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Rombolà L, De Rasis E, Sakurada S, Sakurada T, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Scuteri D, Morrone LA. Motor behavior induced by bergamot essential oil in experimental tasks is differentially modulated by pretreatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 or 5 antagonists. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3296-3306. [PMID: 38619875 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bergamot essential oil shows anxiolytic-relaxant effects devoid of sedative action and motor impairment typical of benzodiazepines. Considering the potential for clinical of these effects, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of the phytocomplex. Modulation of glutamate group I and II metabotropic receptors is involved in stress and anxiety disorders, in cognition and emotions and increases locomotor activity and wakefulness. Interestingly, early data indicate that bergamot essential oil modulates glutamatergic transmission in specific manifestations of the central nervous system. The aim of this work is to investigate if selective antagonists of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 and 5 receptors affect behavioral parameters modulated by the phytocomplex. Male Wistar rats were used to measure behavioral parameters to correlate anxiety and motor activity using elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), and rotarod tasks. Bergamot essential oil increases in EPM the time spent in open/closed arms and reduces total number of entries. The essential oil also increases immobility in EPM and OF and not affect motor coordination in rotarod. Pretreatment with the metabotropic glutamate antagonists does not affect the time spent in open/close arms, however, differently affects motor behavior measured after administration of phytocomplex. Particularly, glutamate 2/3 antagonist reverts immobility and glutamate 5 antagonist potentiates this parameter induced by the phytocomplex. Our data show that modulation of both metabotropic glutamate receptors is likely involved in some of behavioral effects of bergamot essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rombolà
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Enrica De Rasis
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- First Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Parafati M, La Russa D, Lascala A, Crupi F, Riillo C, Fotschki B, Mollace V, Janda E. Dramatic Suppression of Lipogenesis and No Increase in Beta-Oxidation Gene Expression Are among the Key Effects of Bergamot Flavonoids in Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:766. [PMID: 39061835 PMCID: PMC11273501 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bergamot flavonoids have been shown to prevent metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and stimulate autophagy in animal models and patients. To investigate further the mechanism of polyphenol-dependent effects, we performed a RT2-PCR array analysis on 168 metabolism, transport and autophagy-related genes expressed in rat livers exposed for 14 weeks to different diets: standard, cafeteria (CAF) and CAF diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF). CAF diet caused a strong upregulation of gluconeogenesis pathway (Gck, Pck2) and a moderate (>1.7 fold) induction of genes regulating lipogenesis (Srebf1, Pparg, Xbp1), lipid and cholesterol transport or lipolysis (Fabp3, Apoa1, Lpl) and inflammation (Il6, Il10, Tnf). However, only one β-oxidation gene (Cpt1a) and a few autophagy genes were differentially expressed in CAF rats compared to controls. While most of these transcripts were significantly modulated by BPF, we observed a particularly potent effect on lipogenesis genes, like Acly, Acaca and Fasn, which were suppressed far below the mRNA levels of control livers as confirmed by alternative primers-based RT2-PCR analysis and western blotting. These effects were accompanied by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il6, Tnfa, and Il10) and diabetes-related genes. Few autophagy (Map1Lc3a, Dapk) and no β-oxidation gene expression changes were observed compared to CAF group. In conclusion, chronic BPF supplementation efficiently prevents NAFLD by modulating hepatic energy metabolism and inflammation gene expression programs, with no effect on β-oxidation, but profound suppression of de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Parafati
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Daniele La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lascala
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Crupi
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Concetta Riillo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (V.M.)
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Arsenault‐Mehta K, Hochman‐Bérard M, Johnson A, Semenova D, Nguyen B, Willis J, Mouravska N, Joober R, Zhand N. Pharmacological management of neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: A narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024; 44:2-16. [PMID: 37794723 PMCID: PMC10932777 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment are among the core features of schizophrenia, experienced by up to 75% of patients. Available treatment options for schizophrenia including dopamine antagonists and traditional antipsychotic medications have not been shown to confer significant benefits on cognitive deficits. Contrary to the focus on management of positive symptoms in schizophrenia, cognitive abilities are main predictor of independent living skills, functional abilities, employment, engagement in relapse prevention, and patients' subjective sense of well-being and quality of life. This review aims to provide a summary of recent literature on pharmacological options for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS We conducted a literature search of studies from 2011 to 2021 across four electronic databases including PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and Embase. Human studies using a pharmacological treatment for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia were included. RESULTS Fifty-eight eligible publications, representing 11 pharmacological classes, were included in this review. Major limitations involved small sample size, methodological limitations as well as heterogeneity of participants and outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Overall evidence remains inconclusive for any pharmacological classes studied for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Methodological limitations in a majority of the studies rendered their findings preliminary. We further discuss possible explanations for these findings that could guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Arsenault‐Mehta
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health CenterThe University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Dar'ya Semenova
- The University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Bea Nguyen
- The University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jessie Willis
- The University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Natalia Mouravska
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health CenterThe University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Naista Zhand
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health CenterThe University of Ottawa Faculty of MedicineOttawaOntarioCanada
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Russo C, Lombardo GE, Bruschetta G, Rapisarda A, Maugeri A, Navarra M. Bergamot Byproducts: A Sustainable Source to Counteract Inflammation. Nutrients 2024; 16:259. [PMID: 38257152 PMCID: PMC10819577 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the result of an acute inflammatory response that fails to eliminate the pathogenic agent or heal the tissue injury. The consequence of this failure lays the foundations to the onset of several chronic ailments, including skin disorders, respiratory and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and, eventually, cancer. In this context, the long-term use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs to treat chronic illnesses cannot be tolerated by patients owing to the severe side effects. Based on this, the need for novel agents endowed with anti-inflammatory effects prompted to search potential candidates also within the plant kingdom, being recognized as a source of molecules currently employed in several therapeutical areas. Indeed, the ever-growing evidence on the anti-inflammatory properties of dietary polyphenols traced the route towards the study of flavonoid-rich sources, such as Citrus bergamia (bergamot) and its derivatives. Interestingly, the recent paradigm of the circular economy has promoted the valorization of Citrus fruit waste and, in regard to bergamot, it brought to light new evidence corroborating the anti-inflammatory potential of bergamot byproducts, thus increasing the scientific knowledge in this field. Therefore, this review aims to gather the latest literature supporting the beneficial role of both bergamot derivatives and waste products in different models of inflammatory-based diseases, thus highlighting the great potentiality of a waste re-evaluation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.E.L.); (A.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.E.L.); (A.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.E.L.); (A.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.E.L.); (A.R.); (M.N.)
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Stanzione R, Forte M, Cotugno M, Oppedisano F, Carresi C, Marchitti S, Mollace V, Volpe M, Rubattu S. Beneficial Effects of Citrus Bergamia Polyphenolic Fraction on Saline Load-Induced Injury in Primary Cerebral Endothelial Cells from the Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061334. [PMID: 36986064 PMCID: PMC10056311 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt load is a known noxious stimulus for vascular cells and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in both animal models and humans. The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) accelerates stroke predisposition upon high-salt dietary feeding. We previously demonstrated that high salt load causes severe injury in primary cerebral endothelial cells isolated from SHRSP. This cellular model offers a unique opportunity to test the impact of substances toward the mechanisms underlying high-salt-induced vascular damage. We tested the effects of a bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) on high-salt-induced injury in SHRSP cerebral endothelial cells. Cells were exposed to 20 mM NaCl for 72 h either in the absence or the presence of BPF. As a result, we confirmed that high salt load increased cellular ROS level, reduced viability, impaired angiogenesis, and caused mitochondrial dysfunction with a significant increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress. The addition of BPF reduced oxidative stress, rescued cell viability and angiogenesis, and recovered mitochondrial function with a significant decrease in mitochondrial oxidative stress. In conclusion, BPF counteracts the key molecular mechanisms underlying high-salt-induced endothelial cell damage. This natural antioxidant substance may represent a valuable adjuvant to treat vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Si Y, Liu C, Kou Y, Dong Z, Zhang J, Wang J, Lu C, Luo Y, Ni T, Du Y, Zhang H. Antipsychotics-induced improvement of cool executive function in individuals living with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1154011. [PMID: 37181875 PMCID: PMC10172485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1154011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cool executive dysfunction is a crucial feature in people living with schizophrenia which is related to cognition impairment and the severity of the clinical symptoms. Based on electroencephalogram (EEG), our current study explored the change of brain network under the cool executive tasks in individuals living with schizophrenia before and after atypical antipsychotic treatment (before_TR vs. after_TR). 21 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls completed the cool executive tasks, involving the Tower of Hanoi Task (THT) and Trail-Marking Test A-B (TMT A-B). The results of this study uncovered that the reaction time of the after_TR group was much shorter than that of the before_TR group in the TMT-A and TMT-B. And the after_TR group showed fewer error numbers in the TMT-B than those of the before_TR group. Concerning the functional network, stronger DMN-like linkages were found in the before_TR group compared to the control group. Finally, we adopted a multiple linear regression model based on the change network properties to predict the patient's PANSS change ratio. Together, the findings deepened our understanding of cool executive function in individuals living with schizophrenia and might provide physiological information to reliably predict the clinical efficacy of schizophrenia after atypical antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Si
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Lab for Psychopathology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanna Kou
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Zhumadian Second People's Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Henan International Key Laboratory for Non-invasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tianjun Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yunhong Du
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Lab for Psychopathology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan International Key Laboratory for Non-invasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxing Zhang,
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Prevalence, profile and associations of cognitive impairment in Ugandan first-episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 28:100234. [PMID: 35024348 PMCID: PMC8728100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) is the gold standard for neuropsychological assessment in psychotic disorders but is rarely used in low resource settings. This study used the MCCB to determine the prevalence, profile and associations of various exposures with cognitive impairment in Ugandan first-episode psychosis patients. Methods Patients and matched healthy controls were recruited at Butabika Hospital in Uganda. Clinical variables were first collated, and after the resolution of psychotic symptoms, a neuropsychological assessment of seven cognitive domains was performed using the MCCB. Cognitive impairment was defined as two standard deviations (SD) below the mean in one domain or 1SD below the mean in two domains. Descriptive statistics determined the prevalence and profile of impairment while regression models determined the association between various exposures with cognitive scores while controlling for age, sex and education. Results Neuropsychological assessment with the MCCB found the burden of cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis patients five times that of healthy controls. The visual learning and memory domain was most impaired in first-episode psychosis patients, while it was the working memory domain for the healthy controls. Increased age was associated with impairment in the domains of the speed of processing (p < 0.001) and visual learning and memory (p = 0.001). Cassava-rich diets and previous alternative and complementary therapy use were negatively associated with impairment in the visual learning (p = 0.04) and attention/vigilance domains (p = 0.012), respectively. There were no significant associations between sex, history of childhood trauma, or illness severity with any cognitive domain. Conclusion A significant burden of cognitive impairment in Ugandan first-episode psychosis patients is consistent with prior data from other contexts. However, the profile of and risk factors for impairment differ from that described in such work. Therefore, interventions to reduce cognitive impairment in FEP patients specific to this setting, including dietary modifications, are required.
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A Narrative Review of the Effects of Citrus Peels and Extracts on Human Brain Health and Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091847. [PMID: 35565814 PMCID: PMC9103913 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) become a major health problem. The onset of AD involves neurological dysfunction due to amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the brain. In addition, lifestyle-related diseases-such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and vascular dysfunction-increase the risk of developing dementia. The world population ages, prompting the development of new strategies to maintain brain health and prevent the onset of dementia in older and preclinical patients. Citrus fruits are abundant polymethoxylated flavone and flavanone sources. Preclinical studies reported that these compounds have neuroprotective effects in models of dementia such as AD. Interestingly, clinical and epidemiological studies appear to support preclinical evidence and show improved cognitive function and reduced associated disease risk in healthy individuals and/or patients. This review summarizes the recent evidence of the beneficial effects of citrus peels and extracts on human cognition and related functions.
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Algieri C, Bernardini C, Oppedisano F, La Mantia D, Trombetti F, Palma E, Forni M, Mollace V, Romeo G, Nesci S. Mitochondria Bioenergetic Functions and Cell Metabolism Are Modulated by the Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction. Cells 2022; 11:1401. [PMID: 35563707 PMCID: PMC9099917 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) was evaluated in the F1FO-ATPase activity of swine heart mitochondria. In the presence of a concentration higher than 50 µg/mL BPF, the ATPase activity of F1FO-ATPase, dependent on the natural cofactor Mg2+, increased by 15%, whereas the enzyme activity in the presence of Ca2+ was inhibited by 10%. By considering this opposite BPF effect, the F1FO-ATPase activity involved in providing ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation and triggering mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation has been evaluated. The BPF improved the catalytic coupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of a substrate at the first phosphorylation site, boosting the respiratory control ratios (state 3/state 4) by 25% and 85% with 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL BPF, respectively. Conversely, the substrate at the second phosphorylation site led to the improvement of the state 3/state 4 ratios by 15% only with 100 µg/mL BPF. Moreover, the BPF carried out its beneficial effect on the mPTP phenomenon by desensitizing the pore opening. The acute effect of the BPF on the metabolism of porcine aortica endothelial cells (pAECs) showed an ATP rate index greater than one, which points out a prevailing mitochondrial oxidative metabolism with respect to the glycolytic pathway, and this ratio rose by about three times with 100 µg/mL BPF. Consistently, the mitochondrial ATP turnover, in addition to the basal and maximal respiration, were higher in the presence of the BPF than in the controls, and the MTT test revealed an increase in cell viability with a BPF concentration above 200 µg/mL. Therefore, the molecule mixture of the BPF aims to ensure good performance of the mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Debora La Mantia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Department Gynecological, Obstetrical and Pediatric Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.L.M.); (F.T.); (M.F.); (S.N.)
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Pontifex MG, Malik MMAH, Connell E, Müller M, Vauzour D. Citrus Polyphenols in Brain Health and Disease: Current Perspectives. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:640648. [PMID: 33679318 PMCID: PMC7933480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to essential micronutrients such as vitamin C, citrus fruits represent a considerably rich source of non-essential bioactive compounds, in particular flavanones which form a sub-set of the flavonoid group. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of citrus flavonoids and have highlighted both the well-established (anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties), and newly emerging (influence upon blood-brain barrier function/integrity) mechanistic actions by which these neurological effects are mediated. Encouragingly, results from human studies, although limited in number, appear to support this preclinical basis, with improvements in cognitive performance and disease risk observed across healthy and disease states. Therefore, citrus fruits - both as whole fruit and 100% juices - should be encouraged within the diet for their potential neurological benefit. In addition, there should be further exploration of citrus polyphenols to establish therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the context of well-designed human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M A H Malik
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Connell
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the wide implications of cognitive impairment for prognosis and outcome in schizophrenia, the research on pharmacological approaches aimed at addressing dysfunctional cognition has been extensive; nevertheless, there are no currently available licensed drugs, and the evidence in this field is still unimpressive. Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant, which has been proposed as a suitable treatment option for cognitive symptoms in depression. METHODS Twenty schizophrenia outpatients (mean age ± SD, 40.7 ±10.6 years) on stable clozapine treatment, assessed by neuropsychological (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Verbal Fluency, and Stroop task) and psychodiagnostic instruments (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia), received vortioxetine at the single daily dose of 10 mg/d until week 12; the dose was increased at 20 mg/d afterward, and this dosage was maintained unchanged until week 24. A physical examination, electrocardiogram with QTc measurement, and laboratory tests were also performed. RESULTS Vortioxetine supplementation significantly improved Stroop test (P = 0.013) at week 12 and Stroop test (P = 0.031) and Semantic Fluency (P = 0.002) at end point. Moreover, a significantly reduction of PANSS domains "positive" (P = 0.019) at week 12 and of PANSS domains positive (P = 0.019) and total score (P = 0.041) and of depressive symptoms (Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, P = 0.032) at end point. There was no significant change in clinical, metabolic, and safety parameters, and no subject spontaneously reported adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations (open design, lack of a control group, small sample size, and short intervention period), our findings suggest for the first time that vortioxetine augmentation of clozapine may be a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits (CDs) in schizophrenia affect poor outcome and real-world community functioning. Because redox imbalance has been implicated, among other factors, in the pathophysiology of CDs, antioxidant compounds may have a beneficial effect in their treatment. Red yeast rice (RYR), besides its lipid-lowering effect, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. METHODS Thirty-five schizophrenia outpatients (age range, 18-60 years) on stable antipsychotic treatment and assessed by neuropsychological (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [WCST], Verbal Fluency, and Stroop task) and psychodiagnostic instruments (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) received RYR at daily dosage of 200 mg/d (total monacolin K/capsule content, 11.88 mg) for 12 weeks. RESULTS Red yeast rice supplementation significantly improved WCST "perseverative errors" (P = 0.015), "total errors" (P = 0.017, P = 0.001), and phonemic fluency test (P = 0.008); a trend for improvement on other WCST variables ("nonperseverative errors," "perseverative responses," and "categories") was observed. Effect sizes, according to Cohen's suggestions, were small in all explored cognitive dimensions. There were no significant change in clinical symptoms and no subject-reported adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Despite several limitations (open design, lack of a control group, short period of observation, small sample size, mode of controlling patients' compliance, the lack of assessment of patients' functional improvement), results suggest that RYR supplementation may be a potentially promising strategy for addressing CDs in schizophrenia; further randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed to better evaluate the potential role of RYR for the treatment of CDs in schizophrenia.
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Perna S, Spadaccini D, Botteri L, Girometta C, Riva A, Allegrini P, Petrangolini G, Infantino V, Rondanelli M. Efficacy of bergamot: From anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms to clinical applications as preventive agent for cardiovascular morbidity, skin diseases, and mood alterations. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:369-384. [PMID: 30847114 PMCID: PMC6392855 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize the effects of bergamot (extract, juice, essential oil, and polyphenolic fraction) on cardiovascular, bone, inflammatory, skin diseases, mood alteration, anxiety, pain, and stress. This review included a total of 31 studies (20 studies on humans with 1709 subjects and 11 in animals (rats and mice)). In humans, bergamot-derived extract (BE) exerts positive effects on hyperlipidemia with an oral dose from 150 mg to 1000 mg/day of flavonoids administered from 30 to 180 days, demonstrating an effect on body weight and in modulating total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL. Studies in animals confirm promising data on glucose control (500/1000 mg/day of BE with a treatment lasting 30 days) are available in rats. In animals models, bergamot essential oil (BEO, 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg daily for 20 weeks) increases bone volume, decreases psoriatic plaques, increases skin collagen content, and promotes hair growth. Bergamot juice (20 mg/kg) is promising in terms of pro-inflammatory cytokine reduction. In humans, aromatherapy (from 15 to 30 min) does not appear to be useful in order to reduce stress, anxiety, and nausea, compared to placebo. Compared to baseline, BE topical application and BEO aromatherapy reduce blood diastolic and systolic pressure and could have a significant effect on improving mental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perna
- Department of BiologyCollege of ScienceUniversity of BahrainZallaqBahrain
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineSection of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition UnitAzienda di Servizi alla PersonaUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Leonardo Botteri
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineSection of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition UnitAzienda di Servizi alla PersonaUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Carolina Girometta
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMycology and Plant Pathology LaboratoryPaviaItaly
| | | | | | | | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineSection of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition UnitAzienda di Servizi alla PersonaUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human OncologyUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineSection of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition UnitAzienda di Servizi alla PersonaUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- IRCCS Mondino FoundationPaviaItaly
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