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Savarimuthu A, Ponniah RJ. Cognition and Cognitive Reserve. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:483-501. [PMID: 38279076 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cognition is a mental process that provides the ability to think, know, and learn. Though cognitive skills are necessary to do daily tasks and activities, cognitive aging causes changes in various cognitive functions. Cognitive abilities that are preserved and strengthened by experience can be kept as a reserve and utilized when necessary. The concept of reserving cognition was found when people with Alzheimer's disease had differences in clinical manifestations and cognitive functions. The cognitive reserve builds resilience against cognitive decline and improves the quality of life. Also, several lines of studies have found that the plasticity between neurons has a significant impact on cognitive reserve and acts against cognitive decline. To extend the findings, the present study provides a comprehensive understanding of cognitive reserve and the variables that are involved in maintaining cognition. The study also considers reading as one of the cognitive proxies that develops and maintains cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Savarimuthu
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
- Department of English, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - R Joseph Ponniah
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.
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Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY, Byun JY, Jacob A, Anderson JN, Visscher K, Triebel K, Martin KM, Li W, Puga F, Fazeli PL. Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:155-191. [PMID: 36725781 PMCID: PMC9891899 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory training (OT), or smell training,consists of repeated exposure to odorants over time with the intended neuroplastic effect of improving or remediating olfactory functioning. Declines in olfaction parallel declines in cognition in various pathological conditions and aging. Research suggests a dynamic neural connection exists between olfaction and cognition. Thus, if OT can improve olfaction, could OT also improve cognition and support brain function? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether there is evidence that OT translates to improved cognition or altered brain morphology and connectivity that supports cognition. Across three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, & Embase), 18 articles were identified in this systematic review. Overall, the reviewed studies provided emerging evidence that OT is associated with improved global cognition, and in particular, verbal fluency and verbal learning/memory. OT is also associated with increases in the volume/size of olfactory-related brain regions, including the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and altered functional connectivity. Interestingly, these positive effects were not limited to patients with smell loss (i.e., hyposmia & anosmia) but normosmic (i.e., normal ability to smell) participants benefitted as well. Implications for practice and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Sandson Frank
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham, & Division of Otolaryngology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jun Y Byun
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph N Anderson
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristen Triebel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karli M Martin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Puga
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Fioranelli M, Roccia MG, Garo ML. The role of arts engagement in reducing cognitive decline and improving quality of life in healthy older people: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1232357. [PMID: 37671109 PMCID: PMC10475943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, arts engagement has been proposed as a non-pharmacological approach to reduce cognitive decline and increase well-being and quality of life in specific populations such as the elderly or patients with severe disease. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of receptive or active arts engagement on reducing cognitive decline and improving quality of life and well-being in healthy populations, with a particular focus on the role of arts engagement in the long term. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted across four databases from February to March 2023. Ten studies with a total of 7,874 participants were incorporated in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Active and receptive arts engagement was found to be an effective approach to reduce cognitive decline and improve well-being and quality of life in healthy populations. The role of the positive effects of arts engagement could be determined by the combination of several factors such as exposure to cultural activities and the group effect. There is limited evidence of the protective effects of active arts engagement over a long period of time. Given the increasing demand for preventive programmes to reduce the negative effects of population ageing, more research on arts engagement should be conducted to identify its mechanisms and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Luisa Garo
- Istituto Terapie Sistemiche Integrate, Casa di Cura Sanatrix, Rome, Italy
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Ghasemian-Shirvan E, Mosayebi-Samani M, Farnad L, Kuo MF, Meesen RL, Nitsche MA. Age-dependent non-linear neuroplastic effects of cathodal tDCS in the elderly population; a titration study. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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López C, Sánchez JL, Martín J. The effect of cognitive stimulation on the progression of cognitive impairment in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022; 29:90-99. [PMID: 31906723 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1710510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to examine the impact of a cognitive stimulation intervention model on subjects with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The stimulation intervention consisted of carrying out cognitive activities with a small group of participants during a 6-month period. The program designed included 3 weekly 1-h sessions that always targeted the same two functions using different tasks. The pretest-posttest study design was carried out on two groups of patients: the control group, and the experimental group receiving the intervention. The sample consisted of 20 patients, aged between 66 and 89 years (M = 81.90; SD = 5.476), attending a day care center. Cognitive stimulation was conducted on the subjects in the experimental group three times a week for 6 months. The statistical analysis performed was a repeated measures ANOVA, with the groups (intervention vs. no intervention) being the between-subject factor. The aim was to detect interaction between two different factors. Interaction was found between the scores obtained for comprehension (F(1, 18) = 4.662, d = -0.963, p-value = 0.045), visual reproduction copy (F(1, 18) = 7.106, d = -1.07; p-value = 0.016) and word list recognition (F(1, 18) = 5.345; d = -1.038; p-value = 0.003). We can conclude that this model of intervention maintained the cognitive performance of patients with mild-moderate AD with respect to reasoning, constructive praxis and the recognition of word lists, while the control group showed a deterioration in these functions within 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Sánchez
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Triebel K, Anderson J, Nakkina SR, Vance DE. Can Breast Cancer Survivors Benefit from Speed of Processing Training? A Perspective Article on Treatment and Research. NURSING: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2147/nrr.s312214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Martins IJ. Human survival and immune mediated mitophagy in neuroplasticity disorders. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:735. [PMID: 30632516 PMCID: PMC6352586 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Fabbri L, Mosca IE, Gerli F, Martini L, Pancani S, Lucidi G, Savazzi F, Baglio F, Vannetti F, Macchi C. The Games for Older Adults Active Life (GOAL) Project for People With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1040. [PMID: 30687208 PMCID: PMC6336896 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: People living with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) are persons who do not fulfill a diagnosis of dementia, but who have a high risk of progressing to a dementia disorder. The most recent guidelines to counteract cognitive decline in MCI/VCI subjects suggest a multidimensional and multi-domain interventions combining cognitive, physical, and social activities. The purpose of this study is to test an innovative service that provides a multi-dimensional tele-rehabilitation program through a user-friendly web application. The latter has been developed through a participatory design involving MCI specialists, patients, and their caregivers. Particularly, the proposed tele-rehabilitation program includes cognitive, physical, and caregiver-supported social activities. The goal is to promote and preserve an active life style and counteract cognitive decline in people living with MCI/VCI. Methods:The study is a randomized controlled trial. Sixty subjects will be randomly assigned to the experimental group, who will receive the tele-rehabilitation program, or the control group, who will not receive any treatment. The trial protocol comprises three steps of assessment for the experimental group: at the baseline (T_0), after tele-rehabilitation program (T_1) and at follow-up after 12-months (T_2). Differently, the control group will be assessed twice: at the baseline and at 12-months follow-up. Both the experimental and the control group will be assessed with a multidimensional evaluation battery, including cognitive functioning, behavioral, functional, and quality of life measures. The tele-rehabilitation program lasts 8 weeks and includes cognitive exercises 3 days a week, physical activities 2 days a week, and social activities once a week. In addition, group will be given an actigraph (GENEActiv, Activisinghts Ltd., Cambridgshire, UK) to track physical and sleep activity. Discussion:Results of this study will inform on the efficacy of the proposed tele-rehabilitation to prevent or delay further cognitive decline in MCI/VCI subjects. The expected outcome is to counteract cognitive decline and improve both physical functioning and quality of life. Ethics and Dissemination:The study is approved by the Local Ethics Committee and registered in https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03383549). Dissemination will include submission to a peer-reviewed journal, patients, and healthcare magazines and congress presentations. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03383549 (registration date: 26/dec/2017) Trial Funding: Bando FAS Salute 2014 Regione Toscana Version Identifier: ver 5-16/11/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fabbri
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Eleonora Mosca
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Gerli
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pancani
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lucidi
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Savazzi
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Vannetti
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Macchi
- Author Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Firenze, Italy; Consorzio di Bioingegneria e Informatica medica - CBIM, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
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Fu MC, Belza B, Nguyen H, Logsdon R, Demorest S. Impact of group-singing on older adult health in senior living communities: A pilot study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Farina M, Paloski LH, de Oliveira CR, de Lima Argimon II, Irigaray TQ. Cognitive Reserve in Elderly and Its Connection with Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-017-9295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blasi V, Baglio G, Baglio F, Canevini MP, Zanette M. Movement cognition and narration of the emotions treatment versus standard speech therapy in the treatment of children with borderline intellectual functioning: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28427388 PMCID: PMC5397820 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is defined as a "health meta-condition… characterized by various cognitive dysfunctions associated with an intellectual quotient (IQ) between 71 and 85 which determines a deficit in the individual's functioning both in the restriction of activities and in the limitation of social participation". It can be caused by many factors, including a disadvantaged background and prematurity. BIF affects 7-12% of primary school children that show academic difficulties due to poor executive functioning. In many children with BIF, language, movement and social abilities are also affected, making it difficult to take part in daily activities. Dropping out of school and psychological afflictions such as anxiety and depression are common in children with BIF. This study investigates whether an intensive rehabilitation program that involves all of the areas affected in children with BIF (Movement, Cognition and Narration of emotions, MCNT) is more effective than Standard Speech Therapy (SST). METHODS This is a multicenter interventional single blind randomized controlled study. Children aged between 6 to 11 years who attend a mainstream primary school and have multiple learning difficulties, behavioral problems and an IQ ranging between 85 to 70 have been enrolled. Participants are randomly allocated to one of three groups. The first group receives individual treatment with SST for 45 min, twice a week for 9 months. The second group receives the experimental treatment MCNT for 3 h per day, 5 days/ week for 9 months and children work in small groups. The third group consists of children on a waiting list for the SST for nine months. DISCUSSION BIF is a very frequent condition with no ad hoc treatment. Over the long term, there is a high risk to develop psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Due to its high social impact, we consider it very important to intervene during childhood so as to intercept the remarkable plasticity of the developing brain. TRIAL REGISTRATION "Study Let them grow: A new intensive and multimodal Treatment for children with borderline intellectual functioning based on Movement, Cognition and Narration of emotions", retrospectively registered in ISRCTN Register with ISRCTN81710297 at 2017-01-09.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Blasi
- IRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Baglio
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - F Baglio
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - MP Canevini
- 0000 0004 1757 2822grid.4708.bDepartment of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; ASST S. Paolo and S. Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zanette
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
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Interventions for Cognitive Deficits in Breast Cancer Survivors Treated With Chemotherapy. Cancer Nurs 2017; 40:E11-E27. [DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bail J, Meneses K. Computer-Based Cognitive Training for Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Survivors. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2016; 20:504-9. [DOI: 10.1188/16.cjon.504-509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The neurobiology of HIV and its impact on cognitive reserve: A review of cognitive interventions for an aging population. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:144-56. [PMID: 26776767 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medications used to treat HIV have reduced the severity of cognitive deficits; yet, nearly half of adults with HIV still exhibit some degree of cognitive deficits, referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder or HAND. These cognitive deficits interfere with everyday functioning such as emotional regulation, medication adherence, instrumental activities of daily living, and even driving a vehicle. As adults are expected to live a normal lifespan, the process of aging in this clinical population may exacerbate such cognitive deficits. Therefore, it is important to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of HIV on cognitive reserve and develop interventions that are either neuroprotective or compensate for such cognitive deficits. Within the context of cognitive reserve, this article delivers a state of the science perspective on the causes of HAND and provides possible interventions for addressing such cognitive deficits. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
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Vance DE. The Cognitive Consequences of Stigma, Social Withdrawal, and Depression in Adults Aging with HIV. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2013; 51:18-20. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20130315-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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