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Chokki Veettil P, Nikarthil Sidhick J, Kavungal Abdulkhader S, Ms SP, Kumari Chidambaran C. Triclosan, an antimicrobial drug, induced reproductive impairment in the freshwater fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:254-271. [PMID: 38518096 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241242510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial drug, is known to occupy different compartments in aquatic ecosystems. The present study focused to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of triclosan, at environmentally relevant (0.009 and 9 μg L-1) and sublethal (176.7 μg L-1) concentrations for 90 days in the pre-spawning phase of the fish, Anabas testudineus. The reproductive biomarkers, namely, gonadal steroidogenic enzymes, expression of aromatic genes, levels of serum gonadotropins, sex hormones, and histology of gonads were analyzed. The weight of the animal, brain weights along with gonadosomatic index decreased while mucus deposition increased significantly at all concentrations of triclosan as the primary defensive mechanism to prevent the entry of toxicants. Triclosan disrupted gonadal steroidogenesis as evidenced by a reduction in the activities of gonadal steroidogenic enzymes. The expressions of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b genes were up-regulated in the brain of both sexes and testis, while down-regulated in the ovary indicating estrogenic effects of the compound. The endocrine-disrupting effects of triclosan were confirmed. The current results suggest that chronic exposure to triclosan altered reproductive endpoints thereby impairing normal reproductive functions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Siva Prasad Ms
- Department of Forensic Science, University of Calicut, Kerala Police Academy, Thrissur, India
| | - Chitra Kumari Chidambaran
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India
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Baur R, Kashon M, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Anderson SE. Exposure to the anti-microbial chemical triclosan disrupts keratinocyte function and skin integrity in a model of reconstructed human epidermis. J Immunotoxicol 2023; 20:1-11. [PMID: 36524471 PMCID: PMC10364087 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2148781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an anti-microbial chemical incorporated into products that are applied to the skin of healthcare workers. Exposure to triclosan has previously been shown to be associated with allergic disease in humans and impact the immune responses in animal models. Additionally, studies have shown that exposure to triclosan dermally activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and disrupts the skin barrier integrity in mice. The skin is the largest organ of the body and plays an important role as a physical barrier and regulator of the immune system. Alterations in the barrier and immune regulatory functions of the skin have been demonstrated to increase the risk of sensitization and development of allergic disease. In this study, the impact of triclosan exposure on the skin barrier and keratinocyte function was investigated using a model of reconstructed human epidermis. The apical surface of reconstructed human epidermis was exposed to triclosan (0.05-0.2%) once for 6, 24, or 48 h or daily for 5 consecutive days. Exposure to triclosan increased epidermal permeability and altered the expression of genes involved in formation of the skin barrier. Additionally, exposure to triclosan altered the expression patterns of several cytokines and growth factors. Together, these results suggest that exposure to triclosan impacts skin barrier integrity and function of human keratinocytes and suggests that these alterations may impact immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Li Y, Xiang S, Hu L, Qian J, Liu S, Jia J, Cui J. In vitro metabolism of triclosan and chemoprevention against its cytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139708. [PMID: 37536533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical, has been extensively used in personal daily care items, household commodities, and clinical medications; therefore, humans are at risk of being exposed to TCS in their daily lives. This chemical also accumulated in food chains, and potential risks were associated with its metabolism in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in metabolic profile of TCS by hepatic P450 enzymes and extrahepatic P450s, and also identify chemical structures of its metabolites. The results showed that RLM mediated the hydroxylation and cleavage of the ether moiety of TCS, resulting in phenolic metabolites that are more polar than the parent compound, including 4-chlorocatechol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and monohydroxylated triclosan. The major metabolite of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mediated TCS metabolism is 4-chlorochol. We also performed molecular docking experiments to investigate possible binding modes of TCS in the active sites of human CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP3A4. In addition to in vitro experiments, we further examined the cytotoxic effects of TCS on HepG2 cells expressing hepatic P450 and MCF-7/1B1 cells expressing CYP1B1. It exhibited significant cytotoxicity on HepG2, MCF-10A and MCF-7/1B1 cells, with IC50 values of 70 ± 10 μM, 20 ± 10 μM and 60 ± 20 μM, respectively. The co-incubation of TCS with glutathione (GSH) as a chemopreventive agent could reduce the cytotoxicity of TCS in vitro. The chemopreventive effects of GSH might be ascribed to the promotion of TCS efflux mediated by membrane transporter MRP1 and also its antioxidant property, which partially neutralized the oxidative stress of TCS on mammalian cells. This study contributed to our understanding of the relationship between the P450 metabolism and the toxicity of TCS. It also had implications for the use of specific chemopreventive agents against the toxicity of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubei Li
- School of China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyan Xiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuyin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuoguo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Kavya B, King B, Rigsbee AS, Yang JG, Sprinkles W, Patel VM, McDonald AA, Amburn SK, Champlin FR. Influence of outer membrane permeabilization on intrinsic resistance to the hydrophobic biocide triclosan in opportunistic Serratia species. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15385. [PMID: 37101640 PMCID: PMC10123185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is a hydrophobic antimicrobial agent commonly employed in health care settings. While it exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, the gram-negative nosocomial opportunists Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens are atypically refractory. Intrinsic resistance to triclosan in P. aeruginosa is largely due to its outer membrane impermeability properties for hydrophobic and bulky substances. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between triclosan and the outer cell envelopes of thirteen strains of ten Serratia species reported to be opportunistic pathogens in humans. General intrinsic resistance to hydrophobic and other outer membrane impermeant compounds was assessed using cultural selection, disk agar diffusion, and macrobroth dilution bioassays. Uptake of the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-N-phenylnapthylamine was assessed in four disparate strains of S. marcescens. Batch culture kinetics in the presence of combinations of triclosan and outer membrane permeabilizer compound 48/80 allowed analysis of outer membrane involvement in intrinsic resistance. Aggregate results revealed that individual species ranged in response to hydrophobic and bulky molecules from generally refractory to extremely susceptible. Moreover, susceptivity to triclosan sensitization by chemical disruption of outer membrane exclusionary properties differed markedly among species which exhibited intrinsic resistance to triclosan. These data suggest that disparate opportunistic pathogens within the genus Serratia differ phenotypically regarding the degree to which outer membrane exclusion contributes to intrinsic resistance for impermeant molecules in general, and triclosan specifically. Ancillary resistance mechanisms appear to contribute in some species and may involve constitutive multi-drug efflux systems. Importance A paucity of knowledge exists regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which opportunistically pathogenic members of the genus Serratia are able to infect immunocompromised and otherwise susceptible individuals, and then evade chemotherapy. This is especially true for species other than Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens, although much remains to be learned with regard to the nature of key virulence factors and infection mechanisms which allow for the typically nosocomial acquisition of even these species. The research described in the present study will provide a better understanding of the contribution of outer cell envelope permeability properties to the pathogenicity of these opportunistic species in an ever-increasing susceptible patient population. It is our hope that greater knowledge of the basic biology of these organisms will contribute to the mitigation of suffering they cause in patients with underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyina Kavya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Blake King
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK, USA
| | - Abby S. Rigsbee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Yang
- Biotechnology Department, Tulsa Community College, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Wilson Sprinkles
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Allison A. McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Sue Katz Amburn
- Biology Department, Rogers State University, Claremore, OK, USA
| | - Franklin R. Champlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Thakkar S, Seetharaman B, Kumar H, Vasantharekha R. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure Alter Neuroendocrine Factors, Disrupt Cardiac Functions and Provokes Hypoxia Conditions in Zebrafish Model. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:201-213. [PMID: 36070142 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly popular vertebrate model used for assessing the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on living beings. The zebrafish features high genetic homology to mammals, because of its rapid embryonic development, optical transparency of phenotypic screening embryos, high throughput genetic and chemical screening which make them a powerful toxicological model. This systematic review aimed to assess the recent literature on the use of zebrafish model in EDCs toxicity studies. We capture the data on the types of EDCs used, zebrafish life stages associated with the toxicity, and its effects on the alterations in neuroendocrine factors and cardiac hypoxia in zebrafish. A total of 17 articles published between 2010 and 2020 were curated. The information gathered highlighted the association of EDCs with cardiological outcomes and neurobehavioral effects and distorted expression of genes. The genes that were highlighted in the paper include bdnf, ntrk2a, grin2cb, VTG-1, HIF-1α, tnnt2, ntrk1, and pax6b. The effect of EDCs on cardiac hypoxia and neurodevelopmental and behavioral factors of zebrafish were described in all the papers chosen for this review. The involvement of EDCs in altered regulation of gene expression can be studied further to identify the potential EDC compounds on its toxicological and endocrine disruption function at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Thakkar
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Hamsini Kumar
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Marques AC, Mariana M, Cairrao E. Triclosan and Its Consequences on the Reproductive, Cardiovascular and Thyroid Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911427. [PMID: 36232730 PMCID: PMC9570035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygiene is essential to avoid diseases, and this is thanks to daily cleaning and disinfection habits. Currently, there are numerous commercial products containing antimicrobial agents, and although they are efficient in disinfecting, it is still not known the effect of the constant use of these products on human health. In fact, a massive use of disinfectants has been observed due to COVID-19, but the possible adverse effects are not yet known. Triclosan is one of the antimicrobial agents used in cosmetic products, toothpaste, and disinfectants. This compound is an endocrine disruptor, which means it can interfere with hormonal function, with its estrogenic and androgenic activity having already been stated. Even if the use of triclosan is well-regulated, with the maximum allowed concentration in the European Union of 0.3% (m/m), its effects on human health are still uncertain. Studies in animals and humans suggest the possibility of harmful health outcomes, particularly for the reproductive system, and in a less extent for the cardiovascular and thyroid functions. Thus, the purpose of this review was to analyse the possible implications of the massive use of triclosan, mainly on the reproductive and cardiovascular systems and on the thyroid function, both in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Marques
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-275-329-049
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Farias JOD, Santo JDADE, Amorim IA, Rezende TMB. Triclosan antimicrobial activity against dental-caries-related bacteria. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8668076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a chlorinated diphenyl ether and a possible active agent against microorganisms. Due to its probability of reducing dental plaque accumulation, TCS can be added as a substance for oral hygiene. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial capacity of TCS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This work evaluates the percentage of bacteria inhibition of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. mutans (ATCC 25175). TCS concentrations between 2 and 128 μg.mL-1 were tested. Results: An inhibitory potential of TCS was found against S. mutans. No percentage of inhibition was detected against P. aeruginosa (technical and biological triplicate). Conclusion: TCS, an antimicrobial agent used in dentifrices, can reduce S. mutans levels therefore these dentifrices should be indicated for patients with a high risk of caries. However, further study is needed, including antimicrobial analyses against other microbial conditions.
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An Ionic-Liquid-Imprinted Nanocomposite Adsorbent: Simulation, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Triclosan Endocrine Disturbing Water Contaminant Removal. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175358. [PMID: 36080126 PMCID: PMC9457669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of triclosan in water is toxic to human beings, hazardous to the environment and creates side effects and problems because this is an endocrine-disturbing water pollutant. Therefore, there is a great need for the separation of this notorious water pollutant at an effective, economic and eco-friendly level. The interface sorption was achieved on synthesized ionic liquid-based nanocomposites. An N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid copper oxide nanocomposite was prepared using green methods and characterized by using proper spectroscopic methods. The nanocomposite was used to remove triclosan in water with the best conditions of time 30 min, concentration 100 µg/L, pH 8.0, dose 1.0 g/L and temperature 25 °C, with 90.2 µg/g removal capacity. The results obeyed Langmuir, Temkin and D-Rs isotherms with a first-order kinetic and liquid-film-diffusion kinetic model. The positive entropy value was 0.47 kJ/mol K, while the negative value of enthalpy was −0.11 kJ/mol. The negative values of free energy were −53.18, −74.17 and −76.14 kJ/mol at 20, 25 and 30 °C. These values confirmed exothermic and spontaneous sorption of triclosan. The combined effects of 3D parameters were also discussed. The supramolecular model was developed by simulation and chemical studies and suggested electrovalent bonding between triclosan and N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid. Finally, this method is assumed as valuable for the elimination of triclosan in water.
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Baur R, Shane HL, Weatherly LM, Lukomska E, Kashon M, Anderson SE. Exposure to the immunomodulatory chemical triclosan differentially impacts immune cell populations in the skin of haired (BALB/c) and hairless (SKH1) mice. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1766-1776. [PMID: 36518425 PMCID: PMC9742971 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers across every occupational sector have the potential to be exposed to a wide variety of chemicals, and the skin is a primary route of exposure. Furthermore, exposure to certain chemicals has been linked to inflammatory and allergic diseases. Thus, understanding the immune responses to chemical exposures on the skin and the potential for inflammation and sensitization is needed to improve worker safety and health. Responses in the skin microenvironment impact the potential for sensitization; these responses may include proinflammatory cytokines, inflammasome activation, barrier integrity, skin microbiota, and the presence of immune cells. Selection of specific mouse strains to evaluate skin effects, such as haired (BALB/c) or hairless (SKH1) mice, varies dependent on experimental design and needs of a study. However, dermal chemical exposure may impact reactions in the skin differently depending on the strain of mouse. Additionally, there is a need for established methods to evaluate immune responses in the skin. In this study, exposure to the immunomodulatory chemical triclosan was evaluated in two mouse models using immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. BALB/c mice exposed to triclosan (2%) had a higher number and frequency of neutrophils and lower number and frequency of dendritic cells in the skin compared to controls. Although these changes were not observed in SKH1 mice, SKH1 mice exposed to triclosan had a higher number and frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the skin. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to an immunomodulatory chemical, triclosan, differentially impacts immune cell populations in the skin of haired and hairless mice. Additionally, the flow cytometry panel reported in this manuscript, in combination with gene expression analysis, may be useful in future studies to better evaluate the effect of chemical exposures on the skin immune response. These findings may be important to consider during strain selection, experimental design, and result interpretation of chemical exposures on the skin.
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Baur R, Gandhi J, Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Hu G, Anderson SE. Dermal exposure to the immunomodulatory antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:223-235. [PMID: 34515797 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical used in healthcare settings that can be absorbed through the skin. Exposure to triclosan has been positively associated with food and aeroallergy and asthma exacerbation in humans and, although not directly sensitizing, has been demonstrated to augment the allergic response in a mouse model of asthma. The skin barrier and microbiome are thought to play important roles in regulating inflammation and allergy and disruptions may contribute to development of allergic disease. To investigate potential connections of the skin barrier and microbiome with immune responses to triclosan, SKH1 mice were exposed dermally to triclosan (0.5-2%) or vehicle for up to 7 consecutive days. Exposure to 2% triclosan for 5-7 days on the skin was shown to increase trans-epidermal water loss levels. Seven days of dermal exposure to triclosan decreased filaggrin 2 and keratin 10 expression, but increased filaggrin and keratin 14 protein along with the danger signal S100a8 and interleukin-4. Dermal exposure to triclosan for 7 days also altered the alpha and beta diversity of the skin and gut microbiome. Specifically, dermal triclosan exposure increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes family, Lachnospiraceae on the skin but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes family, Ruminococcaceae in the gut. Collectively, these results demonstrate that repeated dermal exposure to the antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice, suggesting that these changes may contribute to the increase in allergic immune responses following dermal exposure to triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.,WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
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Shane HL, Othumpangat S, Marshall NB, Blachere F, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Baur R, Noti JD, Anderson SE. Topical exposure to triclosan inhibits Th1 immune responses and reduces T cells responding to influenza infection in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244436. [PMID: 33373420 PMCID: PMC7771851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers concurrently may be at a higher risk of developing respiratory infections and allergic disease, such as asthma, than the general public. Increased incidence of allergic diseases is thought to be caused, in part, due to occupational exposure to chemicals that induce or augment Th2 immune responses. However, whether exposure to these chemical antimicrobials can influence immune responses to respiratory pathogens is unknown. Here, we use a BALB/c murine model to test if the Th2-promoting antimicrobial chemical triclosan influences immune responses to influenza A virus. Mice were dermally exposed to 2% triclosan for 7 days prior to infection with a sub-lethal dose of mouse adapted PR8 A(H1N1) virus (50 pfu); triclosan exposure continued until 10 days post infection (dpi). Infected mice exposed to triclosan did not show an increase in morbidity or mortality, and viral titers were unchanged. Assessment of T cell responses at 10 dpi showed a decrease in the number of total and activated (CD44hi) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the site of infection (BAL and lung) in triclosan exposed mice compared to controls. Influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were assessed using MHCI and MHCII tetramers, with reduced populations, although not reaching statistical significance at these sites following triclosan exposure. Reductions in the Th1 transcription factor T-bet were seen in both activated and tetramer+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs of triclosan exposed infected mice, indicating reduced Th1 polarization and providing a potential mechanism for numerical reduction in T cells. Overall, these results indicate that the immune environment induced by triclosan exposure has the potential to influence the developing immune response to a respiratory viral infection and may have implications for healthcare workers who may be at an increased risk for developing infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Nikki B. Marshall
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Francoise Blachere
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - John D. Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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Olaniyan LWB, Okoh AI. Determination and ecological risk assessment of two endocrine disruptors from River Buffalo, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:750. [PMID: 33155083 PMCID: PMC7644535 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-Octylphenol (4-tOP) and triclosan (TCS) are endocrine disruptors which have been detected in environmental matrices such as air, soil and water at ultra-low levels. Exposure to endocrine disruptors may account at least in part, for the global increase in the incidence of non-communicable diseases like cancers and diabetes and may also lead to an imbalance in the aquatic ecosystem. River Buffalo is an important natural resource in the Eastern Cape of South Africa serving more than half a million people. The presence of the two compounds in the river water hitherto unknown was investigated during winter seasons using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques. The sampling points differed by some physicochemical parameters. The concentration of 4-tOP ranged 0-755 ng/L, median value 88.1 ng/L while that of TCS ranged 0-1264.2 ng/L and the median value was 82.1 ng/L. Hazard quotient as an index of exposure risk varied according to daphnids ˃ fish ˃ algae for 4-tOP exposure while HQ for TCS exposure was algae > daphnids = fish showing that both compounds were capable of causing imbalance in the aquatic ecosystem. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamidi W B Olaniyan
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Yan J, Joseph MA, Reynolds SA, Geer LA. Association between Urinary Triclosan and Serum Testosterone Levels in U.S. Adult Males from NHANES, 2011-2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7412. [PMID: 33053737 PMCID: PMC7601660 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan was introduced into the market in the 1970s and has since been used as an antimicrobial agent in a diverse array of consumer and personal care products. Although it has been widely used over a number of years, there is growing concern and debate over its safety and efficacy and its potential as an endocrine disruptor. Although prior animal toxicology studies have shown an association between triclosan and decreased testosterone levels, human studies have been limited, particularly for adult men. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (NHANES, 2011-2012), we examined the association of urinary triclosan on testosterone levels in adult men 18-65 years of age. Multivariable linear regression analysis failed to show an association between triclosan and serum testosterone (β = 0.0003, p = 0.98, 95% CI = -0.024, 0.025). The results suggest there is no association or that triclosan concentrations are too low to cause a significant impact on testosterone levels. Additionally, longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the direction of change and magnitude of causal relationships over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
| | - Michael A. Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.A.J.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Simone A. Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.A.J.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Laura A. Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Friend SA, Lukomska E, Baur R, Anderson SE. Topical Application of the Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:147-161. [PMID: 32321163 PMCID: PMC7367438 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in consumer household and clinical healthcare products. Human and animal studies have associated triclosan exposure with allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have identified triclosan as a mitochondrial uncoupler; recent studies suggest that mitochondria play an important role in immune cell function and are involved in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, early immunological effects were evaluated via NLRP3 activation following dermal triclosan application in a BALB/c murine model. These investigations revealed rapid caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β secretion in the skin and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after 1.5% and 3% triclosan exposure. Correspondingly, pro-Il-1b and S100a8 gene expression increased along with extracellular ATP in the skin. Peak gene expression of chemokines associated with caspase-1 activation occurred after 2 days of exposure in both skin tissue and dLNs. Phenotypic analysis showed an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in the dLN and myeloid and inflammatory monocytes in the skin tissue. Triclosan also caused mitochondrial dysfunction shown through effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial morphology. These results indicate that following triclosan exposure, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome occurs in both the skin tissue and dLNs, providing a possible mechanism for triclosan's effects on allergic disease and further support a connection between mitochondrial involvements in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Sherri A. Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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15
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Rolland M, Lyon-Caen S, Sakhi AK, Pin I, Sabaredzovic A, Thomsen C, Slama R, Philippat C. Exposure to phenols during pregnancy and the first year of life in a new type of couple-child cohort relying on repeated urine biospecimens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105678. [PMID: 32248023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parabens, bisphenol A and triclosan have been forbidden or restricted in specific types of consumer goods in Europe and France. Limited biomonitoring data are available in France since the implementation of these regulations, and exposure data on infants is scarce worldwide. Understanding the predictors of phenol urinary concentrations will help identify potential targets for prevention. AIM We described levels, variability and predictors of exposure to 12 phenols in pregnant women and infants recruited between 2014 and 2017 in a French couple-child cohort. METHODS Among 479 pregnant women and 150 of their infants, we studied phenol urinary concentrations in within-subject, within-period pools of repeated urine samples collected during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (up to 42 samples per woman), at 2 months and 12 months (up to 14 samples per infant). Time trends and associations with demographic, protocol, occupational and behavioral factors were studied using interval censored models to accommodate for undetected and unquantified urine concentrations. RESULTS Detection rates were above 90% for bisphenol A, ethylparaben, methylparaben, benzophenone-3 and triclosan and below 5% for bisphenol AF, B, F and triclocarban. Median levels of bisphenol A, bisphenol S, methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben at 12 months were similar or higher than during pregnancy. For pregnant women all phenols but benzophenone-3 and bisphenol S showed a linear decrease between 2014 and 2017 (p-values < 0.02). Women with the shortest education (primary and secondary school) had higher urinary concentrations of triclosan (β = 0.58 (95% confidence interval (CI), -0.04; 1.20)), ethyl (β = 0.43 (95%CI, 0.03; 0.84)) and propyl paraben (β = 1.39 (95%CI, 0.55; 2.24)) than those with the longest education. Cashiers had higher conccentrations of bisphenol S (β = 0.99 (95%CI, -0.11; 2.09)) but not of bisphenol A (β = -0.04 (95%CI, -0.26; 0.19)) than unemployed women. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent regulations, bisphenol A, triclosan and paraben detection rates were high in women and young infants. High bisphenol and paraben median levels at 12 months require further investigation as early infancy is a sensitive period for exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Rolland
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | | | - Isabelle Pin
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France; Pediatric Department, Grenoble University Hospital, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | | | - Rémy Slama
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France.
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Dix-Cooper L, Kosatsky T. Use of antibacterial toothpaste is associated with higher urinary triclosan concentrations in Asian immigrant women living in Vancouver, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:897-904. [PMID: 30947060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan is an antibacterial added to consumer products including toothpastes, cosmetics, and plastic cutting boards. Known to disrupt reproductive and hormonal functioning in animals, epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to triclosan may have similar effects on human health. METHODS 100 women aged 19 to 45 years born in India or China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan new to the Vancouver (Canada) area were recruited in 2015-2016 by word of mouth, public advertisements, and contacts in health and cultural organizations. Participants completed an interview which queried potential sources of triclosan exposure at home and at work and their urine was tested for triclosan by GC-MS. Determinants of urinary triclosan were assessed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Triclosan was detected in 62% of urine samples, with an overall GM of 14.5 μg/L (95% CI: 9.7-21.7 μg/L; range: <LOD to 1900 μg/L). Colgate Total® toothpaste users had higher urinary triclosan concentrations (median = 34.0 μg/L) than non-users (median = 2.5 μg/L, ρ < 0.001), a result which was unaffected by adjustment for age, income, BMI, and country of birth. South Asian born women had elevated urinary triclosan compared to East Asian born women. CONCLUSION Triclosan exposure via a specific antibacterial toothpaste brand was identified in reproductive age newcomer women in Canada. Health education around brushing teeth well while using lower toothpaste volumes or choosing triclosan-free toothpaste would reduce triclosan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dix-Cooper
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - T Kosatsky
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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The Widely Used Antimicrobial Triclosan Induces High Levels of Antibiotic Tolerance In Vitro and Reduces Antibiotic Efficacy up to 100-Fold In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02312-18. [PMID: 30782996 PMCID: PMC6496070 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02312-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial triclosan is used in a wide range of consumer products ranging from toothpaste, cleansers, socks, and baby toys. A bacteriostatic inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, triclosan is extremely stable and accumulates in the environment. The antimicrobial triclosan is used in a wide range of consumer products ranging from toothpaste, cleansers, socks, and baby toys. A bacteriostatic inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, triclosan is extremely stable and accumulates in the environment. Approximately 75% of adults in the United States have detectable levels of the compound in their urine, with a sizeable fraction of individuals (>10%) having urine concentrations equal to or greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Previous work has identified connections between defects in fatty acid synthesis and accumulation of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), which has been repeatedly associated with antibiotic tolerance and persistence. Based on these data, we hypothesized that triclosan exposure may inadvertently drive bacteria into a state in which they are able to tolerate normally lethal concentrations of antibiotics. Here we report that clinically relevant concentrations of triclosan increased E. coli and MRSA tolerance to bactericidal antibiotics as much as 10,000-fold in vitro and reduced antibiotic efficacy up to 100-fold in a mouse urinary tract infection model. Genetic analysis indicated that triclosan-mediated antibiotic tolerance requires ppGpp synthesis but is independent of growth. These data highlight an unexpected and certainly unintended consequence of adding high concentrations of antimicrobials in consumer products, supporting an urgent need to reevaluate the costs and benefits of the prophylactic use of triclosan and other bacteriostatic compounds.
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18
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Juric A, Singh K, Hu XF, Chan HM. Exposure to triclosan among the Canadian population: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2009-2013). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:29-38. [PMID: 30485825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial additive in consumer products that has been detected in human populations globally. The purpose of this study was to assess triclosan exposure among the Canadian population using urinary triclosan as a biomarker. Data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) that reported triclosan concentrations in 8195 urine samples collected from Cycle 2 (2009-2011) and Cycle 3 (2012-2013) were analyzed. Triclosan was detected in 69.8% of samples with the geometric mean concentrations of 16 μg/L (16 μg/g creatinine) for the total population, 13 μg/L (13 μg/g creatinine) for children (3-19 years of age), and 16 μg/L (17 μg/g creatinine) for adults. Triclosan concentrations significantly differed by age, income, education, and employment in healthcare occupations, but not by race/ethnicity, sex, region of residence, or drinking water preferences or sources. Linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with urinary triclosan concentration. Results showed that household income was associated with higher urinary triclosan concentrations in both children and adults. Employed in healthcare occupations were associated with higher urinary triclosan concentrations in adults. Triclosan exposure at the 99th percentile was below the Biomonitoring Equivalents based on reference dose, suggesting that health risks to the Canadian population from triclosan exposure were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Juric
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kavita Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Abstract
Endocrine disruption has been gathering increasing attention in the past 25 years as a possible new threat for health and safety. Exposure to endocrine disruptor has been progressively linked with a growing number of increasing disease in the human population. The mechanics through which endocrine disruptors act are not yet completely clear, however a number of pathways have been identified. A key concern is the cumulative and synergic effects that endocrine disruptors could have when mixed in consumer products. We reviewed the available literature to identify known or potential endocrine disruptors, as well as endocrine active substances that could contribute to cumulative effects, in topical consumer products. The number of endocrine actives used daily in consumer products is staggering and even though most if not all are used in concentrations that are considered to be safe, we believe that the possibility of combined effects in mixtures and non-monotonic dose/response is enough to require further precautions. A combined in vitro approach based on existing, validated OECD test methods is suggested to screen consumer products and mixtures for potential interaction with estrogen and androgen hormone receptors, in order to identify products that could have cumulative effects or support their safety concerning direct endocrine disruption capabilities.
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20
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Shapiro GD, Arbuckle TE, Ashley-Martin J, Fraser WD, Fisher M, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Morisset AS, Ettinger AS, Dodds L. Associations between maternal triclosan concentrations in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational weight gain and fetal markers of metabolic function. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:554-561. [PMID: 29241065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan is a phenolic biocide used in a multitude of consumer products and in health care settings. It is widely detected in the American and Canadian populations and has been shown in animal models to act as an endocrine disrupting agent. However, there has been little examination to date of the effects of triclosan exposure in pregnancy on perinatal metabolic outcomes in human populations. METHODS Using data from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a Canadian pregnancy cohort, we measured associations of first-trimester urinary triclosan concentrations with total gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy, and fetal markers of metabolic function. Leptin and adiponectin were measured in plasma from umbilical cord blood samples in term neonates and categorized into low (< 10th percentile), intermediate (10th-90th percentile) and high (> 90th percentile) levels. Triclosan concentrations were grouped into quartiles and associations with study outcomes were examined using logistic regression models with adjustment for maternal age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, education and urinary specific gravity. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to help assess linearity and shape of any dose-response relationships. All analyses for leptin and adiponectin levels were performed on the entire cohort as well as stratified by fetal sex. RESULTS Triclosan measures were available for 1795 MIREC participants with a live born singleton birth. Regression analyses showed a non-significant inverse association between triclosan concentrations and leptin levels above the 90th percentile that was restricted to female fetuses (OR for highest quartile of triclosan compared to lowest quartile = 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-1.1), p-value for trend across quartiles = 0.02). Triclosan concentrations in the second quartile were associated with elevated odds of adiponectin below the 10th percentile in male fetuses (OR for Q2 compared to Q1 = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.9, p-value for trend across quartiles = 0.93). No significant linear associations between triclosan concentrations and leptin or adiponectin levels in overall or sex-specific analyses were observed from restricted cubic spline analyses. No significant associations were observed in adjusted analyses between triclosan concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational weight gain. CONCLUSIONS This study does not support an association between triclosan concentrations in pregnancy and fetal metabolic markers, glucose disorders of pregnancy, or excessive gestational weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Shapiro
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Monnier
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Linda Dodds
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Liu J, Wang X, Wang C, Ai W, Chen S, Wang H. Combined toxicity of triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol to zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 57:9-18. [PMID: 29169085 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) are the most prevalent chlorinated phenolic pollutants in aquatic environments. Our results showed LC50 and EC50 values of 0.51, 1.11, 2.45mg/L, and 0.36, 0.74, 1.53mg/L for TCS, 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP, respectively, to 120hpf zebrafish. The highest TCSD (the mixture of TCS, 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP) toxicity was observed at a TCS:2,4,6-TCP:2,4-DCP concentration ratio of 1:2:4. LC50 and EC50 values of TCSD mixtures for 120-hpf zebrafish were 2.28 and 1.16mg/L, respectively. Two toxicity assessment methods (Toxic Unit and Mixture Toxicity Index) indicated that TCSD interactions produced partly additive toxicity. TCSD exposure decreased zebrafish hatching rate and led to a series of malformations. Following alkaline phosphatase staining, a large area of vascular ablation was observed with almost complete disappearance of vascular branches and a smaller coverage range. Prominent reddening of the yolk sac and visceral mass after oil red O staining implied that TCSD exposure severely affected fat metabolism. Following acridine orange staining, cell death occurred in eyes while high TCSD concentrations (0.84mg/L) induced cardiovascular circulation dysfunction. Alcian blue staining increased the α angle between Meckel's cartilages and β angle between two ceratobranchial. Basihyal and palatoquadrate became shorter and developmental abnormality or defects occurred in the fifth ceratobranchial. Overall, these results provide a theoretical basis for systematically evaluating the combined toxicity of the prevalent chlorinated phenolic pollutants in real-world aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiming Ai
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shaobo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huili Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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22
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Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Nayak AP, Long CM, Hettick JM, Anderson SE. Topical application of the anti-microbial chemical triclosan induces immunomodulatory responses through the S100A8/A9-TLR4 pathway. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:50-59. [PMID: 28121465 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1258094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-microbial compound triclosan is incorporated into numerous consumer products and is detectable in the urine of 75% of the general United States population. Recent epidemiological studies report positive associations with urinary triclosan levels and allergic disease. Although not sensitizing, earlier studies previously found that repeated topical application of triclosan augments the allergic response to ovalbumin (OVA) though a thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) pathway in mice. In the present study, early immunological effects following triclosan exposure were further evaluated following topical application in a murine model. These investigations revealed abundant expression of S100A8/A9, which reportedly acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), in skin tissues and in infiltrating leukocytes during topical application of 0.75-3.0% triclosan. Expression of Tlr4 along with Tlr1, Tlr2 and Tlr6 increased in skin tissues over time with triclosan exposure; high levels of TLR4 were expressed on skin-infiltrating leukocytes. In vivo antibody blockade of the TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex impaired local inflammatory responses after four days, as evidenced by decreased Il6, Tnfα, S100a8, S100a9, Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr4 and Tlr6 expression in the skin and decreased lymph node cellularity and production of IL-4 and IL-13 by lymph node T-cells. After nine days of triclosan exposure with TLR4/MD-2 blockade, impaired T-helper cell type 2 (TH2) cytokine responses were sustained, but other early effects on skin and lymph node cellularity were lost; this suggested alternative ligands/receptors compensated for the loss of TLR4 signaling. Taken together, these data suggest the S100A8/A9-TLR4 pathway plays an early role in augmenting immunomodulatory responses with triclosan exposure and support a role for the innate immune system in chemical adjuvancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ajay P Nayak
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA.,b Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program , West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Goodman M, Naiman DQ, LaKind JS. Systematic review of the literature on triclosan and health outcomes in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:1-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1350138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Q. Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI. Triclosan in water, implications for human and environmental health. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1639. [PMID: 27722057 PMCID: PMC5031584 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent present as an active ingredient in some personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes and sterilizers. It is an endocrine disrupting compound and its increasing presence in water resources as well as in biosolid-amended soils used in farming, its potential for bioaccumulation in fatty tissues and toxicity in aquatic organisms are a cause for concern to human and environmental health. TCS has also been detected in blood, breast milk, urine and nails of humans. The significance of this is not precisely understood. Data on its bioaccumulation in humans are also lacking. Cell based studies however showed that TCS is a pro-oxidant and may be cytotoxic via a number of mechanisms. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appears to be prevailing as a toxicity mechanism though the compound's role in apoptosis has been cited. TCS is not known to be carcinogenic per se in vitro but has been reported to promote tumourigenesis in the presence of a carcinogen, in mice. Recent laboratory reports appear to support the view that TCS oestrogenicity as well as its anti-oestrogenicity play significant role in cancer progression. Results from epidemiological studies on the effect of TCS on human health have implicated the compound as responsible for certain allergies and reproductive defects. Its presence in chlorinated water also raises toxicity concern for humans as carcinogenic metabolites such as chlorophenols may be generated in the presence of the residual chlorine. In this paper, we carried out a detailed overview of TCS pollution and the implications for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. B. Olaniyan
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - N. Mkwetshana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - A. I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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25
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Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Long CM, Kashon ML, Sharpnack DD, Nayak AP, Anderson KL, Jean Meade B, Anderson SE. Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:127-39. [PMID: 26048654 PMCID: PMC4734116 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical incorporated into many personal, medical and household products. Approximately, 75% of the U.S. population has detectable levels of triclosan in their urine, and although it is not typically considered a contact sensitizer, recent studies have begun to link triclosan exposure with augmented allergic disease. We examined the effects of dermal triclosan exposure on the skin and lymph nodes of mice and in a human skin model to identify mechanisms for augmenting allergic responses. Triclosan (0%-3%) was applied topically at 24-h intervals to the ear pinnae of OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice. Skin and draining lymph nodes were evaluated for cellular responses and cytokine expression over time. The effects of triclosan (0%-0.75%) on cytokine expression in a human skin tissue model were also examined. Exposure to triclosan increased the expression of TSLP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the skin with concomitant decreases in IL-25, IL-33, and IL-1α. Similar changes in TSLP, IL1B, and IL33 expression occurred in human skin. Topical application of triclosan also increased draining lymph node cellularity consisting of activated CD86(+)GL-7(+) B cells, CD80(+)CD86(+) dendritic cells, GATA-3(+)OX-40(+)IL-4(+)IL-13(+) Th2 cells and IL-17 A(+) CD4 T cells. In vivo antibody blockade of TSLP reduced skin irritation, IL-1β expression, lymph node cellularity, and Th2 responses augmented by triclosan. Repeated dermal exposure to triclosan induces TSLP expression in skin tissue as a potential mechanism for augmenting allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505;Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 andVet Path Services, Inc., Mason 45040, Ohio
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Carrie M Long
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 and
| | | | - Ajay P Nayak
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Katie L Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - B Jean Meade
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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26
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Weiss L, Arbuckle TE, Fisher M, Ramsay T, Mallick R, Hauser R, LeBlanc A, Walker M, Dumas P, Lang C. Temporal variability and sources of triclosan exposure in pregnancy. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:507-13. [PMID: 26009209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly added to personal care products. Some animal research studies have associated TCS exposure with androgenic and thyroid effects, as well as endocrine disruption, contact dermatitis and skin irritation. Limited Canadian data exist on exposure levels, temporal variability and sources of exposure to TCS, especially among pregnant women. METHODS Single and serial spot urine samples (n=1249), as well as consumer product use information were collected over 5 study visits across pregnancy and post-partum from 80 healthy pregnant women in Ottawa, Canada. Urine samples were analyzed for TCS by GC-MS-MS. Summary statistics, linear mixed effects models, and surrogate category analysis were used to describe the results. RESULTS Triclosan was detected in 87% of maternal urine samples (LOD=3.0μg/L). The geometric mean TCS concentration of all urine samples was 21.6μg/L (95% CI 18.2-25.7). Triclosan concentrations were significantly higher when the urine was collected before 16:00, in the autumn, and more than 90min since last void, and in nulliparous women with household incomes greater than $100,000. A significant correlation was observed between maternal urinary TCS concentrations and number of reported uses of TCS-containing products. The ability of a single spot urine sample collected at any time during or post-pregnancy to predict an individual's geometric mean urinary TCS level corresponding to low, medium, or high exposure was 86.7%. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated high reproducibility within a week-day (0.77) and week-end day (0.79) and moderate reproducibility across the study period (0.50). CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first data on temporal variability of urinary TCS concentrations and predictors of exposure in Canadian pregnant women. These results can inform exposure assessments in pregnant women and justify collection of single spot urine samples in epidemiologic studies, especially for women with higher exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelle Weiss
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Ramsay
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain LeBlanc
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Carly Lang
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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27
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Ajao C, Andersson MA, Teplova VV, Nagy S, Gahmberg CG, Andersson LC, Hautaniemi M, Kakasi B, Roivainen M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Mitochondrial toxicity of triclosan on mammalian cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:624-637. [PMID: 28962398 PMCID: PMC5598359 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of triclosan (5-chloro-2'-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) on mammalian cells were investigated using human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMC), keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine pancreatic islets (MIN-6) and neuroblastoma cells (MNA) as targets. We show that triclosan (1-10 μg ml-1) depolarised the mitochondria, upshifted the rate of glucose consumption in PMBC, HaCaT, PK-15 and MNA, and subsequently induced metabolic acidosis. Triclosan induced a regression of insulin producing pancreatic islets into tiny pycnotic cells and necrotic death. Short exposure to low concentrations of triclosan (30 min, ≤1 μg/ml) paralyzed the high amplitude tail beating and progressive motility of spermatozoa, within 30 min exposure, depolarized the spermatozoan mitochondria and hyperpolarised the acrosome region of the sperm head and the flagellar fibrous sheath (distal part of the flagellum). Experiments with isolated rat liver mitochondria showed that triclosan impaired oxidative phosphorylation, downshifted ATP synthesis, uncoupled respiration and provoked excessive oxygen uptake. These exposure concentrations are 100-1000 fold lower that those permitted in consumer goods. The mitochondriotoxic mechanism of triclosan differs from that of valinomycin, cereulide and the enniatins by not involving potassium ionophoric activity.
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Key Words
- Acidosis
- BCF, bioconcentration factor
- EC50, concentration that diminishes the respective vitality parameter by ≥50%
- Electric transmembrane potential
- Glycolysis
- HaCaT, a spontaneously immortalized (non-neoplastic) keratinocyte cell line
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MIN-6, a murine pancreatic beta cell line
- MNA, a murine neuroblastoma cells
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- PBMC, monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PI, propidium iodide
- PK-15, a porcine kidney tubular epithelial cell line
- PN, pyridine nucleotides
- RLM, rat liver mitochondria
- Sperm motility
- TPP+, tetraphenylphosphonium
- Uncoupler
- ΔΨ, electric transmembrane potential
- ΔΨm, membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane
- ΔΨp, membrane potential of the plasma membrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ajao
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vera V. Teplova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Szabolcs Nagy
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Deak F. u.,16, H8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Carl G. Gahmberg
- Dept. of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leif C. Andersson
- Dept. of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Research and Laboratory Department, Veterinary Virology Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Balazs Kakasi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Merja Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Virology, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
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28
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ, Long CM, Lukomska E, Marshall NB. Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:165-72. [PMID: 25812624 PMCID: PMC4720145 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1029146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used occupationally and by the general public. Using select immune function assays, the purpose of these studies was to evaluate the immunotoxicity of triclosan following dermal exposure using a murine model. Triclosan was not identified to be a sensitizer in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) when tested at concentrations ranging from 0.75-3.0%. Following a 28-day exposure, triclosan produced a significant increase in liver weight at concentrations of ≥ 1.5%. Exposure to the high dose (3.0%) also produced a significant increase in spleen weights and number of platelets. The absolute number of B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells and NK cells were significantly increased in the skin draining lymph node, but not the spleen. An increase in the frequency of dendritic cells was also observed in the lymph node following exposure to 3.0% triclosan. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was significantly increased at 0.75% - but not at the higher concentrations - in the spleen and serum. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to triclosan induces stimulation of the immune system in a murine model and raise concerns about potential human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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29
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ. Potential health effects associated with dermal exposure to occupational chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:51-62. [PMID: 25574139 PMCID: PMC4270264 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of workers in the United States, spanning a variety of occupational industries and sectors, who are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin. Occupational skin exposures can result in numerous diseases that can adversely affect an individual's health and capacity to perform at work. In general, there are three types of chemical-skin interactions of concern: direct skin effects, immune-mediated skin effects, and systemic effects. While hundreds of chemicals (metals, epoxy and acrylic resins, rubber additives, and chemical intermediates) present in virtually every industry have been identified to cause direct and immune-mediated effects such as contact dermatitis or urticaria, less is known about the number and types of chemicals contributing to systemic effects. In an attempt to raise awareness, skin notation assignments communicate the potential for dermal absorption; however, there is a need for standardization among agencies to communicate an accurate description of occupational hazards. Studies have suggested that exposure to complex mixtures, excessive hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, high frequency of wet work, and environmental or other factors may enhance penetration and stimulate other biological responses altering the outcomes of dermal chemical exposure. Understanding the hazards of dermal exposure is essential for the proper implementation of protective measures to ensure worker safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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