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Horn KJ, Jaberi Vivar AC, Arenas V, Andani S, Janoff EN, Clark SE. Corynebacterium Species Inhibit Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization and Infection of the Mouse Airway. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804935. [PMID: 35082772 PMCID: PMC8784410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and composition of the airway microbiome is an important determinant of respiratory health. Some airway bacteria are considered to be beneficial due to their potential to impede the acquisition and persistence of opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among such organisms, the presence of Corynebacterium species correlates with reduced S. pneumoniae in both adults and children, in whom Corynebacterium abundance is predictive of S. pneumoniae infection risk. Previously, Corynebacterium accolens was shown to express a lipase which cleaves host lipids, resulting in the production of fatty acids that inhibit growth of S. pneumoniae in vitro. However, it was unclear whether this mechanism contributes to Corynebacterium-S. pneumoniae interactions in vivo. To address this question, we developed a mouse model for Corynebacterium colonization in which colonization with either C. accolens or another species, Corynebacterium amycolatum, significantly reduced S. pneumoniae acquisition in the upper airway and infection in the lung. Moreover, the lungs of co-infected mice had reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory myeloid cells, indicating resolution of infection-associated inflammation. The inhibitory effect of C. accolens on S. pneumoniae in vivo was mediated by lipase-dependent and independent effects, indicating that both this and other bacterial factors contribute to Corynebacterium-mediated protection in the airway. We also identified a previously uncharacterized bacterial lipase in C. amycolatum that is required for inhibition of S. pneumoniae growth in vitro. Together, these findings demonstrate the protective potential of airway Corynebacterium species and establish a new model for investigating the impact of commensal microbiota, such as Corynebacterium, on maintaining respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi J. Horn
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexander C. Jaberi Vivar
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vera Arenas
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sameer Andani
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah E. Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio, and Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Evaluating the Prognosis of Children with Severe Pneumonia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1818469. [PMID: 34603463 PMCID: PMC8486541 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1818469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in evaluating the prognosis of children with severe pneumonia (SP). Methods A retrospective analysis of the data of 91 children with SP admitted to our hospital from March 2018 to March 2021. According to the survival status after 28 days of treatment, all children were divided into the survival group (n = 59) and the death group (n = 32). The clinical data and laboratory indicators of the patients were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of prognosis, and the ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of each index. Results The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score and CURB-65 score of the death group were higher than those of the survival group (P < 0.05). The RDW, NLR, PLR, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, procalcitonin blood lactic acid (Lac) of the death group, were higher than those of the survival group, and LYM was lower than the survival group (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that APACHE II score, RDW, NLR, PLR, and Lac were all independent risk factors for poor prognosis in children with SP (P < 0.05). The AUC of NLR, PLR, and RDW for evaluating the prognosis of children with SP were 0.798, 0.781, and 0.777, respectively. The sensitivity was 56.25%, 90.63%, and 56.25%, respectively, and the specificity was 89.83%, 55.93%, and 91.53%, respectively. The AUC of NLR, PLR, and RDW combined to evaluate the prognosis of children with SP was 0.943. When the best cut-off value was 0.8528, the sensitivity was 93.75%, and the specificity was 91.53%. Conclusion NLR, PLR, and RDW have certain predictive value for the prognosis of children with SP; the combination of the three indicators has a higher value in evaluating the prognosis of children with SP, which can better guide the prognostic treatment.
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3
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Viasus D, Simonetti AF, Estupiñan-Bohórquez AF, Carratalà J. Effects of age and comorbidities on serum levels of inflammatory markers in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13480. [PMID: 33350464 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have suggested that an inappropriate inflammatory response is a major cause of treatment failure and mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to determine the effect of age and comorbidities on serum inflammatory markers in CAP. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of adults hospitalized with CAP. For the purposes of this study, we compared patients according to comorbidities and age. Inflammatory markers were measured at hospital admission, focusing on acute phase proteins, cytokines and monocyte human leucocyte antigen DR (mHLA-DR) expression. RESULTS In patients with chronic pulmonary disease (COPD), serum cytokines had significantly decreased levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and mHLA-DR expression, as well as the C-reactive protein (CRP), compared with patients who had no comorbidities. Similarly, patients with chronic heart disease had a significantly reduced CRP levels and mHLA-DR expression, whereas patients with chronic kidney disease had significantly higher serum levels of procalcitonin and TNF-α. Lower procalcitonin, IL-6 and IL-10 levels, as well as mHLA-DR expression, were documented in older patients, but with no significant differences compared to younger patients. Multimorbidity in older patients was associated with significant lower levels of CRP and mHLA-DR expression. CONCLUSIONS The circulating inflammatory markers to CAP have profiles that differ with age and underlying comorbidities. Multimorbidity in the elderly is also associated with lower serum levels of some inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that inflammatory markers in CAP should be interpreted after considering age and comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Viasus
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Antonella F Simonetti
- Internal Medicine Department, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Carratalà
- Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), and Clinical Science Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Froneman C, Kelleher P, José RJ. Pneumococcal Vaccination in Immunocompromised Hosts: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:536. [PMID: 34063785 PMCID: PMC8223771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It particularly affects those at the extremes of age and immunocompromised individuals. Preventing pneumococcal disease is paramount in at risk individuals, and pneumococcal vaccination should be offered. Here, we discuss the role of pneumococcal vaccination in specific groups of immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Froneman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ricardo J. José
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Nerlich A, von Wunsch Teruel I, Mieth M, Hönzke K, Rückert JC, Mitchell TJ, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hocke AC. Reversion of Pneumolysin-Induced Executioner Caspase Activation Redirects Cells to Survival. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1973-1983. [PMID: 33045080 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an indispensable mechanism for eliminating infected cells and activation of executioner caspases is considered to be a point of no return. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common bacterial pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia, induces apoptosis via its pore-forming toxin pneumolysin, leading to rapid influxes of mitochondrial calcium [Ca2+]m as well as fragmentation, and loss of motility and membrane potential, which is accompanied by caspase-3/7 activation. Using machine-learning and quantitative live-cell microscopy, we identified a significant number of alveolar epithelial cells surviving such executioner caspase activation after pneumolysin attack. Precise single-cell analysis revealed the [Ca2+]m amplitude and efflux rate as decisive parameters for survival and death, which was verified by pharmacological inhibition of [Ca2+]m efflux shifting the surviving cells towards the dying fraction. Taken together, we identified the regulation of [Ca2+]m as critical for controlling the cellular fate under pneumolysin attack, which might be useful for therapeutic intervention during pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nerlich
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris von Wunsch Teruel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hönzke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens C Rückert
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Tanzella G, Motos A, Battaglini D, Meli A, Torres A. Optimal approaches to preventing severe community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:1005-1018. [PMID: 31414915 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1656531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has the highest rate of mortality of all infectious diseases, especially among the elderly. Severe CAP (sCAP) is defined as a CAP in which intensive care management is required and is associated with an unfavorable clinical course. Areas covered: This review aims to identify prevention strategies for reducing the incidence of CAP and optimized management of sCAP. We highlight the main prevention approaches for CAP, focusing on the latest vaccination plans and on the influence of health-risk behaviors. Lastly, we report the latest recommendations about the optimal approach for sCAP when CAP has already been diagnosed, including prompt admission to ICU, early empirical antibiotic therapy, and optimization of antibiotic use. Expert opinion: Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of sCAP, more efforts are needed to combat preventable causes, including the implementation and improvement of vaccine coverage, anti-tobacco campaigns and correct oral hygiene. Moreover, future research should aim to assess the benefits of early antimicrobial therapy in primary care. Pharmacokinetic studies in the target population may help clinicians to adjust dosage regimens in critically ill patients with CAP and thus reduce rates of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tanzella
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), San Martino Policlinico Hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ana Motos
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer , Barcelona , Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Denise Battaglini
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), San Martino Policlinico Hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Meli
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Antoni Torres
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer , Barcelona , Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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7
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Mucosal vaccine based on attenuated influenza virus and the group B Streptococcus recombinant peptides protected mice from influenza and S. pneumoniae infections. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218544. [PMID: 31237893 PMCID: PMC6592537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many influenza-related deaths are attributable to secondary bacterial infection with S. pneumoniae, vaccines that simultaneously protect against influenza and pneumococcal infection are currently not developed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possibility to prevent post-influenza pneumococcal infection using an associated vaccine based on live influenza vaccine (LAIV) combined with recombinant polypeptides derived from superficial factors of Group B streptococcus (GBS) determining pathogenicity. We demonstrated in a model of post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia that intranasal pneumococcal super-infection seriously complicated the course of A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9) CDC-RG virus infection in mice. Associated immunization using LAIV and GBS vaccine (GBSV) prevented post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia better than mono-LAIV or GBSV immunization. At the same time, parenteral pneumococcal post-influenza infection of immune mice was more severe in the groups immunized using recombinant GBS peptides which can be explained by antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. In this case, the introduction of blockers of histamine receptors type 1 and 2 reduced the burden of secondary pneumococcal infection.
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8
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Del Rio-Pertuz G, Gutiérrez JF, Triana AJ, Molinares JL, Robledo-Solano AB, Meza JL, Ariza-Bolívar OM, Acosta-Reyes J, Garavito A, Viasus D, Carratalà J. Usefulness of sputum gram stain for etiologic diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:403. [PMID: 31077143 PMCID: PMC6509769 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implementation of sputum Gram stain in the initial assessment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients is still controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the usefulness of sputum Gram stain for defining the etiologic diagnosis of CAP in adult patients. Methods We systematically searched the Medline, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus and LILACS databases for full-text articles. Relevant studies were reviewed by at least three investigators who extracted the data, pooled them using a random effects model, and carried out quality assessment. For each bacterium (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacilli), pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were reported. Results After a review of 3539 abstracts, 20 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The studies included yielded 5619 patients with CAP. Pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of sputum Gram stain were 0.59 (95% CI, 0.56–0.62) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.86–0.89) respectively for S. pneumoniae, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.72–0.84) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94–0.97) for H. influenzae, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53–0.87) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95–0.99) for S. aureus, and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.49–0.77) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97–0.99) for Gram-negative bacilli. Conclusion Sputum Gram stain test is sensitive and highly specific for identifying the main causative pathogens in adult patients with CAP. Trial registration This study has been registered at PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews under registration no. CRD42015015337. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4048-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Del Rio-Pertuz
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Juan F Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Abel J Triana
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Molinares
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Andrea B Robledo-Solano
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - José L Meza
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Orlando M Ariza-Bolívar
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge Acosta-Reyes
- Faculty of Public Health, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Argenis Garavito
- Clínica Medilaser S.A. - Sucursal Florencia, Fundación Universitaria Navarra, Florencia, Colombia
| | - Diego Viasus
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0005), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Dabrowski AN, Conrad C, Behrendt U, Shrivastav A, Baal N, Wienhold SM, Hackstein H, N'Guessan PD, Aly S, Reppe K, Suttorp N, Zahlten J. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment Into the Lungs After Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30837960 PMCID: PMC6389715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGLYRPs) are a highly conserved group of host defense proteins in insects and mammals that sense bacterial cell wall PGN and act bactericidally or cleave PGN by amidase function. Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is one of the top five killers worldwide and causes, e.g., pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis and sepsis. S. pneumoniae accounts for approximately 1.5–2 million deaths every year. The risk of antibiotic resistance and a general poor prognosis in young children and elderly people have led to the need for new treatment approaches. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the relevance of PGLYRP2 in lung infections. Therefore, we infected mice deficient for PGLYRP2 transnasally with S. pneumoniae and examined the innate immune response in comparison to WT animals. As expected, PGLYRP2-KO animals had to be sacrificed earlier than their WT counterparts, and this was due to higher bacteremia. The higher bacterial load in the PGLYRP2-KO mice was accomplished with lower amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. This led to an abolished recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs, the spread of bacteria and the subsequent aggravated course of the disease and early mortality of the PGLYRP2-KO mice. These data suggest a substantial role of PGLYRP2 in the early defense against S. pneumoniae infection, and PGLYRP2 might also affect other infections in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Dabrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Behrendt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anshu Shrivastav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra M Wienhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philippe D N'Guessan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sahar Aly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zhu L, Bai J, Chen Y, Xue D. Effects of a clinical pathway on antibiotic use in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multi-site study in China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:471. [PMID: 30231869 PMCID: PMC6146630 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition with high mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs. This study aimed to determine whether clinical pathway (CP) implementation in different hospitals in China increased antibiotic compliance with the national CP in inpatients with CAP. METHODS Chart reviews of CAP cases were conducted in 18 public hospitals from 3 different regions of China in 2015. Chi-square tests and the t-test were used to compare differences between hospitals that implemented CP (CP group) and those that did not (non-CP group). Multivariate logistic analysis was adopted to test whether CP implementation for CAP in hospitals affected their overall antibiotic use compliance rates with the national CP for CAP. RESULTS The overall compliance rate with the national CP for inpatients with CAP was 43.69%. The compliance rates for timely initial antibiotic use, recommended antibiotic use and use of the recommended combination of antibiotics and the overall compliance rate were substantially higher in the CP group than in the non-CP group. A multivariate logistic model for overall compliance in inpatients with CAP showed that the hospitals in the CP group had greater overall compliance than those in the non-CP group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-2.71) after controlling for hospital and inpatient characteristics. CONCLUSION In China, the overall compliance rate with the national CP for inpatients with CAP was low, but inpatients with CAP in the hospitals in the CP group received antibiotics more concordantly with the national CP. Since adherence to evidence-based care has been shown to improve clinical outcomes, internal and external support from hospitals is required to facilitate CP implementation for inpatients with CAP. Additionally, governmental commitment, hospital input and population involvement are required to improve antibiotic utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Department of Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Department of Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongcong Chen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Department of Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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11
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van Heijl I, Schweitzer VA, Zhang L, van der Linden PD, van Werkhoven CH, Postma DF. Inappropriate Use of Antimicrobials for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Elderly Patients: Patient- and Community-Related Implications and Possible Interventions. Drugs Aging 2018; 35:389-398. [PMID: 29663151 PMCID: PMC5956067 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-018-0541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The elderly are more susceptible to infections, which is reflected in the incidence and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) increasing with age. Several aspects of antimicrobial use for LRTIs in elderly patients should be considered to determine appropriateness. We discuss possible differences in microbial etiology between elderly and younger adults, definitions of inappropriate antimicrobial use for LRTIs currently found in the literature, along with their results, and the possible negative impact of antimicrobial therapy at both an individual and community level. Finally, we propose that both antimicrobial stewardship interventions and novel rapid diagnostic techniques may optimize antimicrobial use in elderly patients with LRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger van Heijl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tergooi Hospital, Van Riebeeckweg 212, Post Box 10016, Hilversum, 1201 DA, The Netherlands.
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands.
| | - Valentijn A Schweitzer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Lufang Zhang
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D van der Linden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tergooi Hospital, Van Riebeeckweg 212, Post Box 10016, Hilversum, 1201 DA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preventing pneumonia in the elderly and individuals with comorbidities is an unmet clinical need. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest bacterial cause of pneumonia, and we summarize recent findings regarding current S. pneumoniae vaccines, and debate their efficacy and cost-effectiveness in risk groups. We also discuss potential future vaccine strategies such as protein antigen vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Current vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine does not prevent S. pneumoniae pneumonia. Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV) prevents nasopharyngeal colonization, but although PCV13 has recently been shown to prevent S. pneumoniae pneumonia in adults, its overall efficacy was relatively low. The results of cost-effectiveness studies of PCV vaccination in adults are variable with some showing this is a cost-effective strategy, whereas others have not. The lack of cost-effectiveness is predominantly because of the current cost of the PCV vaccine and the existing herd immunity effect from childhood PCV vaccination on vaccine serotypes. SUMMARY S. pneumoniae pneumonia is a vaccine-preventable disease but remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Advances in vaccination using approaches that induce serotypes-independent immunity and are immunogenic in high-risk groups are required to reduce the burden of disease because of S. pneumoniae.
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13
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Asami T, Ishii M, Namkoong H, Yagi K, Tasaka S, Asakura T, Suzuki S, Kamo T, Okamori S, Kamata H, Zhang H, Hegab AE, Hasegawa N, Betsuyaku T. Anti-inflammatory roles of mesenchymal stromal cells during acute Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection in mice. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:302-313. [PMID: 29397306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly associated pathogen. Increasing evidence suggests that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory roles during innate immune responses such as sepsis. However, little is known about the effect of MSCs on pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with various ligands in the presence or absence of MSC-conditioned medium. For in vivo studies, mice intranasally-inoculated with S. pneumoniae were intravenously treated with MSCs or vehicle, and various parameters were assessed. RESULTS After stimulation with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR9 or TLR4 ligands, or live S. pneumoniae, TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were significantly decreased, whereas IL-10 was significantly increased in BMDMs cultured in MSC-conditioned medium. In mice, MSC treatment decreased the number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after pneumococcal infection, and this was associated with a decrease in myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, GM-CSF and IFN-γ, were significantly lower in MSC-treated mice, and the bacterial load in the lung after pneumococcal infection was significantly reduced. In addition, histopathologic analysis confirmed a decrease in the number of cells recruited to the lungs; however, lung edema, protein leakage into the BALF and levels of the antibacterial protein lipocalin 2 in the BALF were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MSCs could represent a potential therapeutic application for the treatment of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Asami
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamori
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Center for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Nerlich A, Mieth M, Letsiou E, Fatykhova D, Zscheppang K, Imai-Matsushima A, Meyer TF, Paasch L, Mitchell TJ, Tönnies M, Bauer TT, Schneider P, Neudecker J, Rückert JC, Eggeling S, Schimek M, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hocke AC. Pneumolysin induced mitochondrial dysfunction leads to release of mitochondrial DNA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:182. [PMID: 29317705 PMCID: PMC5760655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn.) is the most common bacterial pathogen causing community acquired pneumonia. The pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY) is the major virulence factor of S.pn. and supposed to affect alveolar epithelial cells thereby activating the immune system by liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). To test this hypothesis, we established a novel live-cell imaging based assay to analyse mitochondrial function and associated release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as DAMP in real-time. We first revealed that bacterially released PLY caused significant changes of the cellular ATP homeostasis and led to morphologic alterations of mitochondria in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and, by use of spectral live-tissue imaging, in human alveoli. This was accompanied by strong mitochondrial calcium influx and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and mtDNA release without activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, our data indicate cellular mtDNA liberation via microvesicles, which may contribute to S.pn. related pro-inflammatory immune activation in the human alveolar compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nerlich
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Letsiou
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Zscheppang
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Imai-Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Paasch
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15-2TT, UK
| | - Mario Tönnies
- Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Walterhöferstr 11, 14165, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten T Bauer
- Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Walterhöferstr 11, 14165, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for General and Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, Drontheimer Strasse 39-40, 13359, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neudecker
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens C Rückert
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Eggeling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Rudower Straße 48, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schimek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Rudower Straße 48, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Nor MBM, Richards GA, McGloughlin S, Amin PR. Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care 2017; 42:360-365. [PMID: 29129538 PMCID: PMC7138420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aetiology of community acquired pneumonia varies according to the region in which it is acquired. This review discusses those causes of CAP that occur in the tropics and might not be readily recognizable when transplanted to other sites. Various forms of pneumonia including the viral causes such as influenza (seasonal and avian varieties), the coronaviruses and the Hantavirus as well as bacterial causes, specifically the pneumonic form of Yersinia pestis and melioidosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Basri Mat Nor
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Guy A Richards
- Division of Critical Care, Charlotte Maxeke Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Steve McGloughlin
- Intensive Care Unit and Infectious Diseases Physician, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Pravin R Amin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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16
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He C, Wang B, Li D, Xu H, Shen Y. Performance of procalcitonin in diagnosing parapneumonic pleural effusions: A clinical study and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7829. [PMID: 28816982 PMCID: PMC5571719 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE) is a common complication of pneumonia. The accurate diagnosis of PPE remains a challenge. Recent studies suggest that procalcitonin (PCT) emerges as a potential biomarker for PPE. Our study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of PCT for PPE by a clinical study and summarize the overall diagnostic performance of PCT through a meta-analysis. METHODS Demographic and clinical data of the patients with PPE and controls were collected in our clinical study. The diagnostic performances of serum PCT (s-PCT) were analyzed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, using area under the curve (AUC) as a measure of accuracy. Literature databases were systematically searched for the studies examining the accuracy of PCT for diagnosing PPE. Data on sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative likelihood ratio (PLR/NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were pooled. Summary ROC curves and AUC were used to evaluate overall test performance. RESULTS In our clinical study, 47 patients with PPE and 101 controls were included. The s-PCT levels were significantly increased in the setting of PPE (5.44 ± 9.82 ng/mL) compared with malignant PE (0.15 ± 0.19 ng/mL), tuberculous PE (0.18 ± 0.16 ng/mL), and transudates (0.09 ± 0.03 ng/mL) (P < .001). Using a cutoff value of 0.195 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of s-PCT in diagnosing PPE were 0.83 and 0.80, respectively, and AUC was 0.89. In addition, 11 studies were included in our meta-analysis. Summary performance estimates for s-PCT in diagnosing PPE were as follows: sensitivity, 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71-0.84); specificity, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69-0.78); PLR, 3.46 (95% CI: 2.09-5.74); NLR, 0.27 (95% CI: 0.14-0.54); DOR, 12.37 (95% CI: 4.34-41.17); and AUC, 0.84. The corresponding estimates for p-PCT were as follows: sensitivity, 0.62 (95% CI: 0.57-0.67); specificity, 0.71 (95% CI: 0.68-0.75); PLR 2.31 (95% CI: 1.81-2.95); NLR, 0.47 (95% CI: 0.35-0.63); DOR, 5.48 (95% CI: 3.07-9.77); and AUC, 0.80. CONCLUSION Both s-PCT and p-PCT might have modest performance in diagnosing PPE. However, more studies on a large scale should be performed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Danni Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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17
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Desheva YA, Leontieva GF, Kramskaya TA, Smolonogina TA, Grabovskaya KB, Landgraf GO, Karev VE, Suvorov AN, Rudenko LG. Prevention of Influenza A(H7N9) and Bacterial Infections in Mice Using Intranasal Immunization With Live Influenza Vaccine and the Group B Streptococcus Recombinant Polypeptides. Virology (Auckl) 2017; 8:1178122X17710949. [PMID: 28615930 PMCID: PMC5462492 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x17710949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the protective effect of combined vaccination based on live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and group B streptococcus (GBS) recombinant polypeptides against potential pandemic H7N9 influenza infection followed by GBS burden. Mice were intranasally immunized using 107 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of H7N3 LAIV, the mix of the 4 GBS peptides (group B streptococcus vaccine [GBSV]), or combined LAIV + GBSV vaccine. The LAIV raised serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against H7N9 in higher titers than against H7N3. Combined vaccination provided advantageous protection against infections with A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9)CDC-RG influenza and serotype II GBS. Combined vaccine significantly improved bacterial clearance from the lungs after infection compared with other vaccine groups. The smallest lung lesions due to combined LAIV + GBSV vaccination were associated with a prevalence of lung interferon-γ messenger RNA expression. Thus, combined viral and bacterial intranasal immunization using H7N3 LAIV and recombinant bacterial polypeptides induced balanced adaptive immune response, providing protection against potential pandemic influenza H7N9 and bacterial complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Desheva
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina F Leontieva
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Kramskaya
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Smolonogina
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kornelia B Grabovskaya
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina O Landgraf
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim E Karev
- Laboratory of Pathomorphology, Children's Scientific and Clinical Center of Infectious Diseases Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Suvorov
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa G Rudenko
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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18
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Viasus D, Vecino-Moreno M, De La Hoz JM, Carratalà J. Antibiotic stewardship in community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:351-359. [PMID: 28002979 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1274232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. As with other infectious diseases, in recent years there has been a marked increase in resistance to the antibiotics commonly used against the pathogens that cause CAP. Antimicrobial stewardship denotes coordinated interventions to improve and measure the appropriate use of antibiotics by encouraging the selection of optimal drug regimens. Areas covered: Several elements can be applied to antibiotic stewardship strategies for CAP in order to maintain or improve patient outcomes. In this regard, antibiotic de-escalation, duration of antibiotic treatment, adherence to CAP guidelines recommendations about empirical treatment, and switching from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy may each be relevant in this context. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies, such as prospective audit with intervention and feedback, clinical pathways, and dedicated multidisciplinary teams, that have included some of these elements have demonstrated improvements in antimicrobial use for CAP without negatively affecting clinical outcomes. Expert commentary: Although there are a limited number of randomized clinical studies addressing antimicrobial stewardship strategies in CAP, there is evidence that antibiotic stewardship initiatives can be securely applied, providing benefits to both healthcare systems and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Viasus
- a Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Division , Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Milly Vecino-Moreno
- a Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Division , Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Juan M De La Hoz
- a Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Division , Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- b Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), and Clinical Science Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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19
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Roth J, Sahota N, Patel P, Mehdi SF, Wiese MM, Mahboob HB, Bravo M, Eden DJ, Bashir MA, Kumar A, Alsaati F, Kurland IJ, Brima W, Danoff A, Szulc AL, Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ, Yang H. Obesity paradox, obesity orthodox, and the metabolic syndrome: An approach to unity. Mol Med 2016; 22:873-885. [PMID: 27878212 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the accompanying metabolic syndrome are strongly associated with heightened morbidity and mortality in older adults. In our review of more than 20 epidemiologic studies of major infectious diseases, including leaders such as tuberculosis, community-acquired pneumonia, and sepsis, obesity was associated with better outcomes. A cause-and-effect relationship between over-nutrition and survival with infection is suggested by results of two preliminary studies of infections in mice, where high fat feeding for 8-10 weeks provided much better outcomes. The better outcomes of infections with obesity are reminiscent of many recent studies of "sterile" non-infectious medical and surgical conditions where outcomes for obese patients are better than for their thinner counterparts --- and given the tag "obesity paradox". Turning to the history of medicine and biological evolution, we hypothesize that the metabolic syndrome has very ancient origins and is part of a lifelong metabolic program. While part of that program (the metabolic syndrome) promotes morbidity and mortality with aging, it helps infants and children as well as adults in their fight against infections and recovery from injuries, key roles in the hundreds of centuries before the public health advances of the 20th century. We conclude with speculation on how understanding the biological elements that protect obese patients with infections or injuries might be applied advantageously to thin patients with the same medical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY
| | - Navneet Sahota
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Priya Patel
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Syed Faizan Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mohammad Masum Wiese
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,California Northstate University, College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA 11
| | - Hafiz B Mahboob
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Michelle Bravo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 12
| | - Daniel J Eden
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Muhammad A Bashir
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Amrat Kumar
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Farah Alsaati
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 13
| | - Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, CPL Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 14
| | - Alessandra L Szulc
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 13
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
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20
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José RJ, Brown JS. Predicting bacteraemia or rapid identification of the causative pathogen in community acquired pneumonia: where should the priority lie? Eur Respir J 2016; 48:619-22. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00941-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Opportunistic infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients, such as those receiving chemotherapy or biological therapies, patients with haematological malignancy, aplastic anaemia or HIV infection, and recipients of solid-organ or stem cell transplants. The type and degree of the immune defect dictate the profile of potential opportunistic pathogens; T-cell-mediated defects increase the risk of viral (cytomegalovirus, respiratory viruses) and Pneumocystis jirovecii infections, whereas neutrophil defects are associated with bacterial pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis. However, patients often have combinations of immune defects, and a wide range of other opportunistic infections can cause pneumonia. Importantly, conventional non-opportunistic pathogens are frequently encountered in immunocompromised hosts and should not be overlooked. The radiological pattern of disease (best assessed by computed tomography) and speed of onset help to identify the likely pathogen(s); radiological imaging can subsequently be supported by targeted investigation including the early use of bronchoscopy in selected patients. Rapid and expert clinical assessment can identify the most likely pathogens, which can then be treated aggressively, providing the best opportunity for a positive clinical outcome.
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22
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Host-directed therapies for antimicrobial resistant respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2016; 22:203-11. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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José RJ, Chalmers JD, Greening NJ, Janes SM. Review of the British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2015, 2-4 December, London, UK. Thorax 2016; 71:555-9. [PMID: 27015800 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2015 is reviewed in this article. Over 3 days in December, this annual scientific meeting attracted over 2300 delegates and up-to-date respiratory research was presented by leading UK and international speakers. This article reviews a number of symposia and selected abstract presentations from the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J José
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Institute of Lung Health, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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Gong L, Zhang CL, Zhen Q. Analysis of clinical value of CT in the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1271-1274. [PMID: 27073435 PMCID: PMC4812519 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an infectious disease of the lung causing mortality. Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) is an atypical bacterial pneumonia that damages several organs. Lung computed tomography (CT) has been utilized in its identification. The aim of the present study was to examine the value of computed tomography diagnosis for pediatric MP. The present study prospectively analyzed the clinical and imaging data of 1,280 cases of pediatric MP in the out- and inpatient departments from March, 2010 to March, 2014; analyzed the morphology and distribution of the pneumonic lesion in the lungs; and summarized the value of CT diagnosis for pediatric MP. In the included children, there were 688 cases of lesions in the unilateral lobe, 592 cases of lesions in the bilateral lobes, 1,101 cases of extensive patchy opacity, 496 cases of mottled opacity, 432 cases of increased lung marking, 256 cases of streak opacity, 192 cases of ground-glass opacity, 992 cases of thickened bronchial wall in the lesions, 128 cases of lymphadenopathy in the hilar lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes, and the lung CT showed 32 cases of pulmonary cavity and 144 cases of pleural effusion. In conclusion, the CT signals of pediatric MP had several types with some children exhibiting complicated changes. The child's clinical manifestation and symptoms should thus be considered in the diagnosis to improve the diagnostic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Department of Respiration, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Lin Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhen
- Department of Respiration, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Esposito S, Mari D, Bergamaschini L, Orenti A, Terranova L, Ruggiero L, Ierardi V, Gambino M, Croce FD, Principi N. Pneumococcal colonization in older adults. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:2. [PMID: 26759599 PMCID: PMC4709868 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about pneumococcal carrier states in older adults. The main aim of this study was to evaluate pneumococcal colonization patterns among older adults in two centres in Milan, Italy, before the widespread use of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in this age group, to investigate demographic and clinical features that are associated with pneumococcal colonization and to estimate the potential coverage offered by PCV13. Results Among 417 adults ≥65 years old (171, 41.1 %, ≥75 years), 41 (9.8 %) were pneumococcal carriers. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that pneumococcal colonization was significantly less common among individuals with underlying co-morbidities than among those without (odds ratio [OR] 0.453, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.235–0.875, p = 0.018; adjusted OR 0.503, 95 % CI 0.255–0.992, p = 0.047). Moreover, among these patients, those with cardiac disease had a significantly lower risk of colonization (OR 0.308, 95 % CI 0.119–0.795, p = 0.015; adjusted OR 0.341, 95 % CI 0.13–0.894, p = 0.029). Only one vaccinated subject who received 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) was colonized. Twenty-five (89.3 %) of the subjects who were <75 years old and 9 (75.0 %) of those who were ≥75 years old were colonized by at least one of the serotypes that is included in PCV13, with serotype 19 F being the most common. Respiratory allergies as well as overall co-morbidities were more common in subjects who were positive for only non-PCV13 serotypes compared with negative subjects and those who were carriers of only PCV13 serotypes. Conclusions Although this study included a relatively small number of subjects and has been performed in a limited geographic setting, results showed that pneumococcal colonization in older people is common, and the monitoring of carriers can offer useful information about the circulation of this pathogen among older people and the potential protective effect of pneumococcal vaccines. Because the colonization in most cases involves the strains that are included in PCV13, this vaccine could be useful in the prevention of pneumococcal infections in the overall population of older people. In subjects with respiratory allergies and in those with co-morbidities, the addition of the PPV23 to PCV13 should be recommended. Due to the low vaccination coverage, urgent educational programmes are required to inform older adults and their medical doctors of the risks of pneumococcal infection and the efficacy and safety of the available pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, Geriatric Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bergamaschini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Orenti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Biometry "G.A. Maccacaro", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Terranova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ruggiero
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Ierardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Monia Gambino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Principi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Respiratory tract infections in community and healthcare settings: epidemiological, diagnostic and management challenges. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015; 21:209-11. [PMID: 25784249 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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