Quality of Life and Sexual Distress in Women With Erosive Vulvovaginal Lichen Planus

Sexual Distress and Quality of Life in Women With Genital Erosive Lichen Planus-A Cross-sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to assess sexual distress and quality of life in women with moderate-to-severe genital erosive lichen planus (GELP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-six women with GELP were recruited at the Oslo University Hospital in Norway. The diagnosis was confirmed by a dermatologist with experience in vulvovaginal disease and based on characteristic clinical changes in the vulva and/or vagina, and biopsy results if available. Clinical severity was measured using the GELP score with a score ≥5 required for inclusion. Sexual distress was measured using the revised Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS-R), and quality of life was measured using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Topical steroid treatment was allowed.

RESULTS

The mean FSDS-R score was 22.7 (range 0-45) with 27 women reporting high scores for sexual distress (FSDS-R score >15). The mean DLQI score was 8.8 (range 1-19) with 15 women reporting a moderate impact (DLQI score 6-10), and 12 women reporting a very large impact (DLQI score 11-20) of GELP on their quality of life. No clear correlations were found between disease severity assessed by GELP scores and FSDS-R or DLQI scores. Age was not correlated with FSDS-R or DLQI scores.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that a substantial number of women with GELP experience sexual distress and a reduced quality of life.

Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of photodynamic therapy in vulvar lichen sclerosus and impact on patient quality of life and sexual funtion

BACKGROUND

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is often associated with irritable symptoms of itching, burning pain and can lead to scarring, architectural changes and sexual dysfunction as well as a decline in quality of life. The etiology of the disease is unknown. This study sought to assess the therapeutic effects of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in VLS, and improvment of patient quality of life and sexual funtion.

METHODS

From January 2022 to April 2023, a total of 65 patients with vulvar sclerosus (VLS) were treated with PDT in our hospital. All 65 patients were divided into two groups: early-stage group and late-stage group. The Cattaneo scoring method, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores were used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the treatment on patients' symptoms and clincal signs, quality of life as well as sexual function before and at 6-month after treatment.

RESULTS

The total effective rate of early-stage patients was significantly greater than that of late-stage patients at 6-month after PDT treatment (90.91 % [40/44] vs 76.19 % [16/21], p < 0.05). At 6-month follow-up, the symptoms and clinical signs of patients in early-stage group were significantly improved compared with baseline, the average scores of itching, skin elasticity, whitening and lesion range were significantly lower than the scores before treatment (p < 0.05). In late-stage group, The decrease in scores of itching, whitening and lesion range at the 6-months follow-up is significant(p < 0.05), but skin elasticity (p = 0.0625). On post-treatment follow-up examination, FSFI score was seen to have significantly improved in early-stage patients(from a median score of 17.45 to 21.1, p < 0.05); DLQI also significantly improved after treatment (from a median score of 7 to 4, p < 0.05). In late stage patients, The DLQI score improved significantly after treatment (from a median score of 18 to 15, p < 0.05). However, the improvement in sexual function is not statistically significant (pre-treatment: median=10.55, post-treatment: median=10, p = 0.1865).

CONCLUSION

Photodynamic therapy can effectively improve most symptoms and clinical signs, as well as quality of life of patients with VLS, especially for earlly stage patients. Moreover, improvement in sexual function is observed in early stage patients after PDT treatment. This study suggests that early and timely PDT treatment are recommended to achieve better results.

Involvement of vulva in lichen sclerosus increases the risk of antidepressant and benzodiazepine prescriptions for psychiatric disorder diagnoses

While vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) causes intense pruritus, associated risks of mood disorders and prescription patterns and impact of concurrent sexual dysfunction are unknown. We queried TriNetX Diamond Network between 2009 and 2022, conducting three comparisons after propensity-score matching for demographics and relevant comorbidities: (1) women with lichen sclerosus (LS) sparing the vulva vs. women with VLS; (2) VLS patients who received treatment within 6 months of diagnosis vs. patients who did not and (3) VLS patients with vs. without sexual dysfunction. Outcomes included new depressive episodes, anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and prescriptions of antidepressants or benzodiazepines. After matching, VLS was associated with increased depressive episode [risk ratio (RR) 1.39], anxiety disorder (RR 1.93), and MDD (RR 2.00) diagnoses compared to LS sparing the vulva. Next, VLS treatment was associated with decreased risk of depressive episode (RR 0.60) and anxiety disorder (RR 0.72). Finally, concurrent sexual dysfunction was associated with increased benzodiazepine (RR 3.50), vaginal estrogen (RR 6.20), antipruritic agents (RR 3.90), and topical anti-inflammatory (RR 2.61) prescriptions. In conclusion, vulvar involvement is associated with increased risk of antidepressant and benzodiazepine prescriptions, and diagnosis of depressive episode, anxiety disorder, or MDD.

The efficacy and safety of deucravacitinib compared to methotrexate, in patients with vulvar lichen planus who have failed topical therapy with potent corticosteroids: a study protocol for a single-centre double-blinded randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Vulvar lichen planus (VLP) is a chronic vulvar dermatosis that is difficult to treat and can severely impair quality of life in the absence of adequate treatment. There is a lack of high-quality evidence to direct therapy for VLP. This randomised controlled trial will be the first double-blinded study comparing systemic treatments in VLP and aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of deucravacitinib compared to methotrexate, in patients with VLP who have failed treatment with potent topical corticosteroids.

METHODS

A total of 116 women aged ≥ 18 years with moderate to severe VLP (Genital Erosive Lichen Planus (GELP) score ≥ 5) will be recruited. All participants will initially be treated with Diprosone® OV daily, and their outcome will be assessed using the GELP score. At 8 weeks' follow-up, responders (GELP < 5) will be continued on Diprosone® OV. Non-responders (GELP ≥ 5) will be randomised 1:1 in a blinded fashion to receive (i) methotrexate 10 mg weekly + placebo tablet twice daily + folic acid 5 mg weekly or (ii) deucravacitinib 6 mg twice daily + placebo tablet weekly + folic acid 5 mg weekly. The primary endpoint is the difference in the mean change of GELP scores from baseline to week 32 between deucravacitinib and methotrexate groups.

DISCUSSION

High-quality evidence guiding the management of women with VLP is lacking. Once completed, this will be the first double-blinded RCT to compare systemic treatments in VLP. The results of this study will provide valuable, high-quality data to guide second-line therapy options for VLP that is recalcitrant to potent topical corticosteroids.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12623000682640. Registered on 26 June 2023.

Development of the lichen planus quality of life questionnaire (LPQoL) informed by expert clinician input and patient feedback: a retrospective survey study

Lichen planus (LP) can affect multiple body sites including skin, mucosae, scalp and nails, causing considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Currently, there are no LP patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that address all body sites potentially affected by LP. We developed a LP Quality of Life Questionnaire (LPQoL), informed by an expert consortium and patient survey study, to address this gap. The study was approved by our institution's Institutional Review Board. First, a 22-item LPQoL was designed with input from LP experts at our institution. The tool was then optimized by garnering input from patients recently diagnosed with LP, who were asked to complete the LPQoL, as well as the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and a feedback form about the LPQoL. Fifty-eight of 150 patients (39% response rate) returned the questionnaire. Mean DLQI score was 4.9 ± 5.6 SD (range 0-25) and mean LPQoL score was 13.6 ± 10.4 SD (range 0-54). LPQoL score was positively correlated with DLQI score (r = 0.79; p < 0.001). Forty-nine out of 56 (88%) and 6/56 (11%) rated the LPQoL as 'very easy' or 'fairly easy' to complete, respectively. Based on participants' feedback, we increased the recall period from one week to one month and added questions on esophageal involvement. With iterative input from LP experts and patients, we developed a LPQoL to address the gap in a multi-site PROM specific to LP. This is a pilot study and there is ongoing validation studies; therefore, this measure should not be used in clinical practice or research until validated.

Comparing quality of life in women with vulvovaginal lichen planus treated with topical and systemic treatments using the vulvar quality of life index

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

For patients with vulvovaginal lichen planus (VLP), there exists limited data on the comparison between patient quality of life treated with topical and/or systemic treatments. We characterised the treatment outcomes of VLP using the vulvar quality of life index (VQLI) comparing women treated with systemic immunosuppression, including humanised interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody tildrakizumab, to those treated with topical corticosteroids alone.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study is reported from a dermatology practice in Sydney, Australia. Electronic medical records for adult women with a diagnosis of VLP were reviewed identifying 112 subjects. VQLI scores in four domains (symptoms, activities of daily living, anxiety and sexual function) were compared between women able to maintain remission of disease with topical monotherapy to those with recalcitrant disease requiring treatment with conventional systemic immunosuppressants and for those not responding to this treatment, tildrakizumab.

RESULTS

At baseline women requiring tildrakizumab treatment had the highest total VQLI score (24.6), whilst women whose disease was maintained on topical treatment had the lowest (19.2). Women treated whilst on tildrakizumab had significant reduced total mean VQLI scores (13.32, 95% CI 8.61-18.01) than when treated with other Systemic (22.00, 95% CI 16.52-27.53; p < 0.001) or topical (21.71, 95% CI 16.13-26.32; p < 0.01). Women treated with tildrakizumab demonstrated statistically significant decreases in mean VQLI scores in all four domains of the VQLI compared to previous scores when on other systemic treatments.

CONCLUSION

We report the largest cohort study to date of adult women with VLP evaluating treatment responses to topical and systemic agents using the VQLI. In women whose VLP did not improve with conventional systemic immunosuppressants, tildrakizumab resulted in statistically significant decrease in mean VQLI scores in all 4 domains, highlighting tildrakizumab as an alternative treatment for VLP.

A systematic review of sexual health consequences among women with lichen sclerosus

Introduction

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition predominantly affecting the vulva. Studies have shown high rates of sexual dysfunction in patients with LS; however, the sexual effects of the condition are poorly acknowledged.

Objectives

We sought to identify sexual health consequences among women with vulvar LS through systematic review of available literature.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to find reports on sexual health consequences among women with LS. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus were queried. Included articles were observational studies evaluating women with LS and their sexual health and randomized controlled trials or comparative studies utilizing a validated sexual health measure before intervention among the same population. Articles must have been written in English and published from January 1991 to April 2022.

Results

The search produced 683 references, including 32 articles that met criteria for full-text review and 20 reported studies that met inclusion criteria. Two studies investigated the impact of LS on interpersonal relationships, 6 studies evaluated sexual symptoms, 16%-60% reported sexual dysfunction, and 22%-56.7% reported dyspareunia. Also described were decreased sexual frequency and satisfaction, negative impact on sexual relationships, and feelings of inadequacy. Eight publications evaluated the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI); all described studies that demonstrated a central tendency less than 26.55. Four publications evaluated the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS); all demonstrated average scores greater than 12. Two publications evaluated the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS), both found decreased scores compared to controls. Four publications evaluated the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI); impact on quality of life was small to very large, with sexual difficulties affecting most study patients. One publication evaluated the Vulvar Quality of Life Index (VQLI); sexuality was the second highest-scoring subgroup.

Conclusions

Sexual health consequences of LS include sexual pain, dysfunction, and distress; negative genital self-image; and negative impact on sexual relationships. Women with LS experience a negative impact on quality of life, particularly related to sexual functioning.

Lichen Sclerosus and Sexual Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a common autoimmune dermatological condition that is often under-diagnosed in women and has been documented to affect quality of life and sexual function.

AIM

To determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women with vulvar lichen sclerosus.

METHODS

The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing research on LS and sexual function in database including PubMed using search terms: lichen sclerosus OR vulvar lichen sclerosus OR vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus OR kraurosis vulvae) AND (sexual function OR sexual functions OR sexual disorder OR sexual disorders OR sexual activity OR sexual activities OR sexual dysfunction OR sexual dysfunctions OR dyspareunia OR vaginismus).

OUTCOMES

Nearly 60% of women with lichen sclerosus suffer from sexual dysfunction.

RESULTS

Two hundred and ten studies were initially identified. Twenty-six articles met inclusion criteria and 3 were excluded as they did not relate to sexual function, were regarding a surgical or medical intervention and sexual dysfunction and one was a review article. Therefore, 23 studies were included in the final analysis resulting in a cumulative 486 participants with LS with 208 patients experiencing any kind of sexual dysfunction. Meta-analysis presented prevalence of sexual dysfunction among LS patients as 59% (95% CI: 48 - 70%). Dyspareunia or generalized pain with intercourse was the most commonly reported type of dysfunction.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Discussing sexual concerns with women with LS could empower them to seek treatment.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

Few articles met criteria for inclusion.

CONCLUSION

A large proportion of women with LS experience sexual dysfunction. More research is needed, especially that which includes biopsy-proven LS and validated tools on sexual function.

Quality of life impact and treatment response in vulval disease: Comparison of 3 common conditions using the Vulval Quality of Life Index

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To compare the quality of life in patients with vulval lichen sclerosus (VLS), vulval lichen planus (VLP) and chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVVC), as measured by the Vulval Quality of Life Index (VQLI).

METHODS

A retrospective, single-centre cohort study was conducted at a combined dermatology and gynaecology practice from March 2018 to November 2021. VQLI scores and patient data were systematically collected and recorded in an online patient database. Treatment regimens were individualised and titrated to clinical response.

RESULTS

Over 3 years, a total of 200 women were recruited: 59 with CVVC, 79 with VLP and 62 with VLS. The median duration of follow-up for all patients was 45.43 (16.25-80.89) weeks. At baseline, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) VQLI score was 24.00 (19.00-31.00), 21.00 (12.00-26.00) and 14.00 (7.00-26.00) for CVVC, VLP and VLS, respectively. At follow-up, the median (IQR) VQLI score for CVVC, VLP and VLS was 9.00 (3.00-15.00), 9.00 (3.00-16.00) and 5.00 (2.00-10.00), respectively. All three groups showed a significant improvement in VQLI score (p < 0.0001). At baseline, the highest scoring domains were 'Sexual Function' for CVVC and 'Future Health Concerns' for VLP and VLS. At follow-up, the highest scoring domains were 'Sexual Function' for CVVC and VLP, and 'Future Health Concerns' for VLS.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Vulval disease has an immense impact on QOL, especially in patients with CVVC. The VQLI is useful to clinicians in identifying the unique impact of each vulval condition on a patient's QOL in order to provide better patient-focussed care.

Genital Self-Image, Sexual Function, and Quality of Life Among Individuals with Vulvar and Non-Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses

Vulvar inflammatory dermatoses (VID; e.g., lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, vulvar dermatitis) can significantly impact sexual function. Both vulvar and non-vulvar inflammatory dermatoses (NVID; i.e., skin conditions not impacting vulvar skin, such as non-genital psoriasis and eczema/dermatitis) have yet to be fully characterized with regard to impact on genital self-image. A 20-min web-based survey was distributed September-November 2020 through social media ads, support groups, and online research recruitment services. Individuals in the USA over age 18 who were assigned female at birth and self-reported having been diagnosed with an inflammatory dermatosis were eligible. The primary outcome was the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS). Secondary outcomes included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Skindex-16 (a skin-related quality of life measure), the PROMIS Global-10 (assessing global physical/mental health), and sexual behavior histories. Participants (n = 348) reported mean age of 43.1 ± 15.5 (range = 19-81). Nearly one-third (n = 101; 29.0%) reported VID, 173 (50%) had NVID, and 74 (21%) experienced both vulvar and non-vulvar symptoms; they were analyzed as part of the VID group. The mean FGSIS score among participants with VID was 16.9 ± 4.1 and was significantly (p < .01) lower than that of participants with NVID (M = 21.2 ± 4.3), indicating lower genital self-image. Mental health (as measured by PROMIS-Global 10) was also impaired in VID. Rates of sexual dysfunction were high in both groups (> 60%). Findings suggest that in VID, lower genital self-image is correlated with poorer sexual function, quality of life, and global physical and mental health. Additional recommendations for VID management are proposed.

Evaluation of genital self-image and sexual dysfunction in women with vulvar lichen planus or lichen sclerosus

INTRODUCTION

Vulvar lichen planus (LP) and vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS) are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect women's sexual health. In this study, our aim was to investigate sexual function, anxiety level and genital self-image in vulvar LP and vulvar LS patients.

METHODS

This study was conducted on a total of 178 women who presented to the gynecology clinic between February 2019 and January 2020. The patients were divided into the following groups: group 1, vulvar LP (n = 21); group 2, vulvar LS (n = 59); group 3, fungal vulvitis controls (n = 48); and group 4, healthy controls (n = 50). The validated Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), and Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) questionnaires were assessed in all women.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to age, parity, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), vaginal intercourse past 1 month, marital status or educational status (p > .05). There were statistically significant differences between the vulvar LP and vulvar LS groups compared to control groups in terms of FSFI total scores and subscores (p < .001). When FGSIS and BAI scores were analyzed, significant statistical differences were found among the study groups (p < .001). A positive correlation was found between the FSFI and FGSIS scores in patients with vulvar LP and LS. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between the FSFI and BAI scores in patients with vulvar LP and LS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that sexual function, genital self-image and anxiety level were associated in vulvar LP and vulvar LS patients. Vulvar LP and vulvar LS patients with worse genital self-image have more sexual problems and anxious conditions.

Quality of Life and Psychopathology in Lichen Planus: A Neglected Disease Burden

The disease burden of lichen planus and its impact on patients' quality of life have not been well studied. The aim of this mono-centre cross-sectional study was to investigate these factors. From June to September 2020, an anonymous survey was posted to 253 patients, who were diagnosed with lichen planus in our outpatient clinic from January 2018 to June 2020. Quality of life was evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the EuroQol 5-dimension 3-level score, and further quality of life indicators. Beck Depression Inventory II was used to evaluate symptoms of depression. A total of 100 patients completed and returned the survey. Lichen planus affected quality of life in 78% of cases. DLQI was higher for multiple localizations (r = 0.454, p < 0.001). Patients with genital lichen planus had a significantly higher DLQI (mean ± standard deviation (SD) 8.68 ± 6.96) than patients who were not affected in the genital area (5.01 ± 5.49; p = 0.009). DLQI was also significantly higher for ungual lichen planus (9.83 ± 7.6; not affected: 5.65 ± 5.84; p-value 0.039), and for cutaneous LP (mean 8.1, SD 6.22; not affected: 5.63 ± 6.12; p-value 0.045). Twenty-nine percent of patients had mild to moderate symptoms of depression, and 6% had severe symptoms of depression. Depression and reduced quality of life are an undetected and relevant burden affecting patients with lichen planus.

Retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics and patient-reported outcomes in vulval lichen planus: Results from a single-center study

Vulval lichen planus (VLP) is a rare, but often chronic, inflammatory disease whose symptoms include genital pain, discomfort, and dyspareunia. The clinical manifestations include erythema, erosions, and scarring. The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate patient-reported outcomes and clinical findings in patients with VLP. Patients (>18 years) with histologically confirmed VLP were included in the retrospective analysis. Patient demographics, clinical features, symptomatology, quality of life, management, clinical outcomes, and comorbidities associated with VLP were analyzed. Twenty-four patients were identified with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) follow-up time of 19.3 (13.8) months. Classical VLP with glazed erythema was found in seven (29.2%) patients, erosive VLP was present in 15 (62.5%) patients, and hypertrophic VLP in two (8.3%). Seven patients had additional cutaneous involvement, while six patients had both vulval and oral mucosal involvement. The labia minora was the most frequently affected anatomical site (83.3%), followed by the clitoris (58.3%). Scarring lesions were found in 62.5% (n = 15) of patients. All study participants received treatment with potent and/or superpotent topical corticosteroids but 50% required systemic therapy (acitretin, corticosteroids, or hydroxychloroquine). Five (20.8%) patients underwent surgery due to adhesions and scarring resulting from VLP. One patient was diagnosed with a vulval squamous cell carcinoma during long-term follow-up. The mean (SD) Dermatology Life Quality Index score was 8.4 (5.5) at presentation and 8.9 (6.8) at the end of follow-up. In conclusion, VLP was associated with moderate quality of life impairments which persisted despite treatment, suggesting that current treatments for VLP are inadequate.

Apremilast for genital erosive lichen planus in women (the AP-GELP Study): study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background

Genital erosive lichen planus (GELP) is a genital subtype of lichen planus, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. In women, GELP is characterised by painful vulvo-vaginal mucosal erosions and scarring, often resulting in poor sexual health and reduced quality of life. Treatment options are limited and often with little effect. Apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4-inhibitor, has been shown to have a positive effect on psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. We aim to investigate the effect and safety of peroral apremilast in women with GELP in a randomised placebo-controlled double-blinded clinical trial.

Methods

We will recruit 42 adult women with characteristic clinical and/or histological features of moderate-to-severe GELP from a specialised vulva clinic in Oslo, Norway. The patients will be randomised 1:1 to either apremilast 30 mg BID (with an initial dose titration on days 1–6) or a placebo for 24 weeks. The concomitant use of topical corticosteroids will be allowed. The primary end point will be the mean GELP score, a clinical scoring system, at week 24 in the apremilast-treated patients versus the placebo-treated patients. The secondary end points will include the mean GELP score improvement from weeks 0 to 24, patient-reported use of topical steroids, the pain score on a visual analogue scale and the number of patients with GELP score improvements at weeks 16 and 24. The Physician Global Assessment , Patient Global Assessment and selected quality of life and sexual function assessments will be recorded at weeks 0, 16 and 24. The exploratory endpoints include description of immunohistochemical changes before and after apremilast therapy, assessed in vulvar or vaginal biopsies at weeks 0 and 24. Regular follow-ups for possible adverse events will be conducted.

Discussion

The study design is based on experience from studies on apremilast in other inflammatory skin diseases using equivalent apremilast doses for approved indications. The trial may provide evidence for the use of apremilast in women with this burdensome genital dermatosis.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT0365666. Registered on 4 September 2018.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05428-w.

Diagnosis and Management of Vulvovaginal Lichen Planus

Importance

Genital lichen planus is a debilitating disorder that lacks definitive recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment.

Objective

The aim of this study was to present best practices from available evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of genital lichen planus.

Evidence Acquisition

We conducted a narrative review of the literature on genital lichen planus by searching PubMed using the following search terms: "vulvar lichen planus" OR (vulvar diseases[mesh] OR vulva[mesh]) AND lichen planus[mesh] OR vulvar[ti] AND "lichen planus"[ti]. We included all languages and years in the search.

Results

The search resulted in 273 citations that we reviewed for relevancy and selected 60 as the foundation for this review that focuses on genital sites. Diagnosis can be made without biopsy, and when a biopsy is taken, the pathologic findings may be nonspecific. Topical ultrapotent corticosteroids are most commonly used as first-line treatment of genital lichen planus.

Conclusions and Relevance

When patients present with genital lichen planus, a complete review of systems and a thorough physical examination should be performed because of the prevalence of extragenital sites. Treatment of genital disease should start with a topical, ultrapotent steroid, and follow-up visits should occur to ensure improvement and to monitor for adverse drug reactions and malignancy.

Measuring perceived benefit and disease-related burden in patients affected with vulvar lichen sclerosus after a standard topical corticosteroid treatment. Results from a cohort study using Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-measure and Dermatology Life Quality Index

Improvement in suffering after treatment has been poorly investigated in women affected with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). We performed an observational study on a cohort of VLS patients for assessing the effect of a 12-week topical corticosteroid treatment on their VLS-related burden, as measured with Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-Measure (PRISM) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Demographics and disease-related subjective and objective scores (at baseline, T0, and at the control visit, T1) were recorded. The PRISM and DLQI were administered at T0 and T1. We assessed the variation of PRISM and DLQI at T1 compared to baseline and the relevance of several variables on these changes. Sixty-three patients were included. A significant improvement was found in both PRISM and DLQI after treatment. A higher coefficient of variations was observed for PRISM and DLQI as compared to subjective and objective scores. Improvement of global subjective score after treatment was the sole variable associated with PRISM and DLQI variations. The corticosteroid treatment led to a significant decrease in the impact of VLS on patients' well-being, in terms of suffering and quality of life impairment. PRISM seems a reliable instrument for integrating clinicians' and patients' perspectives for a comprehensive VLS management.

A Qualitative Exploration of Women's Experiences of Living With Chronic Vulvar Dermatoses

BACKGROUND

Many vulvar dermatoses (VDs) are chronic and cannot be "cured," thus affected women must learn to live with the impact of the disease, and its treatment, on their quality of life.

AIM

To qualitatively investigate the impact of VDs on women's quality of life through firsthand accounts.

METHODS

12 women, 7 with lichen sclerosus and 5 with erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus recruited from a vulvar disease clinic participated in in-depth, exploratory interviews. Scripts were analyzed by applying a thematic network. The following steps were used: (1) coding the text, (2) development of descriptive themes, and (3) generation of thematic networks.

OUTCOMES

The main outcome explored was the narrative experiences of women living with VDs.

RESULTS

A global theme of suffering emerged. Themes associated with this suffering were organized under the themes of isolation, interference, and grieving. Women felt isolated because they felt unable to talk about their suffering; experienced a lack of external validation and support; and felt different as individuals, women, and sexual beings. Most women expressed negative views of their genitalia. Women spoke of the VDs, and its management, as interfering with thoughts, activities, and sex life. Symptoms were described as all-encompassing. Women spoke about limiting and/or avoiding daily activities and, in particular, sexual activities. Women described diminished sexual pleasure and experienced loss in their intimate relationships. Women described an ongoing grieving process; anger and sadness over the loss of their former healthy self; the burden of ongoing treatment; and attempts to cope and accept their current condition.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

The findings suggest that assessment of women with VDs should include a detailed history of the impact of the VDs on women's psychological and sexual health.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

A strength of this study is that we openly explored the lived experiences of women who had been clinically diagnosed with vulvar lichen sclerosus and erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus. A limitation is that the findings may not represent the experience of women living with VDs who do not wish to discuss their VDs or who are undiagnosed, untreated, and/or treated by other health-care providers.

CONCLUSIONS

Women described profound impact of VDs on psychological and sexual health. Sadownik LA, Koert E, Maher C, et al. A Qualitative Exploration of Women's Experiences of Living With Chronic Vulvar Dermatoses. J Sex Med 2020;17:1740-1750.

Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-Measure to assess the perceived burden in patients with chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases: an observational study

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases can have a huge detrimental impact on patient welfare. A few studies have addressed this issue so far, mainly measuring patients' quality of life or sexual dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the burden of suffering in patients with chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases using the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-Measure (PRISM), a visual, non-verbal instrument. We also assessed (i) the concordance between PRISM and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), (ii) whether some variables, both patient-related and disease-related, affect the patient's suffering and quality-of-life impairment.

METHODS

We evaluated for inclusion in this cross-sectional study all patients who attended our Vulva Unit over a 9-month period with histologically proven lichen sclerosus (LS), lichen planus (LP), lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), eczema, plasma cell vulvitis and psoriasis (at least five for each disease). Demographics and disease-related subjective and objective scores were recorded. The PRISM and DLQI were administered.

RESULTS

We included 87 patients affected with LS, 13 with LSC and seven with LP. Median PRISM values (0-273 mm) ranged from 95 to 120 mm, depending on the disease, and median DLQI scores (0-30) were five for all three groups. Neither PRISM nor DLQI scores differed significantly among the three groups. Moderate coherence was found between PRISM and DLQI (ρ = 0.5455, P < 0.001). Global subjective score was the only variable significantly associated with the degree of suffering and quality-of-life impairment.

CONCLUSIONS

Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-Measure proved to be a valuable, highly reliable tool for measuring the perceived burden in these patients. In spite of a moderate correlation, PRISM resulted more sensitive in capturing patient distress than DLQI.

Update on treatments for erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus

Vulvovaginal lichen planus (VVLP) is a debilitating disease that causes significant pain and psychological distress. Management is made difficult by the chronic course of the disease and its resistance to treatment. While topical steroids have been accepted as the first-line treatment, they fail to achieve symptomatic control in approximately 40% of patients. Second-line therapies include other topical treatments such as calcineurin inhibitors, systemic therapies including oral steroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, biologics, and tacrolimus, and procedural options including surgery and dilation, photodynamic therapy, and ultrasound. This review provides an overview of the current treatments and explores the level of evidence supporting each of them.

Adequacy of dermatology and ob-gyn graduate medical education for inflammatory vulvovaginal skin disease: A nationwide needs assessment survey

Background

Many patients with inflammatory vulvovaginal skin diseases, such as lichen planus and lichen sclerosus, experience a delay in diagnosis and lack of appropriate treatment. Unfortunately, patients experience significant morbidity with these conditions.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the adequacy of training in vulvar dermatoses for dermatology and obstetrics-gynecology residents (in the United States), with a secondary goal of identifying the most ideal modality to broadly reach these residents with high quality instruction.

Methods

We created a survey with questions relating to attitudes about training in vulvovaginal disease, quantity of current education on the subject, and opinions on ways to improve training. The survey was distributed to obstetrics-gynecology and dermatology residents and program directors nationwide.

Results

Most respondents reported that training was not adequate in this area and that additional education was needed.

Conclusion

We propose that online, interactive, case-based learning modules, created by vulvovaginal experts, could help improve graduate medical education and lead to better patient outcomes.

Vulvar diseases: Approach to the patient

Patients with vulvar dermatoses often delay seeking medical treatment because of anxiety and embarrassment. Moreover, women frequently self-treat with various home remedies and see multiple clinicians before presenting to a dermatologist. Despite serving as the primary providers for patients with vulvovaginal symptoms, gynecologists typically receive limited training in the causes and management of these conditions. Dermatologists are experts in the evaluation and management of cutaneous disease and should be the caretakers of all skin, including the genitalia. Vulvar disorders are underrecognized by dermatologists for numerous reasons: inadequate training, lack of comfort with both interview and examination techniques, and unfamiliarity with normal anatomic variations. The first article in this continuing medical education series on vulvar dermatoses reviews the fundamentals, approach, and techniques that can be used to ensure a successful visit for both patient and provider.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients attended in a vulvar clinic of the dermatology outpatient unit of a tertiary hospital during a 4-year period

BACKGROUND

Vulvar complaints are among the most frequent causes for a woman to visit a healthcare provider. The diseases of this area of the body may be a challenge to diagnose. In this study, we assess epidemiologic and clinical data of patients in an outpatient vulvar clinic in the dermatology department of a tertiary hospital.

METHODS

We performed an observational retrospective study of patients who attended our consultation service for vulvar diseases at the Dermatology Division at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP during a 4-year period. Data were obtained by patient medical records and by phone.

RESULTS

During the 4-year period under study, a total of 136 patients were treated in the outpatient service specialized in vulvar care. All patients were included in the study. The most frequent diagnoses were lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (64.7%), lichen planus (8.8%), and vitiligo (8%). We registered that 26.7% of the patients showed extravulvar involvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with vulvar diseases need specific care, considering not only genital aspects but also all skin changes. In this context, the dermatologist is a very well trained professional to take good and complete care of these patients. However, ideally vulvar clinics should have a multidisciplinary team.

Vulvovaginal Disease Education in Canadian and American Gynecology Residency Programs: A Survey of Program Directors

OBJECTIVE

The aims of the study were to assess and describe the current vulvovaginal curriculum in gynecology residency training programs in Canada and the United States and to compare this with national training objectives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A 22-question electronic survey was sent to 252 gynecology program directors in Canada and the United States between September 2015 and July 2016 using the platform SurveyMonkey.com. Survey responses were entered into SPSS Version 23, and analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Overall, 58 (23%) of 252 programs directors responded. Nearly all of the sites provided formal teaching on pain disorders (54/58, 93%), vulvar dermatoses (54/58, 93%), and vulvovaginal infections (57/58, 98%). Exposure to vulvovaginal clinics varied widely. On average, program directors estimated that residents spend a median of 10 hours (0-200) in vulvar pain clinics, 9 hours (0-200) in dermatology clinics, and 50 hours (0-480) in colposcopy clinics during residency training. Most program directors (53/57, 93%) believed that all general gynecologists should be able to manage vulvar disorders in practice. Reported obstacles to treating vulvar disorders included lack of training (41/58, 71%) and lack of interest (35/58, 60%).

CONCLUSIONS

While most residency programs provided formal education on vulvovaginal diseases, clinical exposure is extremely variable between sites. When it is not possible to increase clinical exposure to vulvovaginal disorders, traditional training methods (lectures, textbooks) should be supplemented with online modules and other means of learning to improve resident knowledge of vulvovaginal diseases.

Vulvo-vaginal lichen planus: A focussed review for the clinician

Vulvo-vaginal lichen planus is a condition which imposes a significant burden of symptoms and sequale. There is a paucity of knowledge and evidenced-based management with significant diagnostic delay prior to appropriate treatment being common. There remains great variability in clinician practice in the context of limited knowledge. This clinical review presents current evidence on the clinicopathological features, practical assessment and management options. Learning points include characterization of this chronic, burdensome clinical entity that has no standardized diagnostic or management protocols. We provide practical clinical conclusions based on current knowledge and identify areas for future research to improve patient outcomes.