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Hu Z, Komal F, Singh A, Deng M. Generation of a Spiral Ganglion Neuron Degeneration Mouse Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:761847. [PMID: 34778272 PMCID: PMC8578993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.761847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) can be injured by a wide variety of insults. However, there still is a lack of degeneration models to specifically damage the SGNs without disturbing other types of cells in the inner ear. This study aims to generate an SGN-specific damage model using the Cre-LoxP transgenic mouse strains. The Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR+/+) knock-in mouse strain was crossed with a mouse strain with Cre activity specific to neurons (NeflCreER/CreER). Expression of the Cre-recombinase activity was evaluated using the reporter mouse strain Ai9 at pre-hearing, hearing onset, and post-hearing stages. Accordingly, heterozygous NeflCreER/+;iDTR+/– mice were treated with tamoxifen on postnatal days 1–5 (P1–5), followed by diphtheria toxin (DT) or vehicle injection on P7, P14, and P21 to evaluate the SGN loss. Robust tamoxifen-induced Cre-mediated Ai9 tdTomato fluorescence was observed in the SGN area of heterozygous NeflCreER/+;Ai9+/– mice treated with tamoxifen, whereas vehicle-treated heterozygote mice did not show tdTomato fluorescence. Compared to vehicle-treated NeflCreER/+;iDTR+/– mice, DT-treated NeflCreER/+;iDTR+/– mice showed significant auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold shifts and SGN cell loss. Hair cell count and functional study did not show significant changes. These results demonstrate that the NeflCreER/CreER mouse strain exhibits inducible SGN-specific Cre activity in the inner ear, which may serve as a valuable SGN damage model for regeneration research of the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Hu
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fnu Komal
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Asano K, Nakano T, Tokutake K, Ishii H, Nishizuka T, Iwatsuki K, Onishi T, Kurimoto S, Yamamoto M, Tatebe M, Hirata H. Innervation of Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel -cells by transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve section in rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:586-595. [PMID: 33837671 DOI: 10.1002/term.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic motor neurons has been shown to improve motor neuron survival and innervation of neuromuscular junctions in peripheral nerves. However, there have been no reports regarding transplantation of sensory neurons and innervation of sensory receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that the transplantation of embryonic sensory neurons may improve sensory neurons in the skin and innervate Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles. We obtained sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia of 14-day rat embryos. We generated a rat model of Wallerian-degeneration by performing sciatic nerve transection and waiting for one week after. Six months after cell transplantation, we performed histological and electrophysiological examinations in naïve control, surgical control, and cell transplantation groups. The number of nerve fibers in the papillary dermis and epidermal-dermal interface was significantly greater in the cell transplantation than in the surgical control group. The percent of Merkel cells with nerve terminals, as well as the average number of Meissner corpuscles with nerve terminals, were higher in the cell transplantation than in the surgical control group, but differences were not significant between the two groups. Moreover, the amplitude and latency of sensory conduction velocity were evoked in rats of the cell transplantation group. We demonstrated that the transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells improved sensory nerve fiber number and innervation of Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles in peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Asano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tokutake
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Ishii
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nishizuka
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Iwatsuki
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Onishi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kurimoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiro Yamamoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tatebe
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirata
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Sekiya T, Holley MC. Cell Transplantation to Restore Lost Auditory Nerve Function is a Realistic Clinical Opportunity. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211035076. [PMID: 34498511 PMCID: PMC8438274 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211035076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing is one of our most important means of communication. Disabling hearing loss (DHL) is a long-standing, unmet problem in medicine, and in many elderly people, it leads to social isolation, depression, and even dementia. Traditionally, major efforts to cure DHL have focused on hair cells (HCs). However, the auditory nerve is also important because it transmits electrical signals generated by HCs to the brainstem. Its function is critical for the success of cochlear implants as well as for future therapies for HC regeneration. Over the past two decades, cell transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for restoring lost auditory nerve function, and two independent studies on animal models show that cell transplantation can lead to functional recovery. In this article, we consider the approaches most likely to achieve success in the clinic. We conclude that the structure and biochemical integrity of the auditory nerve is critical and that it is important to preserve the remaining neural scaffold, and in particular the glial scar, for the functional integration of donor cells. To exploit the natural, autologous cell scaffold and to minimize the deleterious effects of surgery, donor cells can be placed relatively easily on the surface of the nerve endoscopically. In this context, the selection of donor cells is a critical issue. Nevertheless, there is now a very realistic possibility for clinical application of cell transplantation for several different types of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Sekiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hikone Chuo Hospital, Hikone, Japan
- Tetsuji Sekiya, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan,.
| | - Matthew C. Holley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, England
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Kaiser A, Kale A, Novozhilova E, Olivius P. The Effects of Matrigel® on the Survival and Differentiation of a Human Neural Progenitor Dissociated Sphere Culture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:441-450. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kaiser
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden
| | - Ajay Kale
- Department for Surgical Sciences, ENT‐UnitAkademiska Hospital Uppsala Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Sormland Eskilstuna Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Novozhilova
- Department for Surgical Sciences, ENT‐UnitAkademiska Hospital Uppsala Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Sormland Eskilstuna Sweden
| | - Petri Olivius
- Department for Surgical Sciences, ENT‐UnitAkademiska Hospital Uppsala Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Sormland Eskilstuna Sweden
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Stem Cells: A New Hope for Hearing Loss Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1130:165-180. [PMID: 30915707 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6123-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Permanent hearing loss was considered which cannot be cured since cochlear hair cells and primary afferent neurons cannot be regenerated. In recent years, due to the in-depth study of stem cell and its therapeutic potential, regenerating auditory sensory cells is made possible. By using two strategies of endogenous stem cell activation and exogenous stem cell transplantation, researchers hope to find methods to restore hearing function. However, there are complex factors that need to be considered in the in vivo application of stem cell therapy, such as stem cell-type choice, signaling pathway regulations, transplantation approaches, internal environment of the cochlea, and external stimulation. After years of investigations, some theoretic progress has been made in the treatment of hearing loss using stem cells, but there are also many problems which limited its application that need to be solved. Understanding the future perspective of stem cell therapy in hearing loss, solving the encountered problems, and promoting its development are the common goals of audiological researchers. In this review, we present critical experimental findings of stem cell therapy on treatment of hearing loss and intend to bring hope to researchers and patients.
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Stolle M, Schulze J, Roemer A, Lenarz T, Durisin M, Warnecke A. Human Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Improves Survival and Neurite Outgrowth of Spiral Ganglion Neurons In Vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:493-501. [PMID: 28610547 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma (PRP and PPP) are autologous preparations from peripheral blood and contain several growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue repair. Although their neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties have been already described, little is known about their effects in the inner ear. We, therefore, examined the effects of PRP and PPP on spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in vitro. RESULTS For all experiments, spiral ganglia were isolated from neonatal rats and were cultured in serum-free medium. PRP from human venous blood was added to dissociated SGN. Treatment with PRP (1:10, 1:50) significantly increased the neuronal survival and the neuronal outgrowth of SGN. This effect was completely reversed by the addition of Bay 11 (nuclear factor kappa B-inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [p38MAPK]-inhibitor). Furthermore, PPP was used as a cell-free matrix for the attachment of spiral ganglion explants. Coating with activated PPP improved the adhesion and neurite outgrowth of spiral ganglia explants. Therefore, activated PPP is a promising alternative for poly d/l-ornithine and laminin coating due to the gelatinous composition through the activation of PPP with calcium gluconate. PRP promotes neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects on SGN when administered in adequate concentrations. These beneficial effects seem to be depending on NF-κB and the p38MAPK pathways. CONCLUSION Preparations from autologous whole blood (PRP and PPP, respectively) present an interesting alternative for pharmacological intervention to the inner ear since they contain a balanced and natural composition of trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stolle
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schulze
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation (DFG; "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft") "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany
| | - Ariane Roemer
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation (DFG; "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft") "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Durisin
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation (DFG; "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft") "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany
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Bojrab D, Zhang B, Jiang H, Zhang L, Cohen DS, Luo X, Hu Z. Expression of Oligodendrocyte Marker during Peripheral-Central Transitional Zone Formation of the Postnatal Mouse Cochlear Nerve. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 157:488-492. [PMID: 28695768 DOI: 10.1177/0194599817718806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective To better understand oligodendrocyte protein expression along the mouse cochlear nerve in postnatal mice. Study Design In vivo murine study. Setting Research laboratory. Subjects and Methods Swiss Webster mice used at multiple postnatal days (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 30, and 60). There were 5 replicates at each postnatal day. Cryosection was done to produce sections that included the cochlear nucleus, cochlear nerve, and cochlea in a single sample. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and immunofluorescence with antibodies specific to the oligodendrocyte protein Olig2 were used to study the cochlear nerve of Swiss Webster mice at postnatal days. Results The myelination of central nervous system projections initiates in close proximity to the peripheral nervous system-central nervous system transitional zone (PCTZ), and oligodendrocytes in neonatal mice are seen with immunohistochemistry peripheral to the DIC-PCTZ interface. Conclusions As the PCTZ migrates from the brain to the cochlea, oligodendrocytes are a part of peripheral extension of central nervous system tissue along the cochlear nerve. Expression of oligodendrocyte marker Oligo2 was observed peripherally to the formation of PCTZ, as determined by DIC microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bojrab
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Baofu Zhang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Jinshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuemei Luo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengqing Hu
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Warnecke A, Mellott AJ, Römer A, Lenarz T, Staecker H. Advances in translational inner ear stem cell research. Hear Res 2017; 353:76-86. [PMID: 28571616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research is expanding our understanding of developmental biology as well as promising the development of new therapies for a range of different diseases. Within hearing research, the use of stem cells has focused mainly on cell replacement. Stem cells however have a broad range of other potential applications that are just beginning to be explored in the ear. Mesenchymal stem cells are an adult derived stem cell population that have been shown to produce growth factors, modulate the immune system and can differentiate into a wide variety of tissue types. Potential advantages of mesenchymal/adult stem cells are that they have no ethical constraints on their use. However, appropriate regulatory oversight seems necessary in order to protect patients from side effects. Disadvantages may be the lack of efficacy in many preclinical studies. But if proven safe and efficacious, they are easily translatable to clinical trials. The current review will focus on the potential application on mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation, Germany
| | - Adam J Mellott
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ariane Römer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation, Germany
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Hu Z, Ulfendahl M. The potential of stem cells for the restoration of auditory function in humans. Regen Med 2014; 8:309-18. [PMID: 23627825 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most common disabilities, affecting approximately 10% of the population. Hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons are usually damaged in most cases of hearing loss. Currently, there is virtually no biological approach to replace damaged hearing cells. Recent developments in stem cell technology provide new opportunities for the treatment of deafness. Two major strategies have been investigated: differentiation of endogenous stem cells into new hair cells; and introduction of exogenous cells into the inner ear to substitute injured hearing neurons. Although there is still a learning curve in stem cell-based replacement, the probability exists to utilize personalized stem cells to eventually provide a novel intervention for patients with deafness in future clinical research trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University, MI, USA.
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Hu Z, Zhang B, Luo X, Zhang L, Wang J, Bojrab D, Jiang H. The Astroglial Reaction along the Mouse Cochlear Nerve following Inner Ear Damage. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 150:121-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599813512097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Determine how the astroglial cells of the peripheral and central nervous system transitional zone (PCTZ) react to sensorineural hearing loss using a mouse cochlear nerve model. Study Design Prospective, basic science. Setting Research laboratory. Subjects and Methods Neomycin was injected into the mouse inner ear to cause chemically induced hearing loss. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were used to determine hearing threshold shifts after neomycin treatment. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of proteins specific for hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, astrocytes, and the myelin components of both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Results ABR threshold shifts and immunofluorescence results supported that hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons were damaged in neomycin-treated mice. Immunofluorescence showed the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS) transitional zone of the cochlear nerve at the interface of the myelin components of the PNS and CNS. In the control mice, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was observed proximally to the PCTZ closer to the CNS, which is their normal location. However, in neomycin-treated animals the expression of GFAP was detected distally to the PCTZ and was found close to the spiral lamina level in the basal cochlear turn, suggesting that GFAP-expressing astrocytes migrated across the PCTZ and reached the PNS. Conclusion The GFAP positive astrocyte processes extended across the PCTZ along the mouse cochlear nerve following chemically induced sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dennis Bojrab
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fudan University Jinshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Hu Z. Formation of the peripheral-central transitional zone in the postnatal mouse cochlear nerve. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149:296-300. [PMID: 23678277 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813489663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the formation of peripheral and central nervous system (CNS and PNS) transitional zone (PCTZ) along the postnatal mouse cochlear nerve. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, basic science. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A novel cryosection model of cochlea-cochlear nerve-brainstem was used in this study. The sections were harvested from a total of 45 mice in 9 groups of postnatal-day-0 to postnatal-day-60 mice (n = 5). Differential interference contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to study the formation of PCTZ along the cochlear nerve of the postnatal mouse. RESULTS The CNS tissue extended peripherally along the cochlear nerve from postnatal-day-0 to postnatal-day-7 and then stably located at the level of the spiral lamina of the basal cochlear turn. The PCTZ reached a mature pattern along the cochlear nerve after postnatal-day-7. A long segment of the CNS tissue extended along the cochlear nerve in the postnatal mouse. CONCLUSION In the early postnatal days, the PCTZ extended peripherally toward the cochlea and obtains a mature pattern along the neonatal mouse cochlear nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Filling the silent void: genetic therapies for hearing impairment. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2012:748698. [PMID: 23304527 PMCID: PMC3529436 DOI: 10.1155/2012/748698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear cytoarchitecture forms one of the most intricate and delicate organs in the human body and is vulnerable to the effects of genetic disorders, aging, and environmental damage. Owing to the inability of the mammalian cochlea to regenerate sensory hair cells, the loss of hair cells is a leading cause of deafness in humans. Millions of individuals worldwide are affected by the emotionally and financially devastating effects of hearing impairment (HI). This paper provides a brief introduction into the key role of genes regulating inner ear development and function. Potential future therapies that leverage on an improved understanding of these molecular pathways are also described in detail.
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Jongkamonwiwat N, Rivolta MN. The Development of a Stem Cell Therapy for Deafness. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Needham K, Minter RL, Shepherd RK, Nayagam BA. Challenges for stem cells to functionally repair the damaged auditory nerve. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:85-101. [PMID: 23094991 PMCID: PMC3543850 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.728583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the auditory system, a specialized subset of sensory neurons are responsible for correctly relaying precise pitch and temporal cues to the brain. In individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing impairment these sensory auditory neurons can be directly stimulated by a cochlear implant, which restores sound input to the brainstem after the loss of hair cells. This neural prosthesis therefore depends on a residual population of functional neurons in order to function effectively. AREAS COVERED In severe cases of sensorineural hearing loss where the numbers of auditory neurons are significantly depleted, the benefits derived from a cochlear implant may be minimal. One way in which to restore function to the auditory nerve is to replace these lost neurons using differentiated stem cells, thus re-establishing the neural circuit required for cochlear implant function. Such a therapy relies on producing an appropriate population of electrophysiologically functional neurons from stem cells, and on these cells integrating and reconnecting in an appropriate manner in the deaf cochlea. EXPERT OPINION Here we review progress in the field to date, including some of the key functional features that stem cell-derived neurons would need to possess and how these might be enhanced using electrical stimulation from a cochlear implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Needham
- University of Melbourne, Department of Otolaryngology, East Melbourne, Australia.
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Wang J, Zhang B, Jiang H, Zhang L, Liu D, Xiao X, Ma H, Luo X, Bojrab D, Hu Z. Myelination of the postnatal mouse cochlear nerve at the peripheral-central nervous system transitional zone. Front Pediatr 2013; 1:43. [PMID: 24400289 PMCID: PMC3865698 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nerve roots of vertebrates, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) interface at the PNS-CNS transitional zone (PCTZ), which consists of cell boundaries with various myelin components. We have recently shown that the mouse cochlear nerve presents an exceptionally long segment of the CNS tissue extending into the PNS using light microscopy. However, it is unclear how oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells contribute to the formation of myelin components of the PCTZ. It is undetermined how myelination is initiated along the cochlear nerve, and when it adopts a mature pattern. In this study, immunofluorescence using antibodies specific to oligodendrocyte marker myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and Schwann cell marker myelin protein zero (MPZ) were used to detail the expression of myelin components along the postnatal mouse cochlear nerve. We found that the expression of MPZ was initially observed in the soma of bipolar spiral ganglion neurons at postnatal day 0 (P0) and progressed to the central and peripheral processes after P8-P10. Myelination of the CNS tissue was initiated in close proximity to the PCTZ from P7 to P8 and then extended centrally. Myelination of the PCTZ reached a mature style at P14, when the interface of the expression of MOG and MPZ was clearly identified along the cochlear nerve. This knowledge of PCTZ formation of the cochlear nerve will be essential to future myelination research, and it will also gain clinical interest because of its relevance to the degeneration and regeneration of the auditory pathway in hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Otolaryngology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Danzheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Hannah Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dennis Bojrab
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Zhengqing Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
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16
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Hill GW, Purcell EK, Liu L, Velkey JM, Altschuler RA, Duncan RK. Netrin-1-mediated axon guidance in mouse embryonic stem cells overexpressing neurogenin-1. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2827-37. [PMID: 22512716 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds great promise for treating neurodegenerative disease, but major barriers to effective therapeutic strategies remain. A complete understanding of the derived phenotype is required for predicting cell response once introduced into the host tissue. We sought to identify major axonal guidance cues present in neurons derived from the transient overexpression of neurogenin-1 (Neurog1) in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Neurog1 upregulated the netrin-1 axon guidance receptors DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) and neogenin (NEO1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed a 2-fold increase in NEO1 mRNA and a 36-fold increase in DCC mRNA in Neurog1-induced compared with control ESCs. Immunohistochemistry indicated that DCC was primarily expressed on cells positive for the neuronal marker TUJ1. DCC was preferentially localized to the cell soma and growth-cones of induced neurons. In contrast, NEO1 expression showed less specificity, labeling both TUJ1-positive and TUJ1-negative cells as well as uninduced control cells. Axonal outgrowth was directed preferentially toward aggregates of HEK293 cells secreting a recombinant active fragment of netrin-1. These data indicate that DCC and NEO1 are downstream products of Neurog1 and may guide the integration of Neurog1-induced ESCs with target cells secreting netrin-1. Differential expression profiles for netrin receptors could indicate different roles for this guidance cue on neuronal and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard W Hill
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5616, USA
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Kopecky B, Fritzsch B. Regeneration of Hair Cells: Making Sense of All the Noise. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:848-879. [PMID: 21966254 PMCID: PMC3180915 DOI: 10.3390/ph4060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide by dampening or cutting off their auditory connection to the world. Current treatments for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with cochlear implants are not perfect, leaving regenerative medicine as the logical avenue to a perfect cure. Multiple routes to regeneration of damaged hair cells have been proposed and are actively pursued. Each route not only requires a keen understanding of the molecular basis of ear development but also faces the practical limitations of stem cell regulation in the delicate inner ear where topology of cell distribution is essential. Improvements in our molecular understanding of the minimal essential genes necessary for hair cell formation and recent advances in stem cell manipulation, such as seen with inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs), have opened new possibilities to advance research in translational stem cell therapies for individuals with hearing loss. Despite this, more detailed network maps of gene expression are needed, including an appreciation for the roles of microRNAs (miRs), key regulators of transcriptional gene networks. To harness the true potential of stem cells for hair cell regeneration, basic science and clinical medicine must work together to expedite the transition from bench to bedside by elucidating the full mechanisms of inner ear hair cell development, including a focus on the role of miRs, and adapting this knowledge safely and efficiently to stem cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kopecky
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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18
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Zhang L, Jiang H, Hu Z. Concentration-dependent effect of nerve growth factor on cell fate determination of neural progenitors. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1723-31. [PMID: 21219132 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) replacement therapy has been proposed to be a promising strategy to restore hearing either via replacing degenerated neurons or by improving the efficacy of cochlear implants which rely on functional neurons. However, lack of suitable donor cells and low survival rate of implanted cells are the major obstacles to successful implementation of therapeutic transplantation. The present study investigated the potential of mouse inner ear statoacoustic ganglion (SAG)-derived neural progenitors (NPs) to differentiate toward SGN-like glutamatergic cells and the influence to cell survival and differentiation when nerve growth factor (NGF) was supplied. We found that SAG-NPs could form neurospheres, proliferate, and differentiate into cells expressing neuronal protein neurofilament and β-III tubulin. NGF affected the cell fate of SAG-NP in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. Low concentration of NGF (2-5 ng/mL) promoted cell proliferation. Medium concentration of NGF (20-40 ng/mL) stimulated cells to differentiate into bi-polar SGN-like cells expressing glutamatergic proteins. High concentration of NGF (100 ng/mL) could rescue cells from induced apoptosis. In the in vivo study, NGF (100 ng/mL) dramatically enhanced SAG-NP survival rate after implantation into adult mammalian inner ear. This finding raises the possibility to further induce these NPs to differentiate into SGN-like neurons in future in vivo study. In conclusion, given the capability of proliferation and differentiation into SGN-like cells with the supplement of NGF in vitro, SAG-NPs can serve as donor cells in stem cell-based SGN replacement therapy. NGF improved the survival of SAG-NPs not only in vitro but also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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The Development of a Stem Cell Therapy for Deafness. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jiao Y, Novozhilova E, Karlén A, Muhr J, Olivius P. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote neurite outgrowth from co-cultured brain stem slice. Exp Neurol 2010; 229:65-71. [PMID: 20974131 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy aiming at the replacement of degenerated neurons is a very attractive approach. By using an established in vitro organotypic brain stem (BS) slice culture we screen for candidate donor cells, some of them being further functionally assessed in in vivo models of sensorineural hearing loss. Both in vitro and in vivo systems show that implanted cells face challenges of survival, targeted migration, differentiation and functional integration with the host tissue. Low success rates are possibly due to the lack of necessary neurotrophic factors, adhesion molecules and guiding cues. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been shown to express a number of neurotrophic factors and to promote axonal growth through cell to cell interactions. In the present study we co-cultured OECs with organotypic BS slice in order to see if OECs can serve as a facilitator when screening candidate donor cells in an organotypic culture setup. Here we show that OECs when co-cultured with the auditory BS slice not only promote neurite outgrowth from the cochlear nucleus (CN) region of the BS slice but also support cells by having BS slice axons growing along their processes. These findings further suggest that OECs may enhance survival and targeted migration of candidate donor cells suitable for cell therapy in vitro and in vivo. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Shibata SB, Raphael Y. Future approaches for inner ear protection and repair. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2010; 43:295-310. [PMID: 20430401 PMCID: PMC2905731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Health care professionals tending to patients with inner ear disease face inquiries about therapy options, including treatments that are being developed for future use but not yet available. The devastating outcome of sensorineural hearing loss, combined with the permanent nature of the symptoms, make these inquiries demanding and frequent. The vast information accessible online and the publicity for breakthroughs in research add to patient requests for access to advanced and innovative therapies, even before these are available for clinical use. This can sometimes be taxing on the health care provider who is in contact with the patients. Here we aim to equip the provider with information about some of the progress made for protective and reparative approaches for treating inner ears. LEARNING OUTCOMES (1) Readers will be able to explain why hearing loss is irreversible and common, (2) readers will be able to explain the importance of protective measures and the progress made in discovery and design of novel biological protective molecules, (3) readers will be able to describe reparative approaches currently under investigation (such as tissue engineering), the main difficulties in the design of such therapies and the major hurdles that remain for making novel technologies clinically viable, and (4) readers will be able to explain to their patients some of the progress in developing new treatments without making the promise of imminent clinical use. With this information, readers will be able to guide patients to make better choices for their treatment and to guide students toward research in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji B. Shibata
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5648, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5648, USA
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Hearing Loss and a Cell-Based Replacement Therapy. Otol Neurotol 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e3181b76b89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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