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Jeffers KL, Cohen J, Chin E, Thompson N, Tekmal S, Lombardo R, Barlow J, Billstrom A, Aden J, Myers M. Point of Care Ultrasounds Obtained by Novice Physician Assistant Residents (POCUS ON PAR). Mil Med 2024; 189:e2242-e2247. [PMID: 38743577 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The integration of Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) into the care of trauma patients, specifically the E-FAST, has improved the accuracy of initial diagnoses and improved time to surgical intervention in critically ill patients. Physician assistants (PAs) are critically important members of any military trauma resuscitation team and are often team leaders in a pre-hospital setting. They may receive training in ultrasound but there are little data to support their use or evaluate their effectiveness in using POCUS. We designed a study to evaluate the image quality of an E-FAST Exam performed by Emergency Medicine Physician Assistant (EMPA) Fellows and Emergency Medicine (EM) Interns following identical training. Our hypothesis is that image quality obtained by EMPAs will be non-inferior to those images obtained by EM Interns. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective single-blinded study comparing the image quality of E-FAST exams performed by first year EM interns and first year EMPA fellows. All participants completed standard POCUS training prior to enrollment in the study. A total of 8 EMPAs and 8 EM first year residents completed 10 recorded E-FAST exams to be used as study images. Participants also viewed a 15-question slide show containing images of positive (6) and negative (9) E-FAST exams and recorded their interpretations. Images were reviewed by expert reviewers who were blinded to which images were collected by which group. An image quality score was recorded for each view as well as an overall image quality score. Image quality was rated on a 1 to 5 image quality scale. RESULTS For overall image quality, the mean score for EMPAs was 3.6 ± 0.5 and for EM residents was 3.2 ± 0.5 with statistical significance favoring better image quality from the EMPAs. The time to completion for the EFAST exam for EMPAs was 4.8 ± 1.3 minutes and for interns it was 3.4 ± 1.4 minutes (P value = 0.02). There was no difference in image interpretation quiz scores between the groups (mean score 92% among interns and 95% among PAs). CONCLUSIONS POCUS is an imaging modality which is very portable and relatively inexpensive which makes it ideal for military medicine. PAs are essential members of military trauma teams, and often run an initial trauma resuscitation. Being able to correctly identify patients who have free fluid early in the course of treatment allows for more correct evacuation criteria to ensure the sickest patients get to care the fastest. Although there are limited data to support POCUS use by non-physicians, our data support a growing body of evidence that it is not the profession or baseline medical education that determines an individual's ability to use and incorporate ultrasound into bedside and clinical practice. Our study shows that with training and experience PAs or other members of the military health care team can use the EFAST to better care for trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Cohen
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Eric Chin
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | | | | | - Robyn Lombardo
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Jessica Barlow
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Amie Billstrom
- Marquette University College of Health Sciences Physician Assistant Studies, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - James Aden
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Melissa Myers
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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Parker M, Johnson L, Paquette R, Sakaguchi A, Kar R. The prevalence of ultrasound curricula in a sampling of U.S. physician assistant programs and recommendations for common ultrasound objectives: A national survey. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 17:855-863. [PMID: 38197498 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of practicing physician assistants (PAs) are using ultrasound (US) in clinical settings. However, a lack of US learning objectives for PA students limits the optimal integration of this imaging modality in PA curricula. This study surveyed PA program directors across the United States to create a list of US learning objectives for PA students and to gauge their attitudes toward integrating US into anatomy curricula. Thirty-one of the 280 PA program directors responded to the survey. While 87% of participants reported that their institution includes ultrasound in its curriculum, 71% disagreed that the state of the use of ultrasound throughout their PA curriculum is fine and needs no modification. Based on the responses of the survey participants, this study categorized US learning objectives into high, medium, low, and no agreement for integration in PA curricula. As over half of the learning objectives (73%, 43/59) had high agreement for inclusion in curricula, this study demonstrates an opportunity for educators to include US in PA curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Parker
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Johnson
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Roland Paquette
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alan Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rekha Kar
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Seifert P, Kühnel C, Reißmann I, Winkens T, Freesmeyer M. [Standardized acquisition and documentation of cine loops on conventional thyroid ultrasound]. Laryngorhinootologie 2024; 103:96-106. [PMID: 37956975 DOI: 10.1055/a-2192-4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is the basic imaging method for the assessment of the thyroid gland. Due to the high prevalence of structural disease, the examination procedure is used very frequently in Germany, in many cases in the context of follow-up. The assessment of thyroid pathologies and their dynamics is subjected to relevant inter- and intraobserver variability. Findings that were not identified during live ultrasound cannot be assessed retrospectively. Applying an SOP for the acquisition and documentation of standardized video sequences of ultrasound images (so-called cine loops), allows for a secondary retrospective evaluation of the thyroid gland, taking into account previously acquired images analogous to other cross-sectional imaging methods such as CT or MRI. The cine loops can be acquired by non-physician personnel, stored to the local PACS and used for educational and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Seifert
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Christian Kühnel
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivonne Reißmann
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Winkens
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
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Breunig M, Kingsley R, Fischer K, Huckabee M. Physician Assistant Student Preceptors and Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Perceptions and Readiness to Teach. J Physician Assist Educ 2023; 34:344-349. [PMID: 37678810 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) inclusion in medical education is increasing, and understanding of clinical educators' perceptions and use patterns is needed. The purpose of this research project was to explore current use, interest, knowledge, perceptions, and readiness to teach POCUS from the perspectives of clinical preceptors for physician assistant (PA) students. METHODS A survey research study was completed on previously identified preceptors. Descriptive statistics outlined the frequencies of responses. Bivariate analysis with Chi-Square or Fischer Exact Testing was used to identify statistically significant differences between groupings. RESULTS Most preceptors (87.1%) believe POCUS adds clinical value, but a minority received POCUS training (37%), are familiarity with its use (37.4%), and currently use POCUS (23.4%). Two-thirds (66.1%) of preceptors stated they would allow PA students to practice POCUS skills on clinical rotation; however, few (31%) felt comfortable with this and even fewer (22.6%) felt comfortable findings on POCUS into their clinical decision making. CONCLUSIONS Despite support of incorporation of POCUS into PA education, clinical preceptors' readiness to teach POCUS on clinical rotations is limited. This study shows that preceptors are neither comfortable with student use nor incorporating student findings into clinical decision making. A lack of sufficient clinical preceptors to support POCUS education has not been previously reported. PA programs attempting to incorporate POCUS into their curricula will need to be intentional providing opportunities to continue POCUS on clinical rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Breunig
- Michael Breunig, PA-C, MPAS, is a clinical skills co-director, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Ryan Kingsley, PA-C, MPAS, is a co-director of evaluations, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Karen Fischer, MPH, is a senior biostatistician, Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PA-C, PhD, is an associate director, Mayo Clinic PA Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ryan Kingsley
- Michael Breunig, PA-C, MPAS, is a clinical skills co-director, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Ryan Kingsley, PA-C, MPAS, is a co-director of evaluations, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Karen Fischer, MPH, is a senior biostatistician, Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PA-C, PhD, is an associate director, Mayo Clinic PA Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karen Fischer
- Michael Breunig, PA-C, MPAS, is a clinical skills co-director, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Ryan Kingsley, PA-C, MPAS, is a co-director of evaluations, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Karen Fischer, MPH, is a senior biostatistician, Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PA-C, PhD, is an associate director, Mayo Clinic PA Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Huckabee
- Michael Breunig, PA-C, MPAS, is a clinical skills co-director, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Ryan Kingsley, PA-C, MPAS, is a co-director of evaluations, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo PA Program Hospitalist, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Karen Fischer, MPH, is a senior biostatistician, Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PA-C, PhD, is an associate director, Mayo Clinic PA Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
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Chenevert L, Coneybeare D, Weingart G, Truong J. The effect of a point-of-care ultrasound curriculum on PAs in emergency medicine. JAAPA 2023; 36:43-46. [PMID: 37751258 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000977716.13111.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To address identified learning gaps among physician associates/assistants (PAs) working with point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in our ED, we designed and implemented a longitudinal POCUS curriculum. This curriculum introduced the 12 main POCUS applications for emergency medicine with presession educational assignments and in-person learning sessions. We used the Kirkpatrick framework of evaluation to develop our metrics of measurement. To examine the effect of the curriculum, pre- and postcurriculum surveys were completed and use of POCUS before, during, and after the curriculum period was monitored. Our results showed the curriculum increased confidence and knowledge of POCUS applications and significantly increased the use of POCUS clinically by PAs. Formal, on-the-job POCUS education for postgraduate PAs is a vital adjunct to informal clinical learning for PAs in emergency medicine to gain POCUS skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chenevert
- Laura Chenevert practices in neurologic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Di Coneybeare is an assistant professor of emergency medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. Gabriel Weingart is an assistant professor of emergency medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Jimmy Truong is an assistant professor of emergency medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Pelzl CE, Rula EY, Duszak R, Christensen EW. Trends in Diagnostic Imaging by Nonphysician Practitioners and Associations With Urbanicity and Scope-of-Practice Authority. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2023; 52:315-321. [PMID: 37455202 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the changing share of diagnostic imaging billed by NPPs and how such changes differ by urbanicity within the context of scope-of-practice (SOP) regulations and legislation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used patient claims for diagnostic imaging studies spanning 2016-2020 from Optum Clinformatics Datamart datasets. Multivariable modeling determined the odds of patients receiving NPP-interpreted vs physician-interpreted imaging. Imaging rates and trends in proportions of NPP-billed claims were assessed by urbanicity and relative to other factors including SOP, imaging modality, and place of service. RESULTS Of all identified imaging claims, 3,348,881 (3.0%) were attributed to NPPs, with the highest rates of NPP interpretations per 10,000 images occurring in rural and small-town areas. From 2016 to 2020, the rate of NPP-billed imaging increased from 257 to 331 claims per 10,000 beneficiaries (P = 0.004), observed across both metropolitan (240 to 315, P = 0.001) and micropolitan (367 to 436, P = 0.020) settings. Although rates in rural and small-town areas rose, the increase was not significant (330 to 392, P = 0.363). Rises in NPP imaging in metropolitan settings occurred in states with moderately restrictive (307 to 358, P = 0.008) and least restrictive (289 to 419, P = 0.004) SOP legislation. DISCUSSION Rates of diagnostic imaging interpretation by NPPs are rising. Growth in recent years appears driven by metropolitan areas in states with less restrictive SOP regulations. Future work is necessary to assess the quality of and downstream costs related to increasing NPP-interpreted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Pelzl
- The Harvey L. Neiman Health Policy Institute, Reston, VA.
| | | | - Richard Duszak
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Eric W Christensen
- The Harvey L. Neiman Health Policy Institute, Reston, VA; Health Services Management, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Rath KA, Bonomo JB, Ballman K. Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Advanced Practice Providers: A Training Initiative. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Breunig M, Plooster C, Huckabee M. Physician Assistant Students' Perspective on Ultrasound as an Educational Technology. J Physician Assist Educ 2022; 33:253-256. [PMID: 35917475 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of ultrasound as an educational technology in medical education to teach basic sciences, including anatomy and physical examination techniques, has become common. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of using ultrasound to teach anatomy and physical examination skills; however, this has not been studied in physician assistant (PA) students. METHODS This qualitative phenomenological research used 5 semi-structured interviews of first semester PA students to obtain a deeper understanding of students' perspectives. Dominant coding categories were identified through open coding, and thematic analysis was completed to identify emerging themes of participants' perspectives. RESULTS Overall, the students positively perceived this use of ultrasound. Four themes emerged regarding PA students' perspectives of ultrasound as an educational technology within their Clinical Anatomy and History and Physical Examination classes: solidifying the curriculum, desiring more, looking ahead, and burden of curriculum. DISCUSSION This study supports the use of ultrasound as an educational technology to solidify prior learning; however, steps to ensure student commitment to the technology should be taken. Careful consideration for curricular sequencing and allocation of time should be utilized by programs attempting to integrate ultrasound in this manner. Hands-on experiences, rather than faculty demonstrations, and clinical correlation should be utilized whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Breunig
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and hospitalist for Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Corbin Plooster, MPAS, PA-C, is NP/PA assistant supervisor, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Corbin Plooster
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and hospitalist for Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Corbin Plooster, MPAS, PA-C, is NP/PA assistant supervisor, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Huckabee
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and hospitalist for Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Corbin Plooster, MPAS, PA-C, is NP/PA assistant supervisor, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
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Student Ultrasound Interest Group: A Novel Method of Introducing Ultrasound to Physician Assistant Students. J Physician Assist Educ 2022; 33:131-134. [PMID: 35412518 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes a student ultrasound interest group (SUIG) in a resource-limited physician assistant (PA) program. The benefits of PA student attitudes and knowledge of ultrasound (US) are described. METHODS Participation in the SUIG was voluntary. Didactics included free online access medical education (FOAMed) materials. Initial scanning sessions focused on the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) exam and were led by a faculty champion with limited US experience. A survey on attitudes and a basic US knowledge test were administered before and after the first session and again 2 months later. RESULTS Thirty-seven students (76% female, mean age 26.4) participated in the initial FAST scanning sessions. All participants agreed that the SUIG session was useful. There was a slight increase in confidence after SUIG sessions (1.27 vs 2.92 on a 5-point scale), and 94% reported increased motivation to seek out ultrasound opportunities on clinical rotations. The average score on the knowledge test increased from 37% to 90% after the scanning sessions; the average score waned over time to 80% after 2 months. CONCLUSION SUIGs are a valuable way to introduce US to PA students using limited resources. Even minimal exposure can increase PA student confidence and knowledge.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has rapidly emerged as a valuable tool in the bedside assessment of patients. This scoping review summarizes existing literature covering clinical use and educational integration of POCUS by physician assistants (PAs), with the overall goal of identifying gaps in POCUS research involving the PA profession. METHODS Keyword searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, and Google Scholar were conducted. Studies assessing PA POCUS use or accuracy; those evaluating extent, method, or value of POCUS educational integration; and those assessing the effect of POCUS training interventions were included. RESULTS Of the 717 studies retrieved, 30 met inclusion criteria. Studies generally demonstrated that PAs can use a fairly wide range of POCUS applications with high accuracy, but that POCUS integration into PA programs remains limited because of a number of identified barriers. CONCLUSIONS Machine availability and insufficient POCUS training and education opportunities limit widespread clinical use of POCUS by PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Zak
- At the time this article was written, Courtney L. Zak was a student in the PA program at Red Rocks Community College in Lakewood, Colo. She now practices in orthopedics at New Mexico Orthopedic's Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Albuquerque, N.M. Jonathan D. Monti is an employee of the Geneva Foundation, an associate professor of the US Army/Baylor EMPA Fellowship Program, and a clinical research scientific advisor and grant/technical writer with Madigan Army Medical Center's Department of Clinical Investigation in Tacoma, Wash. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Breunig M, Huckabee M, Rieck KM. An Integrated Point-of-Care Ultrasound Curriculum: An Evidence-Based Approach. J Physician Assist Educ 2022; 33:41-46. [PMID: 35067591 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been demonstrated to improve students' medical knowledge and clinical exam skills and advances patient care through numerous diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Despite the growing use of ultrasound in medical education and clinical practice, few physician assistant (PA) programs have successfully integrated POCUS education into their curricula. This manuscript describes an evidence-based approach for integrating POCUS education throughout a 2-year PA curriculum, with the goal of serving as a useful guidepost for other PA programs as they strive to incorporate this valuable skill into their curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Breunig
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is the clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Katie M. Rieck, MD, MHA, is medical director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Huckabee
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is the clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Katie M. Rieck, MD, MHA, is medical director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katie M Rieck
- Michael Breunig, MPAS, PA-C, is the clinical skills co-director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Michael Huckabee, PhD, PA-C, is director of the Mayo Clinic Physician Assistant Program, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, in Rochester, Minnesota
- Katie M. Rieck, MD, MHA, is medical director of the Mayo Physician Assistant Program and a hospitalist at the Mayo Clinic, Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, in Rochester, Minnesota
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Huang C, Morone C, Parente J, Taylor S, Springer C, Doyle P, Temin E, Shokoohi H, Liteplo A. Advanced practice providers proficiency-based model of ultrasound training and practice in the ED. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12645. [PMID: 35036994 PMCID: PMC8749492 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Competency in the application of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has come to be an expected fundamental skill set for advanced practice providers (APPs) in the emergency department. Both American College of Emergency Physicians and the Society of Emergency Medicine Physician Assistants approve of and endorse POCUS use by APPs. However, clinical exposure to and practice of ultrasound in this setting is often variable and without structure. POCUS training must be evolved into a system where developed skills are compatible with clinical need and expectations of APPs. At our institution, we developed a formal, structured POCUS training program for emergency medicine (EM) APPs (including physician assistants and nurse practitioners) and evaluated its efficacy quantitatively by means of a proficiency index. This report examines the EM POCUS training most common to physician assistants and nurse practitioners before practicing at our institution and explores the components of our POCUS training program that have affected program development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Huang
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christina Morone
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jason Parente
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sabian Taylor
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Caitlin Springer
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Patrick Doyle
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elizabeth Temin
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hamid Shokoohi
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew Liteplo
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Garvick S, Smith I, Carter J, El Tannir Z, Gentile A, Jones G, Rogers L, Gillette C. Impact of Peer-Assisted Learning on Ultrasound. J Physician Assist Educ 2021; 32:253-256. [PMID: 34817430 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to understand how peer-assisted learning (PAL) could be utilized by physician assistant (PA) students in an ultrasound student interest group (USIG) as a means of developing cognitive confidence and practical competence with the imaging modality. METHODS An observational study that included 3 USIG workshops was designed. Pre- and postworkshop surveys were administered. All first-year PA students, regardless of participation in the USIG workshops, were asked to complete the voluntary and anonymous surveys. RESULTS A statistically significant difference between those who attended at least one workshop and those who did not attend any workshops on their postworkshop scores (p = 0.02) was seen. There was a statistically significant association between the number of workshops attended and the postworkshop difference (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Results show that, in the context of social cognitive theory, PAL is an efficacious learning modality that enhances learner and tutor performance in ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garvick
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ian Smith
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jason Carter
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ziad El Tannir
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Gentile
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Geoff Jones
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lauren Rogers
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chris Gillette
- Sarah Garvick, MS, MPAS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, the associate program director, and director of preclinical education for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Ian Smith, MMS, PA-C, who now practices clinically, at the time of this article was an assistant professor and director of admissions for the PA program at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Jason Carter, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Ziad El Tannir, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Anthony Gentile, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Geoff Jones, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Lauren Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a former student from the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who now practices clinically
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is the assistant director of research and scholarship for the PA program in the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is integral to bedside evaluation of ED patients. This study examines POCUS exposure for physician assistants (PAs) before ED employment. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to PAs employed in 13 EDs across a healthcare system. Participants were queried on POCUS education during PA training. Findings were reported as percentages of total respondents, using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The response rate was 70.1%. Only 14.9% of respondents received POCUS exposure in PA school. Of those who received training, most (66.7%) received 5 or fewer hours and 94.1% strongly agree or agree that POCUS education should be integrated into PA education. CONCLUSION In this survey, most PAs practicing in the ED did not receive POCUS education during training. Practice location and year of graduation may contribute to this finding. Healthcare systems should consider additional training for PAs working in EDs to bridge gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Smalley
- Courtney M. Smalley practices emergency medicine at Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic Health System, and is director of emergency ultrasound for the Emergency Services Institute. She also is an assistant professor in the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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15
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Ultrasound Cine Loop Standard Operating Procedure for Benign Thyroid Diseases-Evaluation of Non-Physician Application. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010067. [PMID: 33406645 PMCID: PMC7824138 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional ultrasound (US) is time-consuming, and results are subjected to high interobserver variability. In this study, the reliability of a novel thyroid US cine loop standard operating procedure (SOP) applied by non-physicians (Medical Technical Assistant, MTA) is investigated. Thirty-three consecutive patients (22 females, 11 males) were enrolled. Patients underwent conventional thyroid US performed by a nuclear medicine physician and additional MTA US cine loop according to a local SOP that includes transversal and sagittal cine loops covering the entire thyroid. The video sequences were transferred to the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) for second reading purposes. MTA US data were not considered for medical reports but for blinded second reading review of the PACS images. The results of conventional physician US reports and reviewed MTA US cine loops were compared regarding size determinations of the thyroid and its nodules, as well as Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) classification of all identified lesions. The results revealed very high concordance between conventional physician US and MTA US cine loop review for both size measurements and TIRADS classifications (r(s) = 0.84-0.99, p < 0.0001 each). Minor technical impairments were identified. The evaluated thyroid US cine loop SOP enables reliable second reading results and can be applied by non-physicians.
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16
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Deshpande R, Karnik R, Baer C, Kurup V. Resource Utilization in Implementation of a Point of Care Ultrasound Curriculum for Resident Training in Anesthesiology. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:423-427. [PMID: 32874148 PMCID: PMC7448394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) brings high-quality patient care to the bedside but continues to be an expensive training to implement in a residency program. There are multiple resources available to train providers in ultrasound, but they are all associated with significant cost. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates anesthesiology residents to be competent in diagnostic and therapeutic uses of ultrasound. In this paper, we describe how an academic anesthesiology department implemented a POCUS curriculum for resident training. Methods: An anesthesiologist intensivist directed program was created to train residents in POCUS. We started by training a group of seven critical care trained anesthesiologists with the guidance of cardiologists. These anesthesiologists participated in the training of our anesthesiology residents. A hybrid curriculum consisting of a simulator as well as hands-on scanning of patients was created. We recorded the time that personnel spent in the training program as well as the money spent in acquiring equipment. Results: Seven faculty utilized a total of 270 hours of scanning and teaching time to train 48 residents who rotated through the ICU between July 2017 and June 2018. Simulation technicians used 48 hours to guide residents through simulation scenarios. The education administrator used 24 hours to coordinate sessions for residents. The technician and coordinator were both employees of the department with no additional cost for their responsibilities. The cost of equipment, including the ultrasound machine and simulator, was $45,000. An additional charge of $3500 was incurred for technician training time. Conclusion: Implementing a robust, sustainable POCUS curriculum requires a significant investment of time and money. Simulators and e-learning can allow efficiency in resource allocation and control cost in orienting new students to ultrasound. Having residents go through the simulator decreased the time that faculty would otherwise have spent going over basics with the students while allowing students to master these skills at their own pace. Advances in ultrasound technology have created newer, more affordable machines which can decrease cost considerably. It would serve departments well to consider alternatives and plan for resources when deciding to implement POCUS curriculum for resident training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Deshpande
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine,
New Haven, CT,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Ranjit Deshpande M.B.B.S., Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Yale School of
Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP-3, New Haven, CT 06511; Tel: 203-785-2802, Fax:
203-785-6664, , ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-194X
| | - Ruchika Karnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT
| | - Christine Baer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine,
New Haven, CT
| | - Viji Kurup
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine,
New Haven, CT
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17
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Jaynstein D, Baeten R, Bafuma P, Krakov R, Biggs D, She T, Yuzuk N. Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the abdominal aorta by physician assistant students: a pilot study. Emerg Radiol 2020; 28:245-250. [PMID: 32839890 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) decreases time to diagnosis and improves mortality of those diagnosed with abdominal aortic aneurysms and dissections. While medical students have demonstrated an ability to obtain adequate POCUS images of the abdominal aorta (AA), physician assistant (PA) student studies are lacking. This pilot study aims to evaluate the ability of PA students to acquire AA POCUS images. METHODS PA students, instructors, and models voluntarily participated. Student participants received online material to review several weeks before the study. During the study, students performed 4 precepted practice scans of the AA, and their fifth scan was recorded for review by three ultrasound fellowship trained Emergency Medicine physicians. Images were graded on proper identification and measurement of the AA, as well as interpretability of images. RESULTS A total of 20 PA students participated. Ninety-five percent were able to obtain interpretable transverse images of the distal aorta and longitudinal views of the aorta, and 65% were able to obtain interpretable transverse images of the proximal and mid aorta. CONCLUSIONS In the most rigorous evaluation of student-obtained AA POCUS images to date, we found that PA students were able to obtain adequate AA images. PA students were able to image the distal and longitudinal aorta in the transverse plane where the majority of AAAs are found to a very high degree. Results demonstrate PA students' ability to learn POCUS and encourage PA education to take steps to incorporate POCUS education and development of competency standards for PA graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Jaynstein
- Red Rocks Community College Physician Assistant Program, 10280 West 55th Ave, Arvada, CO, 80002, USA.
| | - Robert Baeten
- College of Health Professions, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Patrick Bafuma
- Columbia Memorial Hospital, 71 Prospect Ave, Hudson, NY, 12534, USA
| | - Rachel Krakov
- Dr. Pallavi Patel College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Drive Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 33328, USA
| | - Danielle Biggs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ, 07930, USA
| | - Trent She
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai West, 1000 10th Avenue, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Nicole Yuzuk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St Joseph's University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ, 07503, USA
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