Knowledge and attitudes regarding hospice care among outpatients and family members in two hospitals in China

Qualitative study on the perception of good death in patients with end-stage cancer in oncology nurses

OBJECTIVE

To explore the perception of good death of patients with end-stage cancer by nurses in the oncology department.

METHOD

In the study we used a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews. A total of 11 nurses from the oncology department of a Grade A hospital in Taizhou were interviewed on the cognition of good death from July 1 to September 30, 2022. Colaizzi's analysis method was used to analyse the interview data. This study followed the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ).

RESULT

Four themes were identified: a strong sense of responsibility and mission; To sustain hope and faith; The important role of family members; Improve patients' quality of life.

CONCLUSION

The nurses in the department of oncology have a low level of knowledge about the "good death", and the correct understanding and view of the "good death" is the premise of the realization of " good death". The ability of nursing staff to improve the "good death", attention, and meet the needs and wishes of individuals and families, is the guarantee of the realization of "good death".

Factors Influencing the Implementation of a Fall Prevention Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Qualitative Study Guided by the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Purpose

Multiple falls preventions exercise programs have been rolled out globally, however, few studies have explored the factors necessary for their implementation. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the implementation of "Steady Feet" (SF), a 12-week community fall prevention exercise intervention, for older adults living in Singapore.

Material and Methods

This study utilized purposive sampling to recruit two participant groups: (i) older adults who declined or withdrew from the program and (ii) providers of the program (eg, instructors). We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews, recordings were transcribed and translated, followed by thematic analysis. Data collection and analysis were informed by the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework, focusing on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors.

Results

Findings revealed two predisposing, four enabling, and two reinforcing themes. Predisposing themes encompassed (i) knowledge, attitudes, and practices of older adults towards exercises and falls prevention, and (ii) perceptions and attitudes of providers towards SF. Both older adults and providers identified several enabling elements in implementing SF, emphasizing the significance of (i) accessibility, availability, and affordability. Providers highlighted (ii) tools and structural support for continual engagement, (iii) minimizing variations in capabilities through a competency development program, and (iv) fostering synergistic partnerships. Positive reinforcement included (i) the role of providers in engaging and promoting participation, (ii) family support, social networks, and (iii) incentives for older adults. Conversely, both groups highlighted negative reinforcements, including (iv) communication issues and (v) repetitive exercises, while providers specifically identified (vi) labor constraints as a deterrent for implementation.

Conclusion

Findings indicate that effective implementation necessitates a multifaceted approach. Promoting participation involves engaging instructors, emphasizing social bonds and family involvement, offering incentives, and providing subsidized or free classes. A competency development program proved effective in reducing variations in providers' capabilities. Strengthening community partnerships, with management support, was crucial for ensuring the availability and accessibility of falls prevention programs.

Analysis on the willingness and influencing factors of choosing hospice care service institutions among among older people in Wuhu, China: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclination and determinants influencing the selection of hospice care service institutions among elderly individuals in China.

DESIGN

The study conducted has a cross-sectional design.

SETTING

The study was conducted at four urban community centres in Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.

PARTICIPANTS

The sample consisted of 642 older adults, with ages ranging from 60 to over (mean age=71.03 years, SD=7.18).

METHOD

This study, based on the Anderson model, developed a questionnaire after conducting a preliminary survey and engaging in several group discussions. The final questionnaire encompassed the basic information, health status, attitude towards hospice care, choice of hospice care institutions and reasons of the older people. A regional population study was conducted using the Logistic regression model to estimate the ORs (OR) of influencing factors selected by hospice services.

RESULTS

38.5% of respondents expressed their willingness to receive hospice care, while 22.3% were unwilling and 39.3% felt ambivalent towards it. The acceptance rate of older people in hospice care increases with higher levels of education and monthly income. 47.0% of older people opted for hospice care in a general hospital ward, indicating that demand for hospice services among older people in Wuhu City is primarily focused on such wards. The univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the willingness of older individuals to accept hospice care services based on gender, age, educational attainment and income levels. Regardless of the location of hospice care, older men had a lower likelihood of being willing to use hospice services compared with older women. The proportion of older women choosing a hospice ward or general hospital was 53.8%, which was higher than that of older men at 42.0%. The proportion of older men choosing a community health service institution was 31.6%, higher than 23.3% of women. The educational level differences significantly influence the older people's inclination towards receiving hospice care.

CONCLUSION

With the ageing population of Wuhu City on the rise, there is an increasing demand for hospice services. In their final journey, older individuals require multilevel hospice care services, which necessitates equipping general hospitals with hospice wards and using community health service centres to meet their specific needs.

Journey to inpatient hospice care: A qualitative study on the decision-making process of Chinese family caregivers of persons with terminal cancer

OBJECTIVE

To understand family caregivers' decision-making process to place their family members with terminal cancer in inpatient hospice care, especially in the social-cultural contexts whereby the caregivers have a dominant say about the care of their seriously ill family members.

METHODS

A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was undertaken to understand the lived experience of caregivers of persons with terminal cancer in the decision-making process. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 17 caregivers in Shanghai, China. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The caregivers underwent a winding and socioculturally mediated four-stage process. The stages are (i) trigger for alternatives: lost hope for a cure, (ii) meandering the see-saw process, (iii) the last straws: physical limitations and witnessing unbearable suffering, and (iv) the aftermath: acceptance versus lingering hope. Caregivers' attitudes towards death and their family members with advanced cancer expressed care wishes influence the state of the aftermath.

CONCLUSIONS

Chinese sociocultural values and beliefs about caregiving and death provide insightful explanations for the observed process.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Training healthcare professionals in cultural competence, developing an effective hospice referral system, and delivering socioculturally acceptable death education are critical interventions to facilitate better decision-making experiences.

Age does matter for hospice care: Health care providers' attitudes toward hospice care in Binzhou, China

Death is still a taboo subject in China. Consequently, hospice remains a relatively new concept in many parts of China. In addition, China is also a rapidly aging country which will likely impact health care delivery, making hospice a potentially effective addition to current healthcare systems. The goal of this study was to better understand health care providers' (physicians and nurses) views about potential hospice implementation, especially with regards to patients' age. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 15 health care providers in Binzhou. Most participants felt that hospice care was only appropriate for older patients and rarely, if ever, for younger ones regardless of disease or prognosis. They also mentioned the links between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and many hospice principles. Given deeply held cultural attitudes about dying, hospice implementation would be most successful if directed toward older patients with terminal prognosis and with an emphasis on TCM.

Perceived Facilitators and Barriers in Implementing Hospice Care: A Qualitative Study Among Health Care Providers in Binzhou, China

Although many large Chinese cities have begun to implement hospice services, hospice care is still a relatively new concept in many parts of the country, especially in smaller cities. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of health care providers' (physicians and nurses) perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to hospice care implementation in a fourth-tier city. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 15 health care providers. Two major categories for developing hospice care were identified: (a) prospective facilitators and (b) perceived barriers. In addition, there is currently much ambiguity regarding what agency should oversee hospice services if implemented, who should be responsible for payment, the importance of developing interdisciplinary care teams and concerns about worker shortages. Future research is encouraged to investigate attitudes towards hospice care across various local healthcare systems and to promote the development of local hospice care support.

The impact of palliative care on the physical and mental status and quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the terminal stage of several diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of palliative care on the physical and mental status and quality of life of patients with CHF.

METHODS

This single-center randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Xiangtan Central Hospital. A total of 103 cases were included and divided into a study group (n = 54) and a control group (n = 49). The control group received usual care, whereas the study group received usual care plus palliative care. Statistical analyses were conducted on Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, negative emotions, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire scores, and nursing satisfaction before and after intervention in the 2 groups.

RESULTS

After the intervention, the positive coping style score in the research group was higher than that in the control group, while the negative coping style score was lower than that of the control group (P < .05). After the intervention, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II scores of the 2 groups decreased compared to before the intervention, and the study group had lower scores than the control group (P < .05). After the intervention, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire scores of the 2 groups decreased compared to those before the intervention, and the study group had lower scores than the control group (P < .05). Nursing satisfaction of the research group (94.44%) was higher than that of the control group (81.63%) (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Adopting palliative care to intervene in CHF patients can effectively regulate their physical and mental state, alleviate negative emotions, transform coping styles towards the disease, and improve their quality of life, with high patient satisfaction.

Cognition and attitudes of hospice care among healthcare providers: a case study of Sichuan Province

BACKGROUND

Under the background of the increasing aging population and cancer burden in China, the role of hospice care has become increasingly prominent. The government has paid more attention to the development of hospice care and set up pilot hospitals to promote hospice care. Moreover, healthcare providers play a leading role in hospice care services. To improve the quality of hospice care, the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China proposed to set up hospice care training bases in municipal or above-level hospitals with hospice care or relevant work foundations, and train healthcare providers on hospice care. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of cognition and attitudes about hospice care among healthcare providers and provide a theoretical basis for hospital training.

METHODS

We used a quantitative design. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1591 healthcare providers from August 2022 to November 2022. SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

As a significant way of continuing education for healthcare providers, hospital training hasn't been effectively exploited in hospice care education. The average score of hospice care knowledge among participants was (7.74 ± 2.242) and the average score of hospice care attitudes among participants was (4.55 ± 1.503). According to multivariate linear regression analysis, sex (p < 0.001), education levels (p < 0.001), and professional titles (p = 0.018) of participants had significant difference on the score of hospice care knowledge; education levels (p = 0.009) and professional titles (p = 0.016) of participants had significant difference on the score of hospice care attitudes.

CONCLUSIONS

There were some misunderstandings about hospice care among healthcare providers and their attitudes towards hospice care were inactive. It's suggested that hospitals should carry out professional and systematic education courses to help healthcare providers understand hospice care correctly, and participate in hospice care services actively.

The Death Café: Effectiveness of a hospice care educational program for nursing undergraduates based on LIFE experience-A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Nursing students' knowledge of hospice care is limited to textbooks due to the inadequate education and training system in China and student's willingness to participate in hospice care.

OBJECTIVES

To deepen nursing students' understandings toward life and death, to improve their knowledge about hospice care, and to promote their willingness for hospice care practice.

DESIGN

This study used a qualitative descriptive study design.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted at a medical university in Sichuan province, China.

PARTICIPANTS

71 nursing sophomores participated in this study.

METHODS

The Death Café teaching program was implemented which requires students to recall their memories about death and to imagine how they felt about dying, as if they were having a conversation in a death-themed café. During the implementation phase, a small-group interactive teaching approach was utilized. During the reflection phase, the students were asked to finish an essay answering four questions without standard right answers. The essays that students finished were used for evaluating the effectiveness of the Death Café program. The answers of the first two questions were presented as a word cloud. Graneheim and Lundman's qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze answers of the third and fourth questions.

RESULTS

Word cloud analysis indicated that at the beginning of the program participants showed more negative emotions (i.e., fearful). Students' attitudes toward death changed from negative to positive through imagining death when role-playing the different stages of life. The program enhanced students' understanding of life and taught the students effective ways to cope with death. Students clarified the objectives and necessary preparation for providing hospice care and gained new understandings for improving their hospice skills.

CONCLUSIONS

The Death Café program can address students' negative emotions and perceptions of death. Students gained personal benefits and professional benefits of coping with life and death from the program.

Awareness of Hospice Care Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Participants

Background and Purpose: The main goal of hospice care is to improve the quality of life for people who are at the end-of-life phase. However, investigations on the awareness of hospice care among community-dwelling elderly participants are limited. This work aimed to reveal the awareness status of hospice care and explore the factors influencing the awareness rate among elderly participants. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among individuals aged 60 years and above. Results: A total of 4,969 individuals aged 60 years and above were randomly selected from 48 primary medical institutions in Handan. The awareness rate of hospice care in the baseline survey was 19.3% (n = 959). All included individuals were divided into two groups in accordance with their awareness of hospice care. The awareness of hospice care among participants with low educational level, living alone, and afraid of talking about death was low (p < .05). Implications for Practice: The level of awareness of hospice care among community-dwelling elderly participants is low. The influencing factors included educational level, living status, and fear of talking about death. The community-dwelling elderly participants' awareness of hospice care must be improved. It is recommended that public medical education and training should be enhanced to improve knowledge and awareness of hospice care among community-dwelling elderly residents with low educational level, living alone, and afraid of talking about death.

Determinants of quality of life in primary family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer: a comparative study in southern China

Objective

To examine and compare the quality of life (QoL) of the primary family caregivers (PFCs) of inpatients with advanced cancer and the PFCs of home hospice patients with advanced cancer and to analyze the determinants of QoL.

Methods

Four hospices and three comprehensive or tumor hospitals in Guangdong Province, China were research sites. QoL was measured using paper-based and online questionnaires. Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the determinants of QoL of PFCs.

Results

The PFCs of inpatients had significantly better QoL than did the PFCs of home hospice patients (p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA results indicated the following: for the PFCs of inpatients, PFC age (t = 2.411, p < 0.05), type of relationship with patient (F = 2.985, p < 0.05), and family economic situation (F = 3.423, p < 0.05) significantly affected PFCs' QoL; for the PFCs of home hospice patients, family economic situation (F = 3.757, p < 0.05) and care experience (t = 2.021, p < 0.05) significantly affected PFCs' QoL. A multiple stepwise linear regression was conducted: for the PFCs of inpatients, family economic situation and whether the PFC was the patient's immediate family member were included as predictors of QoL; for the PFCs of home hospice patients, family economic situation and care experience were included as predictors of QoL.

Conclusion

Our findings can help improve the home hospice care service model in mainland China. In particular, the QoL of the PFCs of home hospice patients requires urgent attention. The PFCs of home hospice patients requires more nursing guidance and interactions with community.

Hospice preference of the family decision-makers for cancer patients in China: an exploratory study

BACKGROUND

The reasons for hospice underuse in China need exploration from the perspective of patients with cancer and their families. Furthermore, existing literature about hospice decision-making among Chinese families with cancer patients is limited. This study aimed to investigate the awareness of hospice care among families with cancer patients, their preference for healthcare at the end-of-life stage of care, and the predictors of hospice preference.

METHODS

This was an exploratory study conducted between July 2021 and January 2022. Overall, 300 decision-makers of cancer patients were recruited from the oncology ward of seven hospitals in Shanghai, China. Of these, 285 valid responses were included in the data analysis. A self-developed questionnaire about their preference for healthcare when the patient was at the end-of-life stage was completed. Descriptive analysis, t-test, chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to analyze the data.

RESULTS

Only 46.0% of the participants have heard of hospice care. Most participants (78.2%) reported no introduction to hospice care from their doctors. More than half of the participants (58.2%) did not have a preference for healthcare at the end-of-life stage. Seventy-eight (65.5%) of the 119 participants who had a preference chose hospice care, and the other 41 participants (34.5%) refused hospice care. Having heard of hospice care had a significant impact on preferring healthcare at the end-of-life stage (adjusted OR = 14.346, 95%CI 7.219-28.509, p < 0.001). Not being sure whether the doctor introduced hospice care before had a significant impact on having no preference for healthcare at the end-of-life stage (adjusted OR = 0.180, 95%CI 0.052-0.617, p = 0.006). Another family member being cared for at home had a significant impact on the participants' hospice preference (adjusted OR = 2.739, 95%CI 1.159-6.470, p = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

The end-of-life communication between healthcare providers and the families of cancer patients is insufficient. More efforts should be made in increasing the awareness of hospice care among patients with cancer and their families. Further study is needed to explore the reasons for a lack of discussion on hospice options between healthcare providers and the patients' families. Additionally, the impact of the at-home care burden on the hospice choice of families with cancer patients requires further study.

What are the acceptances and associated influences of hospice care in Mainland China? A national cross-sectional study

Background

China ranks 53^rd out of 81 countries in the Quality of Death Index for 2021. Although hospice care demand is increasing, the progress remains slow. It is of great significance to explore the acceptances and associated influencing factors of hospice care.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey by quota sampling was conducted in China from July 10^th to September 15^th, 2021. We collected demographic data and hospice care acceptance. A stepwise linear regression analysis was used.

Results

This survey contained 11,031 valid questionnaire results to investigate the hospice care acceptance. It was found that individuals with undergraduate or above (β = 0.04), more properties [2 (β = 0.02), 3 (β = 0.01)], and higher reimbursement types of medical insurance [employee health insurance and commercial health (β = 0.03), government insurance (β = 0.04)] had higher hospice acceptance willingness, while males (β = -0.02) were less willing to accept than females. Psychological conditions [mild anxiety (β = 0.03), moderate anxiety (β = 0.01), moderate stress (β = 0.05), and severe stress (β = 0.06)] also played an important role. The Self-Management Scale (SHMS) (β = 0.12), EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) (β = 0.05), EuroQol Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS) (β = 0.21), Short-Form Family Health Scale (FHS-SF) (β = 0.12), higher scores of the Short-Form Health Literacy Instrument (HLS-SF12) (β = 0.16), and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) (β = 0.10) also contributed. Gender subgroup showed that in the male group, age, highest educational level, marital status, number of properties, whether having children, psychological conditions, the SHMS, EQ-5D, EQ-VAS, HLS-SF12, and PSSS showed significant difference. Urban and rural subgroups showed that age, highest educational level, number of properties, whether having chronic disease or psychological conditions, the SHMS, EQ-VAS, HLS-SF12, and PSSS were contributing factors in rural areas.

Conclusion

The average score of acceptance of hospice care was 65.02 points. Gender, house, anxiety, pressure, social support, and health literacy were the main influencing factors on residents' attitudes.

Hospice Care Preferences and Its Associated Factors among Community-Dwelling Residents in China

Hospice care is a comprehensive approach addressing patients’ physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs at the end of life (EoL). Despite the recognition of its effectiveness in improving the quality of EoL care, little is known about hospice care in mainland China. In this study, we aimed to examine the preferences for hospice care and its related factors among community-dwelling residents in mainland China. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling method, and 992 community-dwelling residents responded to an online survey from June 2018 to August 2019. The majority (66.7%) of the participants were female, and the mean age was 48.4 years. Approximately 28% of the participants had heard of hospice care, and 91.2% preferred to receive hospice care if diagnosed with a terminal illness. Participants who had heard of hospice care, and with higher levels of education (bachelor’s degree or above) and health insurance coverage were more likely to accept hospice care than their counterparts. Community-based education on hospice care is imperative to improve public knowledge and the acceptance of hospice care. Meanwhile, there is a need to develop policies to integrate and expand hospice care into clinical settings.

Nurses' perceptions of barriers and supportive behaviors in end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Patient deaths are common in the intensive care unit, and a nurse's perception of barriers to and supportive behaviors in end-of-life care varies widely depending upon their cultural background. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions of intensive care nurses regarding barriers to and supportive behaviors in providing end-of-life care in a Chinese cultural context.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among intensive care nurses in 20 intensive care units in 11 general hospitals in central and eastern China. Instruments used in this study were general survey and Beckstrand's questionnaire. Data were collected via online survey platform. Descriptive analysis was used to describe general characteristics of participants and mean and standard deviations of the barriers and supportive behaviors. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe the intensity and frequency of each barrier or supportive behavior following Beckstrand's method to calculate the score of barriers and supportive behaviors. Content analysis was used to analyze the responses to open-ended questions.

RESULTS

The response rate was 53% (n = 368/700). Five of the top six barriers related to families and the other was the nurse's lack of time. Supportive behaviors included three related to families and three related to healthcare providers. Nurses in the intensive care unit felt that families should be present at the bedside of a dying patient, there is a need to provide a quiet, independent environment and psychological support should be provided to the patient and family. Nurses believe that if possible, families can be given flexibility to visit dying patients, such as increasing the number of visits, rather than limiting visiting hours altogether. Families need to be given enough time to perform the final rites on the dying patient. Moreover, it is remarkable that nurses' supportive behaviors almost all concern care after death.

CONCLUSIONS

According to ICU-nurses family-related factors, such as accompany of the dying patients and acceptence of patient's imminent death, were found the major factors affecting the quality of end-of-life care. These findings identify the most prominent current barriers and supportive behaviors, which may provide a basis for addressing these issues in the future to improve the quality of end-of-life care.

Health Communication About Hospice Care in Chinese Media: Digital Topic Modeling Study

BACKGROUND

Hospice care, a type of end-of-life care provided for dying patients and their families, has been rooted in China since the 1980s. It can improve receivers' quality of life as well as ease their economic burden. The Chinese mass media have continued to actively dispel misconceptions surrounding hospice care and deliver the latest information to citizens.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to retrieve and analyze news reports on hospice care in order to gain insight into whether any differences existed in heath information delivered over time and to evaluate the role of mass media in health communication in recent years.

METHODS

We searched the Huike (WiseSearch) news database for relevant news reports from Chinese mass media released between 2014 and 2019. We defined two time periods for this study: (1) January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016, and (2) January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. The data cleaning process was completed using Python. We determined appropriate topic numbers for these two periods based on the coherence score and applied latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling. Keywords for each topic and corresponding topics' names were then generated. The topics were plotted into different circles, and their distances on the 2D plane was represented by multidimensional scaling.

RESULTS

After removing duplicated and irrelevant news articles, we obtained a total of 2227 articles. We chose 8 as the suitable topic number for both study periods and generated topic names and associated keywords. The top 3 most reported topics in the first period were patient treatment, hospice care stories, and development of health care services and health insurance, accounting for 18.68% (178/953), 16.58% (158/953), and 14.17% (135/953) of the collected reports, respectively. The top 3 most reported topics in the second period were hospice care stories, patient treatment, and development of health care services, accounting for 15.62% (199/953), 15.38% (15.38/953), and 14.27% (182/953), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Topic modeling of news reports gives us a better understanding of the patterns of health communication about hospice care by mass media. Chinese mass media frequently reported on hospice care in April of every year on account of a traditional Chinese festival. Moreover, an increase in coverage was observed in the second period. The two periods shared 6 similar topics, of which patient treatment outstrips hospice care stories was the most reported topic in the second period, implying the humanistic spirit behind the reports. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest stakeholders cooperate with the mass media when planning to update policies.

Patient awareness of palliative care: systematic review

BACKGROUND

One of the barriers to the integration of palliative care within the process of patient care and treatment is the lack of awareness of patients about palliative care. In order to develop efficient resources to improve patient awareness, comprehensive information is required to determine the specific aspects of palliative care where a paucity of evidence on patient awareness exists. This review aims to synthesise evidence from previous studies in order to provide a comprehensive information set about the current state of patient awareness of palliative care.

METHODS

In this systematic literature review, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Magiran, Scientific Information Database(SID) and Islamic Science Citation (ISC) were searched to identify articles published between 2000 and 2021 that considered patients' awareness of palliative care.

RESULTS

Of the 5347 articles found, 22 studies were retained after quality evaluation; three full-text articles were excluded. Nineteen articles are included in this review. More than half of the patients did not have any information about palliative care or hospice care. Some patients accurately defined hospice care and palliative care; other patients had misunderstandings about palliative care. Patients had limited information about pastoral care, social care and bereavement care. Patients' awareness about individuals or centres providing palliative care or hospice care was limited. Video presentation and distribution of information at the community level indicated that this method would be beneficial in increasing the awareness.

CONCLUSION

The review points to the need for patient education programmes and interventional studies to increase patients' awareness.

Knowledge, attitudes and preferences of palliative and end-of-life care among patients with cancer in mainland China: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of patients with cancer of palliative care and their preferences regarding end-of-life care in mainland China.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

SETTING

This study was conducted in a tertiary cancer hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Two hundred forty-seven patients with cancer were recruited and consented to fill out the questionnaires.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The participants' knowledge and attitudes of palliative care and their preferences of end-of-life care involving place of care, place of death, truth disclosure and treatments during end-of-life were measured.

RESULTS

In total, 239 questionnaires were valid. The vast majority of patients with cancer (81.2%) had never heard about palliative care or related policies, and only a few of them (5.8%) had somewhat or totally understanding of palliative care. Most participants (75.3%) had supportive attitudes towards palliative care. In terms of preferences for end-of-life care, most patients with cancer preferred to be cared for at home at the end of their life and to die at home. The majority of patients with cancer (65.7%) wanted to know their diagnosis or prognosis of the disease, regardless of the type of disease. More than half of the participants (54%) wished to improve their quality of life rather than prolong their life expectancy. More than a third of the patients with cancer preferred to entrust a family member or agent to sign medical decision agreements for them.

CONCLUSIONS

It is essential for healthcare providers to improve the understanding of patients with cancer of palliative care and be aware of the end-of-life care preferences of patients with cancer, in order to provide support that enables patients with cancer to receive end-of-life care that is accordant with their wishes.

Associations Between the Intention to Use Early Palliative Care, Sources of Information, and Attitudes Toward a Good Death in Korean Adults

CONTEXT

Providing hospice and palliative care (HPC) early in the course of care for patients with life-threatening illness is important for improving patient quality of life. However, little literature exists for factors affecting to the intention to use early palliative care (EPC) of general population.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to identify the sources of information about HPC, investigate whether they affect intention to use HPC and EPC, and examine the relationship between the components of a good death and the intention to use HPC and EPC.

METHODS

A stratified nationwide cross-sectional survey including 1500 participants, 20-74 years old, was conducted to investigate their intentions to use HPC and EPC, available information sources, and perceived components of a good death.

RESULTS

The main sources of information about HPC were television and radio. Information acquired from health professionals was positively associated with the intention to use EPC. Although regarding a good relationship with family as a component of a good death was related to low intention to use EPC, being able to trust medical staff, being involved in decisions about care, and being respected as an individual were associated with high intention to use EPC.

CONCLUSION

Information from health care providers and public awareness through education and publicity efforts are necessary to inform the public about the benefits of EPC. Furthermore, it is essential that medical staff cultivate the skills necessary to secure public trust and provide care that respects patients until the end of their lives.

A Review of the Current State of Hospice Care in China

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review was undertaken to analyze the main reasons behind the limited development of hospice care in China, and to put forward some suggestions.

RECENT FINDINGS

Although the Chinese government has increased its support for hospice care in recent years, however, owing to the lack of education around hospice care and the heavy influence of the traditional Chinese Confucian concept of "filial piety," many individuals resist hospice care. Moreover, due to impaired patient rights, inadequate composition of hospice care teams, unbalanced geographical distribution, and limited service range, the development of hospice care in China is hindered. Hospice care education and continued training should be popularized and the government should strengthen the legal structure of the medical system to protect the rights of patients, families, and medical staff to promoting social support for hospice care. Through graded diagnosis and referral systems in medical institutions to integrate medical resources and expand the range of hospice care services.

Identifying End-of-Life Preferences Among Chinese Patients With Cancer Using the Heart to Heart Card Game

Background:

Understanding the preferences for end-of-life (EOL) care is imperative in providing quality care to patients with life-threatening illness. However, it is difficult for patients, families, and health-care providers to initiate EOL conversations in China. An easy-to-use tool that could help health-care providers initiate EOL discussions is the Heart to Heart Card Game (HHCG), originally designed for Chinese Americans.

Objective:

To evaluate the EOL preferences among Chinese patients with cancer using the HHCG.

Methods:

We conducted a descriptive study to assess EOL preferences using HHCG among patients at the oncology chemoradiotherapy department of a Chinese tertiary hospital.

Results:

We recruited 58 patients in total of which 40 (69%) patients completed HHCG. The most frequently selected card was “I want my family to get along,” followed by “I don’t want to be a burden to my family,” and “I want to maintain my dignity.” Among the 3 cards selected, social needs were rated as the most important (36.7%), followed by spiritual needs (35.8%), physical needs (20.0%), and financial needs (7.5%). The evaluation of the HHCG revealed that more than 70% of the participants highly valued HHCG.

Conclusion:

The HHCG can be used as a communication tool to encourage EOL discussions between cancer patients and health-care providers in China. Moreover, Chinese patients with cancer attach significant importance to their family and maintaining dignity at the EOL.

Awareness and Attitudes Toward Advance Care Planning Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in China: A Mixed-Methods Study

CONTEXT

Quality of palliative care and death in mainland China is at a low level of the rest of the world, the public is lacked of proper understanding of the relevant information is one of the important reasons. There has been a shift in policy of palliative care in municipalities recently in mainland China.

OBJECTIVES

To measure the advance care planning-related knowledge and attitudes of Chinese community-dwelling older adults, in the hope of presenting a specific implementation of the strategy.

METHODS

We conducted a mixed-method sequential explanatory study, composed of a quantitative survey followed by qualitative interviews. The first quantitative phase included 523 community elderly individuals, who completed a validated questionnaire. After statistical analysis, a semistructured qualitative interview has been developed and conducted with 16 of them in order to help explain findings obtained in the first phase.

RESULTS

The study was conducted with 523 community-dwelling older adults. The cognition level of advance care planning (ACP) was low, and attitude toward ACP was active. Living alone or living with a spouse (and children), have a religion, poor health condition, and life-sustaining treatment-related experience can affect how they behave with ACP. However, lack of trust in ACP, lack of life education and relevant legislation or policies, and Chinese traditional culture and emotion may impede their take-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that the awareness and participation of ACP of community-dwelling older adults in mainland China are not enough. The influence of national conditions and culture should be fully considered during the process of ACP development.