurrent OM in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh C. Ngo
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen M. Massa
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth B. Thornton
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allan W. Cripps
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Madhi SA, Govender N, Dayal K, Devadiga R, Van Dyke MK, van Niekerk N, Cutland CL, Adrian PV, Nunes MC. Bacterial and Respiratory Viral Interactions in the Etiology of Acute Otitis Media in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:753-60. [PMID: 25923426 PMCID: PMC4463031 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria and respiratory viruses are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute otitis media (AOM); however, data from low-middle income countries are sparse. We investigated the etiology of AOM in HIV-infected (HIV+), HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and HIV-exposed clinically asymptomatic for HIV-infection (HEU) South African children. METHODS Children ≥3 months to <5 years of age with AOM were enrolled between May 2009 and April 2010 (NCT01031082). Middle ear fluid samples were cultured for bacteria; antibacterial susceptibility was done and serotyping undertaken for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed for respiratory viruses using immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of 260 AOM episodes (HIV+:15; HIV-:182; HEU:63), bacteria were found in 54.6%, including Haemophilus influenzae (30.8%), 98.8% of which were nontypeable, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%), Moraxella catarrhalis (5.0%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (1.5%). Nonsusceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin was 64.2%. Respiratory viruses were detected in 74.2% of cases. Human rhinovirus was most frequently detected (37.7%), followed by adenovirus (14.2%) and human bocavirus (11.5%) overall and irrespective of HIV status. Respiratory viruses were identified concurrently with S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis (76.9-78.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (63.4%) cultured from middle ear fluid, as well as in 72.0% of episodes negative for any bacteria. CONCLUSION The study suggests that respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria play an important role in the development of AOM in children. A similar spectrum of pathogens was observed independently of HIV status. Vaccines targeting both nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae may have a broad impact on AOM in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir A. Madhi
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Niresha Govender
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Kishen Dayal
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Raghavendra Devadiga
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Melissa K. Van Dyke
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Nadia van Niekerk
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Clare Louise Cutland
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Peter V. Adrian
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Marta C. Nunes
- From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A division of National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangalore, India; and GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
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14
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Kaplan SL, Center KJ, Barson WJ, Ling-Lin P, Romero JR, Bradley JS, Tan TQ, Hoffman JA, Peters TR, Gurtman A, Scott DA, Trammel J, Gruber WC, Hulten KG, Mason EO. Multicenter surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from middle ear and mastoid cultures in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1339-45. [PMID: 25648240 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of otitis media (OM) in children; mastoiditis remains an important complication of OM. Limited data are available on the impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on pneumococcal otitis. METHODS Investigators from 8 children's hospitals in the United States prospectively collected pneumococcal isolates from middle ear or mastoid cultures from children from 2011 to 2013. Serotype and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined and PCV13 doses for children documented. RESULTS Over the 3-year period, the proportion of isolates included in PCV13 (plus a related serotype) decreased significantly (P = .0006) among the middle ear/mastoid isolates (2011, 50% [74/149]; 2012, 40.5% [47/116]; 2013, 29% [34/118]). The number of serotype 19A isolates in 2013 (n = 12, 10.2% of total) decreased 76% compared with the number of 19A isolates in 2011 (n = 50, 33.6% of total). Of the children from whom serotype 19A was isolated (n = 93), 55% had previously received <3 doses of PCV13. The most common non-PCV13 serotypes for the combined years were 35B (n = 37), 21 (n = 20), 23B (n = 20), 15B (n = 18), 11 (n = 17), 23A (n = 14), 15A (n = 14), and 15C (n = 14). The proportion of isolates with a penicillin minimal inhibitory concentration >2 µg/mL decreased significantly over the 3 years (2011, 22% [35/154]; 2012, 20% [24/118]; 2013, 10% [12/120]; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS The number of pneumococcal isolates and the percentage of isolates with high-level penicillin resistance from cultures taken from children with OM or mastoiditis for clinical indications have decreased following PCV13 use, largely related to decreases in serotype 19A isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon L Kaplan
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Sections, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimberly J Center
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, New York
| | - William J Barson
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus
| | - Philana Ling-Lin
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania
| | - José R Romero
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | | | - Tina Q Tan
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jill A Hoffman
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | | | - Alejandra Gurtman
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, New York
| | - Daniel A Scott
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - William C Gruber
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, New York
| | - Kristina G Hulten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Sections, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward O Mason
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Sections, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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15
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Kempf M, Varon E, Lepoutre A, Gravet A, Baraduc R, Brun M, Chardon H, Cremniter J, Croizé J, Dalmay F, Demachy MC, Fosse T, Grelaud C, Hadou T, Hamdad F, Koeck JL, Luce S, Mermond S, Patry I, Péchinot A, Raymond J, Ros A, Segonds C, Soullié B, Tandé D, Vergnaud M, Vernet-Garnier V, Wallet F, Gutmann L, Ploy MC, Lanotte P. Decline in antibiotic resistance and changes in the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children with acute otitis media; a 2001-2011 survey by the French Pneumococcal Network. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:35-42. [PMID: 25636925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of acute otitis media (AOM). The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in antibiotic resistance and circulating serotypes of pneumococci isolated from middle ear fluid of French children with AOM during the period 2001-2011, before and after the introduction of the PCV-7 (2003) and PCV-13 (2010) vaccines. Between 2001 and 2011 the French pneumococcal surveillance network analysed the antibiotic susceptibility of 6683 S. pneumoniae isolated from children with AOM, of which 1569 were serotyped. We observed a significant overall increase in antibiotic susceptibility. Respective resistance (I+R) rates in 2001 and 2011 were 76.9% and 57.3% for penicillin, 43.0% and 29.8% for amoxicillin, and 28.6% and 13.0% for cefotaxime. We also found a marked reduction in vaccine serotypes after PCV-7 implementation, from 63.0% in 2001 to 13.2% in 2011, while the incidence of the additional six serotypes included in PCV-13 increased during the same period, with a particularly high proportion of 19A isolates. The proportion of some non-PCV-13 serotypes also increased between 2001 and 2011, especially 15A and 23A. Before PCV-7 implementation, most (70.8%) penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to PCV-7 serotypes, whereas in 2011, 56.8% of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to serotype 19A. Between 2001 and 2011, antibiotic resistance among pneumococci responsible for AOM in France fell markedly, and PCV-7 serotypes were replaced by non-PCV-7 serotypes, especially 19A. We are continuing to assess the impact of PCV-13, introduced in France in 2010, on pneumococcal serotype circulation and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kempf
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - E Varon
- Centre National de Référence des Pneumocoques (CNRP), AP-HP HEGP, Paris, France
| | - A Lepoutre
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), Saint Maurice, France
| | - A Gravet
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - R Baraduc
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - M Brun
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - H Chardon
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - J Cremniter
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - J Croizé
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - F Dalmay
- CHU Limoges, UFRCB, Limoges, France
| | - M-C Demachy
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - T Fosse
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - C Grelaud
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - T Hadou
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - F Hamdad
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - J-L Koeck
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - S Luce
- CHU Limoges, UFRCB, Limoges, France
| | - S Mermond
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - I Patry
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - A Péchinot
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - J Raymond
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - A Ros
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - C Segonds
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - B Soullié
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - D Tandé
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - M Vergnaud
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - V Vernet-Garnier
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - F Wallet
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - L Gutmann
- Centre National de Référence des Pneumocoques (CNRP), AP-HP HEGP, Paris, France
| | - M-C Ploy
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - P Lanotte
- French pneumococcal surveillance network 'Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque', CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.
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Mizrahi A, Cohen R, Varon E, Bonacorsi S, Bechet S, Poyart C, Levy C, Raymond J. Non typable-Haemophilus influenzae biofilm formation and acute otitis media. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:400. [PMID: 25037572 PMCID: PMC4223365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NT-Hi) infection is frequently associated with acute otitis media (AOM) treatment failure, recurrence or chronic otitis media. Persistence of otopathogens in a biofilm-structured community was implicated in these situations. Here, we compared biofilm production by H. influenzae strains obtained by culture of middle ear fluid (MEF) from children with AOM treatment failure and by strains isolated from nasopharyngeal (NP) samples from healthy children or those with AOM (first episode or recurrence). We aimed to evaluate an association of clinical signs and in vitro biofilm formation and establish risk factors of carrying a biofilm-producing strain. METHODS We used a modification of the microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining to compare biofilm production by 216 H. influenzae strains: 41 in MEF from children with AOM treatment failure (group MEF), 43 in NP samples from healthy children (NP group 1), 88 in NP samples from children with a first AOM episode (NP group 2, n = 43) or recurrent (NP group 3, n = 45) and 44 in NP samples from children with AOM associated with conjunctivitis (NP group 4). RESULTS At all, 106/216 (49%) H. influenzae strains produced biofilm as did 26/43 (60.5%) in NP samples from healthy children. Biofilm production in MEF samples and NP samples did not significantly differ (40.5% vs 60.5%, 55.8%, 56.8% and 31.1% for NP groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). On multivariate analysis, only presence of conjunctivitis was significantly associated with low biofilm production (OR = 0.3, CI [0.16-0.60], p = 0.001). The ampicillin resistance of H. influenzae produced by penicillin-binding protein modification was significantly associated with low biofilm production (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION We found no association of biofilm production and AOM treatment failure or recurrence. Biofilm production was low from H. influenzae strains associated with conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome and from strains with modified penicillin-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Mizrahi
- Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Bactériologie, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Varon
- Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Bactériologie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Poyart
- Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Bactériologie, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France
| | | | - Josette Raymond
- Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Bactériologie, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France
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Intakorn P, Sonsuwan N, Noknu S, Moungthong G, Pirçon JY, Liu Y, Van Dyke MK, Hausdorff WP. Haemophilus influenzae type b as an important cause of culture-positive acute otitis media in young children in Thailand: a tympanocentesis-based, multi-center, cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:157. [PMID: 24947736 PMCID: PMC4075543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) are considered major causes of bacterial acute otitis media (AOM) worldwide, but data from Asia on primary causes of AOM are limited. This tympanocentesis-based, multi-center, cross-sectional study assessed bacterial etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of AOM in Thailand. Methods Children 3 to 59 months presenting with AOM (< 72 hours of onset) who had not received prescribed antibiotics, or subjects who received prescribed antibiotics but remained symptomatic after 48–72 hours (treatment failures), were eligible. Study visits were conducted from April 2008 to August 2009. Bacteria were identified from middle ear fluid collected by tympanocentesis or spontaneous otorrhea swab sampling (< 20% of cases). S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae serotypes were determined and antimicrobial resistance was also assessed. Results Of the 123 enrolled children, 112 were included in analysis and 48% of the 118 samples were positive for S. pneumoniae (23% (27/118)), H. influenzae (18% (21/118)), Moraxella catarrhalis (6% (7/118)) or Streptococcus pyogenes (3% (4/118)). The most common pneumococcal serotypes were 19F (26%) and 14 (22%). The majority of H. influenzae isolates were encapsulated (18/21), with 13 type b (Hib) representing 62% of all H. influenzae isolate or 11% of all samples (13/118), and there were only 3 non-typeable isolates. Despite high antibiotic resistance, amoxicillin/clavulanate susceptibility was high. No pneumococcal vaccine use was reported. Conclusions S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, both frequently antibiotic resistant, were leading causes of bacterial AOM and there was an unexpectedly high burden of Hib in this population unvaccinated by any Hib conjugate vaccine. Conjugate vaccines effective against pneumococcus and H. influenzae could potentially reduce the burden of AOM in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavinee Intakorn
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, 420/8 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Fortanier AC, Venekamp RP, Boonacker CWB, Hak E, Schilder AGM, Sanders EAM, Damoiseaux RAMJ. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD001480. [PMID: 24696098 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001480.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a very common respiratory infection in early infancy and childhood. The marginal benefits of antibiotics for AOM in low-risk populations in general, the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the huge estimated direct and indirect annual costs associated with otitis media (OM) have prompted a search for effective vaccines to prevent AOM. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in preventing AOM in children up to 12 years of age. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2013, Issue 11), MEDLINE (1995 to November week 3, 2013), EMBASE (1995 to December 2013), CINAHL (2007 to December 2013), LILACS (2007 to December 2013) and Web of Science (2007 to December 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of PCVs to prevent AOM in children aged 12 years or younger, with a follow-up of at least six months after vaccination. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 publications of nine RCTs (n = 48,426 children, range 74 to 37,868 per study) of 7- to 11-valent PCV (with different carrier proteins). Five trials (n = 47,108) included infants, while four trials (n = 1318) included children aged one to seven years that were either healthy (one study, n = 264) or had a previous history of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), including AOM. We judged the methodological quality of the included studies to be moderate to high. There was considerable clinical diversity between studies in terms of study population, type of conjugate vaccine and outcome measures. We therefore refrained from pooling the results.In three studies, the 7-valent PCV with CRM197 as carrier protein (CRM197-PCV7) administered during early infancy was associated with a relative risk reduction (RRR) of all-cause AOM ranging from -5% in high-risk children (95% confidence interval (CI) -25% to 12%) to 7% in low-risk children (95% CI 4% to 9%). Another 7-valent PCV with the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) serogroup B as carrier protein, administered in infancy, did not reduce overall AOM episodes, while a precursor 11-valent PCV with Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) protein D as carrier protein was associated with a RRR of all-cause AOM episodes of 34% (95% CI 21% to 44%).A 9-valent PCV (with CRM197 carrier protein) administered in healthy toddlers was associated with a RRR of (parent-reported) OM episodes of 17% (95% CI -2% to 33%). CRM197-PCV7 followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination administered after infancy in older children with a history of AOM showed no beneficial effect on first occurrence and later AOM episodes. In a study in older children with a previously diagnosed respiratory tract infection, performed during the influenza season, a trivalent influenza vaccine combined with placebo (TIV/placebo) led to fewer all-cause AOM episodes than vaccination with TIV and PCV7 (TIV/PCV7) when compared to hepatitis B vaccination and placebo (HBV/placebo) (RRR 71%, 95% CI 30% to 88% versus RRR 57%, 95% CI 6% to 80%, respectively) indicating that CRM197-PCV7 after infancy may even have negative effects on AOM. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on current evidence of the effects of PCVs for preventing AOM, the licensed 7-valent CRM197-PCV7 has modest beneficial effects in healthy infants with a low baseline risk of AOM. Administering PCV7 in high-risk infants, after early infancy and in older children with a history of AOM, appears to have no benefit in preventing further episodes. Currently, several RCTs with different (newly licensed, multivalent) PCVs administered during early infancy are ongoing to establish their effects on AOM. Results of these studies may provide a better understanding of the role of the newly licensed, multivalent PCVs in preventing AOM. Also the impact on AOM of the carrier protein D, as used in certain pneumococcal vaccines, needs to be further established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Fortanier
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP: Str. 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3508 GA
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Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on microbial epidemiology and clinical outcomes of acute otitis media. Paediatr Drugs 2014; 16:1-12. [PMID: 23963858 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is the leading bacterial infection in childhood and the main reason for antibiotic prescriptions in children. The success of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease has been demonstrated in many studies. Because Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the two main bacterial species implicated in AOM, the incidence and characteristics of AOM might also be modified by PCVs. Pre-licensure controlled studies showed that the effect was modest. However, after PCV7 implementation, the impact on the AOM burden appeared to be more marked, despite the fact that serotype replacement in the nasopharynx was almost complete. Most data on the impact of PCVs on nasopharyngeal flora have been drawn from studies with PCV7. No difference was observed with PCV10 compared with PCV7 concerning S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza carriage. For PCV13 compared with PCV7, additional reduction of carriage of serotypes 1, 6A, 7F, 6C, 19A, and 19F was observed, but for the other serotypes, the two PCVs seemed to have the same effect.
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Microbiology of acute mastoiditis and complicated or refractory acute otitis media among hospitalized children in the postvaccination era. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:111-3. [PMID: 23897291 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3182a6adb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the post-heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of acute mastoiditis and other complicated or refractory acute otitis media among hospitalized children in our settings. Serotype 19A is predominant, invasive and multidrug resistant causing more than half of all mastoiditis cases, two-thirds of cases with subperiosteal abscess and all those requiring mastoidectomy. Continuous surveillance is required.
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Probiotics and prebiotics in preventing episodes of acute otitis media in high-risk children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:810-4. [PMID: 23429555 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31828df4f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that probiotics (proB) and/or prebiotics (preB) could reduce the burden of infection in infants and toddlers. We aimed to determine whether follow-up formula supplemented with proB and preB could reduce the risk of acute otitis media (AOM). METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from November 2007 to April 2009, 37 pediatricians in France enrolled children 7 to 13 months of age with high risk of AOM who were randomly assigned to receive follow-up formula supplemented with proB (Streptococcus thermophilus NCC 2496, Streptococcus salivarius DSM 13084, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LPR CGMCC 1.3724) and preB (Raftilose/Raftiline) or follow-up formula alone (placebo). During 12 months, the 2 groups were compared for number of AOM episodes diagnosed (primary outcome) and secondary outcomes by the Poisson model (incidence rate ratio [IRR]) or logistic regression (odds ratio; and 95% confidence interval [95% CI]) after adjustment on covariates of interest. RESULTS We enrolled 224 children (112 in each group). All children were vaccinated (4 doses) with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; demographic characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. In total, 486 AOM episodes were reported, 249 and 237 in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The treatment and control groups did not differ in incidence of AOM (IRR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8-1.2), lower respiratory tract infections (IRR 0.9, 0.7-1.2) or number of antibiotic treatment courses (IRR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8-1.2). Treatment was not associated with recurrent AOM (odds ratio 1.0, 95% CI: 0.5-1.7). With regard to gastrointestinal disorders, both formulas were well tolerated. CONCLUSION The proB and preB included in follow-up formula given to children at 7 to 13 months of age did not reduce the risk of AOM, recurrent AOM, antibiotic use or lower respiratory tract infections at 1 year.
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Pumarola F, Marès J, Losada I, Minguella I, Moraga F, Tarragó D, Aguilera U, Casanovas JM, Gadea G, Trías E, Cenoz S, Sistiaga A, García-Corbeira P, Pirçon JY, Marano C, Hausdorff WP. Microbiology of bacteria causing recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and AOM treatment failure in young children in Spain: shifting pathogens in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1231-6. [PMID: 23746414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively identify the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of problematic (recurrent and treatment failure) acute otitis media in Spanish children several years after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. METHODS Tympanocentesis or careful sampling of spontaneous otorrhoea was performed on children aged 3 to <36 months with recurrent acute otitis media, acute otitis media treatment failure or unresolved acute otitis media. RESULTS 105 acute otitis media episodes (77 sampled by tympanocentesis, 28 otorrhoea samples) were evaluated: 46 recurrent, 35 treatment failures, 24 unresolved acute otitis media. 74 episodes (70.4%) had at least one bacterium identified on culture: Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 21 episodes, Haemophilus influenzae (all non-typeable) in 44, Streptococcus pyogenes in 2, Moraxella catarrhalis in 2. No statistically significant difference in bacterial aetiology by episode type was detected. Non-typeable H. influenzae was the most commonly isolated pathogen in all acute otitis media types and in all age sub-groups. Forty percent of S. pneumoniae isolates were multi-drug resistant. Pneumococcal serotype 19A was the most frequently identified serotype (7/21 episodes). Multi-drug resistance was found in 56% of 19A isolates. Of non-typeable H. influenzae isolates, 15% were ampicillin resistant and 13% were amoxicillin/clavulanate resistant. S. pneumoniae and non-typeable H. influenzae DNA were each detected in 57% of samples culture negative for these pathogens, including 12 co-infections. CONCLUSION Combining culture and polymerase chain reaction results, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae may be implicated in 70% and 43% of clinically problematic bacterial acute otitis media episodes, respectively. The impact of new vaccines to prevent both S. pneumoniae and non-typeable H. influenzae acute otitis media may be substantial in this population and is worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pumarola
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain.
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Capolunghi F, Rosado MM, Sinibaldi M, Aranburu A, Carsetti R. Why do we need IgM memory B cells? Immunol Lett 2013; 152:114-20. [PMID: 23660557 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is our reservoir of ready-to-use antibodies and memory B cells. Because of immunological memory a secondary infection will be very light or not occur at all. Antibodies and cells, generated in the germinal center in response to the first encounter with antigen, are highly specific, remain in the organism virtually forever and are mostly of IgG isotype. Long lived plasma cells homing to the bone marrow ensure the constant production of protective antibodies, whereas switched memory B cells proliferate and differentiate in response to secondary challenge. IgM memory B cells represent our first-line defense against infections. They are generated by a T-cell independent mechanism probably triggered by Toll-like receptor-9. They produce natural antibodies with anti-bacterial specificity and the spleen is indispensable for their maintenance. We will review the characteristics and functions of IgM memory B cells that explain their importance in the immediate protection from pathogens. IgM memory B cells, similar to mouse B-1a B cells, may be a remnant of a primitive immune system that developed in the spleen of cartilaginous fish and persisted throughout evolution notwithstanding the sophisticated tools of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Capolunghi
- Department of Laboratories, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù (IRCCS), Piazza S.Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing acute otitis media isolated from children with spontaneous middle-ear drainage over a 12-year period (1999-2010) in a region of northern Spain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54333. [PMID: 23349853 PMCID: PMC3551958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the serotype and clonal distribution of pneumococci causing acute otitis media (AOM) and their relationship with recurrences and mixed infections with other microorganisms under the influence of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). To do this, all pneumococcal isolates collected from the spontaneous middle-ear drainage of children <5 years old diagnosed of AOM by their pediatrician or their general practitioner from 1999 to 2010 were phenotypically characterized and the most frequent serotypes were genotyped. In the 12-year study, 818 episodes of pneumococcal AOM were detected, mostly (70.5%) in children younger than 2 years old. In 262 episodes (32%), the pneumococci were isolated with another bacterium, mainly (n = 214) Haemophilus influenzae. Mixed infections were similar in children under or over 2 years old. The most frequent serotypes were 19A (n = 227, 27.8%), 3 (n = 92, 11.2%) and 19F (n = 74, 9%). Serotypes included in the PCV7 sharply decreased from 62.4% in the pre-vaccination (1999–2001) to 2.2% in the late post-vaccination period (2008–2010). Serotype diversity steadily increased after the introduction of the PCV7 but decreased from 2008–2010 due to the predominant role of serotype 19A isolates, mostly ST276 and ST320. The prevalence of serotype 3 doubled from 6.1% (20/326) in 1999–2004 to 14.6% (72/492) in 2005–2010. Relapses mainly occurred in male infants infected with isolates with diminished antimicrobial susceptibility. Reinfections caused by isolates with the same serotype but different genotype were frequent, highlighting the need for genetic studies to differentiate among similar strains. In conclusion, the main change in pneumococcal AOM observed after the introduction of the PCV7 was the sharp decrease in vaccine serotypes. Also notable was the high burden of serotype 19A in total pneumococcal AOM before and especially after the introduction of the PCV7, as well as in relapses and reinfections.
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Abstract
Objective To determine the clinical characteristics of children with granular myringitis. Study Design Case series with chart review of children with granular myringitis. Setting Tertiary care children’s hospitals in Delaware and Florida. Subjects and Methods From July 1, 2006, to June 30, 2011, 15 patients were identified with granular myringitis based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 384.1 (10 male, 5 female; 10 left-sided, 5 right-sided). Results Average age at onset was 10 years (range, 4-18 years). Average length of symptoms was 21 months (range, 3-48 months). Thirteen of the 15 patients (87%) had myringotomy tube placement prior to diagnosis of myringitis, and 11 had a previous perforation (73%). Eleven myringoplasties were performed on 8 (53%) patients prior to the onset of granular myringitis (5 fascia, 2 fat, 2 cartilage, 1 paper patch, and 1 at an outside hospital that was unknown). A total of 27 otolaryngologic surgical procedures were done on 14 of 15 patients. Ten patients (67%) had audiometry performed, and 6 (40%) had ear cultures. Medical treatment included ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic drops in all patients, oral antibiotics in 4 patients, and additional topical agents in 8 patients. Two patients had laser resurfacing, and 1 patient had surgical curettage. Five patients had long-term remission, 8 had intermittent remission, and 2 had no remission of their symptoms. Conclusion Granular myringitis is a chronic, recalcitrant disease typically preceded by myringotomy and tube placement or myringoplasty/tympanoplasty. Medical and surgical intervention is varied and often does not lead to permanent resolution of the disease.
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Cohen R, Levy C, Bingen E, Wollner A, Thollot F, Schlemmer C, Michot AS, Romain C, Varon E. Études épidémiologiques en pédiatrie de ville : impact sur le choix des antibiotiques. Arch Pediatr 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(12)71117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Antibiotic therapy for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: do we know when, what and for how long to treat? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:e78-85. [PMID: 22466326 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318255dc5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause of morbidity among children in developed countries and accounts for an incidence of 10-40 cases per 1000 children in the first 5 years of life. Given the clinical, social and economic importance of CAP, there is general agreement that prompt and adequate therapy is essential to reduce the impact of the disease. The aim of this discussion paper is to consider critically the available data concerning the treatment of uncomplicated pediatric CAP and to consider when, how and for how long it should be treated. This review has identified the various reasons that make it difficult to establish a rational approach to the treatment of pediatric CAP, including the definition of CAP, the absence of a pediatric CAP severity score, the difficulty of identifying the etiology, limited pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) studies, the high resistance of the most frequent respiratory pathogens to the most widely used anti-infectious agents and the lack of information concerning the changes in CAP epidemiology following the introduction of new vaccines against respiratory pathogens. More research is clearly required in various areas, such as the etiology of CAP and the reasons for its complications, the better definition of first- and second-line antibiotic therapies (including the doses and duration of parenteral and oral antibiotic treatment), the role of antiviral treatment and on how to follow-up patients with CAP. Finally, further efforts are needed to increase vaccination coverage against respiratory pathogens and to conduct prospective studies of their impact.
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Sabharwal V, Figueira M, Pelton SI, Pettigrew MM. Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C in experimental otitis media. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:712-8. [PMID: 22414497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Increases in colonization with serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae not contained within the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) have been reported among children following introduction. Serotype 6C has emerged as prevalent in nasopharyngeal colonization and acute otitis media (AOM), though it is uncommonly recovered from children with invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccine serotypes within PCV7 have been replaced by nonvaccine serotypes without significant changes in the overall carriage rate. We hypothesize 1) that serotypes vary in their ability to evade host defenses and establish AOM following colonization and 2) the observed reduction in pneumococcal otitis results from a reduced disease potential by some 'replacement serotypes'. We compared the capacity of S. pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 19A to produce experimental otitis media (EOM) in a chinchilla model. The proportion of chinchillas that developed culture positive EOM and density of middle ear infection was evaluated. EOM was found in 28/82 (34%) ears challenged with 6C compared to 13/18(72.2%) with 19A [p = 0.0003]. When disease due to 6C did occur, it was characterized by low-density infection. Our findings demonstrate that challenge with serotype 6C results in EOM less frequently than 19A. These data support the need for greater knowledge regarding differences among serotypes to produce AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Sabharwal
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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