1
|
Xu X, Wu Y, Kummer AG, Zhao Y, Hu Z, Wang Y, Liu H, Ajelli M, Yu H. Assessing changes in incubation period, serial interval, and generation time of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:374. [PMID: 37775772 PMCID: PMC10541713 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the first COVID-19 wave caused by the ancestral lineage, the pandemic has been fueled from the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Understanding key time-to-event periods for each emerging variant of concern is critical as it can provide insights into the future trajectory of the virus and help inform outbreak preparedness and response planning. Here, we aim to examine how the incubation period, serial interval, and generation time have changed from the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 lineage to different variants of concern. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that synthesized the estimates of incubation period, serial interval, and generation time (both realized and intrinsic) for the ancestral lineage, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Our study included 280 records obtained from 147 household studies, contact tracing studies, or studies where epidemiological links were known. With each emerging variant, we found a progressive shortening of each of the analyzed key time-to-event periods, although we did not find statistically significant differences between the Omicron subvariants. We found that Omicron BA.1 had the shortest pooled estimates for the incubation period (3.49 days, 95% CI: 3.13-4.86 days), Omicron BA.5 for the serial interval (2.37 days, 95% CI: 1.71-3.04 days), and Omicron BA.1 for the realized generation time (2.99 days, 95% CI: 2.48-3.49 days). Only one estimate for the intrinsic generation time was available for Omicron subvariants: 6.84 days (95% CrI: 5.72-8.60 days) for Omicron BA.1. The ancestral lineage had the highest pooled estimates for each investigated key time-to-event period. We also observed shorter pooled estimates for the serial interval compared to the incubation period across the virus lineages. When pooling the estimates across different virus lineages, we found considerable heterogeneities (I2 > 80%; I2 refers to the percentage of total variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance), possibly resulting from heterogeneities between the different study populations (e.g., deployed interventions, social behavior, demographic characteristics). CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the importance of conducting contact tracing and epidemiological investigations to monitor changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns. Our findings highlight a progressive shortening of the incubation period, serial interval, and generation time, which can lead to epidemics that spread faster, with larger peak incidence, and harder to control. We also consistently found a shorter serial interval than incubation period, suggesting that a key feature of SARS-CoV-2 is the potential for pre-symptomatic transmission. These observations are instrumental to plan for future COVID-19 waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyanyu Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanpeng Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Allisandra G Kummer
- Laboratory of Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zexin Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengcong Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Marco Ajelli
- Laboratory of Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alpers R, Kühne L, Truong HP, Zeeb H, Westphal M, Jäckle S. Evaluation of the EsteR Toolkit for COVID-19 Decision Support: Sensitivity Analysis and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e44549. [PMID: 37368487 DOI: 10.2196/44549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, local health authorities were responsible for managing and reporting current cases in Germany. Since March 2020, employees had to contain the spread of COVID-19 by monitoring and contacting infected persons as well as tracing their contacts. In the EsteR project, we implemented existing and newly developed statistical models as decision support tools to assist in the work of the local health authorities. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to validate the EsteR toolkit in two complementary ways: first, investigating the stability of the answers provided by our statistical tools regarding model parameters in the back end and, second, evaluating the usability and applicability of our web application in the front end by test users. METHODS For model stability assessment, a sensitivity analysis was carried out for all 5 developed statistical models. The default parameters of our models as well as the test ranges of the model parameters were based on a previous literature review on COVID-19 properties. The obtained answers resulting from different parameters were compared using dissimilarity metrics and visualized using contour plots. In addition, the parameter ranges of general model stability were identified. For the usability evaluation of the web application, cognitive walk-throughs and focus group interviews were conducted with 6 containment scouts located at 2 different local health authorities. They were first asked to complete small tasks with the tools and then express their general impressions of the web application. RESULTS The simulation results showed that some statistical models were more sensitive to changes in their parameters than others. For each of the single-person use cases, we determined an area where the respective model could be rated as stable. In contrast, the results of the group use cases highly depended on the user inputs, and thus, no area of parameters with general model stability could be identified. We have also provided a detailed simulation report of the sensitivity analysis. In the user evaluation, the cognitive walk-throughs and focus group interviews revealed that the user interface needed to be simplified and more information was necessary as guidance. In general, the testers rated the web application as helpful, especially for new employees. CONCLUSIONS This evaluation study allowed us to refine the EsteR toolkit. Using the sensitivity analysis, we identified suitable model parameters and analyzed how stable the statistical models were in terms of changes in their parameters. Furthermore, the front end of the web application was improved with the results of the conducted cognitive walk-throughs and focus group interviews regarding its user-friendliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Alpers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kühne
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hong-Phuc Truong
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Max Westphal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sonja Jäckle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Y, Kang L, Guo Z, Liu J, Liu M, Liang W. Incubation Period of COVID-19 Caused by Unique SARS-CoV-2 Strains: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2228008. [PMID: 35994285 PMCID: PMC9396366 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Several studies were conducted to estimate the average incubation period of COVID-19; however, the incubation period of COVID-19 caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants is not well described. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the incubation period of COVID-19 and the incubation periods of COVID-19 caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants in published studies. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect were searched between December 1, 2019, and February 10, 2022. STUDY SELECTION Original studies of the incubation period of COVID-19, defined as the time from infection to the onset of signs and symptoms. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline, 3 reviewers independently extracted the data from the eligible studies in March 2022. The parameters, or sufficient information to facilitate calculation of those values, were derived from random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The mean estimate of the incubation period and different SARS-CoV-2 strains. RESULTS A total of 142 studies with 8112 patients were included. The pooled incubation period was 6.57 days (95% CI, 6.26-6.88) and ranged from 1.80 to 18.87 days. The incubation period of COVID-19 caused by the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants were reported in 1 study (with 6374 patients), 1 study (10 patients), 6 studies (2368 patients) and 5 studies (829 patients), respectively. The mean incubation period of COVID-19 was 5.00 days (95% CI, 4.94-5.06 days) for cases caused by the Alpha variant, 4.50 days (95% CI, 1.83-7.17 days) for the Beta variant, 4.41 days (95% CI, 3.76-5.05 days) for the Delta variant, and 3.42 days (95% CI, 2.88-3.96 days) for the Omicron variant. The mean incubation was 7.43 days (95% CI, 5.75-9.11 days) among older patients (ie, aged over 60 years old), 8.82 days (95% CI, 8.19-9.45 days) among infected children (ages 18 years or younger), 6.99 days (95% CI, 6.07-7.92 days) among patients with nonsevere illness, and 6.69 days (95% CI, 4.53-8.85 days) among patients with severe illness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has evolved and mutated continuously throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, producing variants with different enhanced transmission and virulence. Identifying the incubation period of different variants is a key factor in determining the isolation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyu Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wannian Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chouikha A, Fares W, Laamari A, Haddad-Boubaker S, Belaiba Z, Ghedira K, Kammoun Rebai W, Ayouni K, Khedhiri M, Ben Halima S, Krichen H, Touzi H, Ben Dhifallah I, Guerfali FZ, Atri C, Azouz S, Khamessi O, Ardhaoui M, Safer M, Ben Alaya N, Guizani I, Kefi R, Gdoura M, Triki H. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Tunisia (North Africa) through Several Successive Waves of COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:624. [PMID: 35337031 PMCID: PMC8956073 DOI: 10.3390/v14030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Documenting the circulation dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants in different regions of the world is crucial for monitoring virus transmission worldwide and contributing to global efforts towards combating the pandemic. Tunisia has experienced several waves of COVID-19 with a significant number of infections and deaths. The present study provides genetic information on the different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 that circulated in Tunisia over 17 months. Lineages were assigned for 1359 samples using whole-genome sequencing, partial S gene sequencing and variant-specific real-time RT-PCR tests. Forty-eight different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were identified, including variants of concern (VOCs), variants of interest (VOIs) and variants under monitoring (VUMs), particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, A.27, Zeta and Eta. The first wave, limited to imported and import-related cases, was characterized by a small number of positive samples and lineages. During the second wave, a large number of lineages were detected; the third wave was marked by the predominance of the Alpha VOC, and the fourth wave was characterized by the predominance of the Delta VOC. This study adds new genomic data to the global context of COVID-19, particularly from the North African region, and highlights the importance of the timely molecular characterization of circulating strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Chouikha
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Wasfi Fares
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Asma Laamari
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
| | - Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Zeineb Belaiba
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (BIMS), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Wafa Kammoun Rebai
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (W.K.R.); (R.K.)
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Marwa Khedhiri
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Samar Ben Halima
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Henda Krichen
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Henda Touzi
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Imen Ben Dhifallah
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Fatma Z. Guerfali
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII) (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (F.Z.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Chiraz Atri
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII) (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (F.Z.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Saifeddine Azouz
- Genomics Plateform, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Laboratoire de Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques (LR16IPT08), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Monia Ardhaoui
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology & Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Safer
- National Observatory of New and Emergent Diseases, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.S.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Nissaf Ben Alaya
- National Observatory of New and Emergent Diseases, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.S.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology & Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (W.K.R.); (R.K.)
| | - Mariem Gdoura
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Henda Triki
- Reasearch Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (W.F.); (A.L.); (S.H.-B.); (Z.B.); (K.A.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (I.B.D.); (M.G.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.B.H.); (H.K.)
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.A.); (I.G.)
| |
Collapse
|