1
|
Corvillo F, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Marcos-Bravo C, López-Trascasa M, Vicente V, Emsley J, Caballero T, Corral J, López-Lera A. The FXII c.-4T>C Polymorphism as a Disease Modifier in Patients With Hereditary Angioedema Due to the FXII p.Thr328Lys Variant. Front Genet 2020; 11:1033. [PMID: 33133137 PMCID: PMC7549737 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary angioedema due to the Thr328Lys variant in the coagulation factor XII (HAE-FXII) affects mainly women in whom the symptomatology is dependent on high estrogen levels. Clinical variability and incomplete penetrance are challenging features that hinder the diagnosis and management of HAE-FXII. The c.-4T>C Kozak polymorphism is the only common variation accounting for FXII plasma levels and was previously shown to modify the course of HAE due to C1-Inhibitor deficiency. Objectives To assess the influence of the c.-4T>C polymorphism on disease expression in 39 Spanish HAE-FXII index patients. Methods The c.-4T>C polymorphism was sequenced by the standard Sanger method, and HAE severity was calculated according to the score by Cumming et al. (2003) The activation of the contact system was quantified by the kallikrein-like activity of plasma in chromogenic assays upon activation with high-molecular-weight dextran sulfate. Results The c.-4CC genotype was overrepresented in the studied cohort: 82% were CC-homozygous (expected frequency = 59%) and 18% were CT-heterozygous (expected frequency = 39%) (p = 0.001). Patients with a c.-4CC genotype exhibited higher kallikrein-like activity (0.9659 ± 0.1136) than those with a c.-4TC genotype (0.7645 ± 0.1235) (p = 0.024) or healthy donors. Moreover, the polymorphism influenced HAE-FXII severity score (c.-4CC = 4.43 ± 2.28 vs c.-4TC = 2.0 ± 1.15; p = 0.006) but not the degree of estrogen dependence or time until remission. Conclusion The c.-4T>C polymorphism is overrepresented in a Spanish HAE-FXII cohort and significantly influences the degree of contact system activation and the clinical severity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Corvillo
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia de la Morena-Barrio
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Marcos-Bravo
- Allergy Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Hospital Meixoeiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Margarita López-Trascasa
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Caballero
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Allergy Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Lera
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dodig-Crnković T, Hong MG, Thomas CE, Häussler RS, Bendes A, Dale M, Edfors F, Forsström B, Magnusson PKE, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Odeberg J, Fagerberg L, Gummesson A, Bergström G, Uhlén M, Schwenk JM. Facets of individual-specific health signatures determined from longitudinal plasma proteome profiling. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102854. [PMID: 32629387 PMCID: PMC7334812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine approaches aim to tackle diseases on an individual level through molecular profiling. Despite the growing knowledge about diseases and the reported diversity of molecular phenotypes, the descriptions of human health on an individual level have been far less elaborate. METHODS To provide insights into the longitudinal protein signatures of well-being, we profiled blood plasma collected over one year from 101 clinically healthy individuals using multiplexed antibody assays. After applying an antibody validation scheme, we utilized > 700 protein profiles for in-depth analyses of the individuals' short-term health trajectories. FINDINGS We found signatures of circulating proteomes to be highly individual-specific. Considering technical and longitudinal variability, we observed that 49% of the protein profiles were stable over one year. We also identified eight networks of proteins in which 11-242 proteins covaried over time. For each participant, there were unique protein profiles of which some could be explained by associations to genetic variants. INTERPRETATION This observational and non-interventional study identifyed noticeable diversity among clinically healthy subjects, and facets of individual-specific signatures emerged by monitoring the variability of the circulating proteomes over time. To enable more personal hence precise assessments of health states, longitudinal profiling of circulating proteomes can provide a valuable component for precision medicine approaches. FUNDING This work was supported by the Erling Persson Foundation, the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Science for Life Laboratory, and the Swedish Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Dodig-Crnković
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engel Thomas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Ragna S Häussler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Annika Bendes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Matilda Dale
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Björn Forsström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden; Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden; Department of Clinical Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9010, Norway; Coagulation unit, Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maruyama H, Brooks MB, Stablein A, Frye A. Factor XII deficiency is common in domestic cats and associated with two high frequency F12 mutations. Gene 2019; 706:6-12. [PMID: 31022435 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) is a coagulation protein that initiates surface-activation of the coagulation cascade in vitro. The protein's in vivo role, however, remains poorly defined. Factor XII deficiency, or Hageman trait, is a rare hereditary disorder that is not associated with bleeding, and wide variations in FXII activity (FXII:C) exist among healthy people. While FXII-deficient knockout mice appear to be resistant to arterial thrombosis, human F12 polymorphisms that influence FXII:C have not been associated with thrombotic risk in population surveys. Factor XII deficiency is a naturally occurring hereditary trait in domestic cats. We undertook phenotypic and genotypic analyses of FXII-deficient cats for comparative studies with the human disease counterpart. A retrospective review of feline submissions to our laboratory revealed that FXII deficiency is common in domestic cats, and also present in many different breeds. The trait has a geographic bias toward the Midwestern United States. Clinical history, coagulation assays, and samples for F12 sequencing were obtained from 26 FXII deficient cats. None of the cats had experienced abnormal bleeding and their residual FXII:C was related to F12 mutation number and mutation-type. We found 2 high frequency F12 mutations: an exon 13 missense mutation (c.1631G > C) and an exon 11 deletion mutation (c.1321delC), and additional sequence variants throughout the gene. Factor XII deficiency in pet cat populations provides an animal model system to help clarify the biologic actions and clinical relevance of FXII protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
| | - Alyssa Stablein
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Amelia Frye
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abad-Navarro F, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Fernández-Breis JT, Corral J. Lost in translation: bioinformatic analysis of variations affecting the translation initiation codon in the human genome. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:3788-3794. [PMID: 29868922 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Translation is a key biological process controlled in eukaryotes by the initiation AUG codon. Variations affecting this codon may have pathological consequences by disturbing the correct initiation of translation. Unfortunately, there is no systematic study describing these variations in the human genome. Moreover, we aimed to develop new tools for in silico prediction of the pathogenicity of gene variations affecting AUG codons, because to date, these gene defects have been wrongly classified as missense. Results Whole-exome analysis revealed the mean of 12 gene variations per person affecting initiation codons, mostly with high (>0.01) minor allele frequency (MAF). Moreover, analysis of Ensembl data (December 2017) revealed 11 261 genetic variations affecting the initiation AUG codon of 7205 genes. Most of these variations (99.5%) have low or unknown MAF, probably reflecting deleterious consequences. Only 62 variations had high MAF. Genetic variations with high MAF had closer alternative AUG downstream codons than did those with low MAF. Besides, the high-MAF group better maintained both the signal peptide and reading frame. These differentiating elements could help to determine the pathogenicity of this kind of variation. Availability and implementation Data and scripts in Perl and R are freely available at https://github.com/fanavarro/hemodonacion. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Abad-Navarro
- Departamento de Informática y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Eugenia de la Morena-Barrio
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | | | - Javier Corral
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salloum-Asfar S, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Esteban J, Miñano A, Aroca C, Vicente V, Roldán V, Corral J. Assessment of two contact activation reagents for the diagnosis of congenital factor XI deficiency. Thromb Res 2018; 163:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Olson NC, Butenas S, Lange LA, Lange EM, Cushman M, Jenny NS, Walston J, Souto JC, Soria JM, Chauhan G, Debette S, Longstreth WT, Seshadri S, Reiner AP, Tracy RP. Coagulation factor XII genetic variation, ex vivo thrombin generation, and stroke risk in the elderly: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1867-77. [PMID: 26286125 PMCID: PMC4946166 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships of thrombin generation (TG) with cardiovascular disease risk are underevaluated in population-based cohorts. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationships of TG influenced by the contact and tissue factor coagulation pathways ex vivo with common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and incident cardiovascular disease and stroke. PATIENTS/METHODS We measured peak TG (pTG) in baseline plasma samples of Cardiovascular Health Study participants (n = 5411), both with and without inhibitory anti-factor XIa antibody (pTG/FXIa(-) ). We evaluated their associations with ~ 50 000 SNPs by using the IBCv2 genotyping array, and with incident cardiovascular disease and stroke events over a median follow-up of 13.2 years. RESULTS The minor allele for an SNP in the FXII gene (F12), rs1801020, was associated with lower pTG in European-Americans (β = - 34.2 ± 3.5 nm; P = 3.3 × 10(-22) ; minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.23) and African-Americans (β = - 31.1 ± 7.9 nm; P = 9.0 × 10(-5) ; MAF = 0.42). Lower FXIa-independent pTG (pTG/FXIa(-) ) was associated with the F12 rs1801020 minor allele, and higher pTG/FXIa(-) was associated with the ABO SNP rs657152 minor allele (β = 16.3 nm; P = 4.3 × 10(-9) ; MAF = 0.37). The risk factor-adjusted ischemic stroke hazard ratios were 1.09 (95% confidence interval CI 1.01-1.17; P = 0.03) for pTG, 1.06 (95% CI 0.98-1.15; P = 0.17) for pTG/FXIa(-) , and 1.11 (95% CI 1.02-1.21; P = 0.02) for FXIa-dependent pTG (pTG/FXIa(+) ), per one standard deviation increment (n = 834 ischemic strokes). In a multicohort candidate gene analysis, rs1801020 was not associated with incident ischemic stroke (β = - 0.02; standard error = 0.08; P = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS These results support the importance of contact activation pathway-dependent TG as a risk factor for ischemic stroke, and indicate the importance of F12 SNPs for TG ex vivo and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Butenas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - L A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E M Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Cushman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - N S Jenny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J C Souto
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Soria
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Chauhan
- INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Debette
- INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular analysis of factor XII gene in Thai patients with factor XII deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013; 24:599-604. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32835fde9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Significantly different coagulation factor activities underlying the variability of ‘normal’ activated partial thromboplastin time. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 23:35-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32834a6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Lee SA, Tsao TTH, Yang KC, Lin H, Kuo YL, Hsu CH, Lee WK, Huang KC, Kao CY. Construction and analysis of the protein-protein interaction networks for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12 Suppl 13:S20. [PMID: 22373040 PMCID: PMC3278837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-s13-s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are devastating mental diseases, each with distinctive yet overlapping epidemiologic characteristics. Microarray and proteomics data have revealed genes which expressed abnormally in patients. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations are associated with one or more of the three diseases. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the interactions among the disease-associated genes and proteins. RESULTS This study, for the first time, incorporated microarray and protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases to construct the PPI network of abnormally expressed genes in postmortem brain samples of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression patients. The samples were collected from Brodmann area (BA) 10 of the prefrontal cortex. Abnormally expressed disease genes were selected by t-tests comparing the disease and control samples. These genes were involved in housekeeping functions (e.g. translation, transcription, energy conversion, and metabolism), in brain specific functions (e.g. signal transduction, neuron cell differentiation, and cytoskeleton), or in stress responses (e.g. heat shocks and biotic stress).The diseases were interconnected through several "switchboard"-like nodes in the PPI network or shared abnormally expressed genes. A "core" functional module which consisted of a tightly knitted sub-network of clique-5 and -4s was also observed. These cliques were formed by 12 genes highly expressed in both disease and control samples. CONCLUSIONS Several previously unidentified disease marker genes and drug targets, such as SBNO2 (schizophrenia), SEC24C (bipolar disorder), and SRRT (major depression), were identified based on statistical and topological analyses of the PPI network. The shared or interconnecting marker genes may explain the shared symptoms of the studied diseases. Furthermore, the "switchboard" genes, such as APP, UBC, and YWHAZ, are proposed as potential targets for developing new treatments due to their functional and topological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Lee
- Department of Information Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Theresa Tsun-Hui Tsao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chun Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Kuo
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuei Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Beitou Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Beitou Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yan Kao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|