1
|
Ettinger RA, Buitinga M, Vandamme C, Afonso G, Gomez R, Arribas-Layton D, Bissenova S, Speake C, Reijonen H, Kinnunen T, Overbergh L, Mallone R, Kwok WW, James EA. Technical Validation and Utility of an HLA Class II Tetramer Assay for Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:183-196. [PMID: 37474341 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Validated assays to measure autoantigen-specific T-cell frequency and phenotypes are needed for assessing the risk of developing diabetes, monitoring disease progression, evaluating responses to treatment, and personalizing antigen-based therapies. OBJECTIVE Toward this end, we performed a technical validation of a tetramer assay for HLA-DRA-DRB1*04:01, a class II allele that is strongly associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS HLA-DRA-DRB1*04:01-restricted T cells specific for immunodominant epitopes from islet cell antigens GAD65, IGRP, preproinsulin, and ZnT8, and a reference influenza epitope, were enumerated and phenotyped in a single staining tube with a tetramer assay. Single and multicenter testing was performed, using a clone-spiked specimen and replicate samples from T1D patients, with a target coefficient of variation (CV) less than 30%. The same assay was applied to an exploratory cross-sectional sample set with 24 T1D patients to evaluate the utility of the assay. RESULTS Influenza-specific T-cell measurements had mean CVs of 6% for the clone-spiked specimen and 11% for T1D samples in single-center testing, and 20% and 31%, respectively, for multicenter testing. Islet-specific T-cell measurements in these same samples had mean CVs of 14% and 23% for single-center and 23% and 41% for multicenter testing. The cross-sectional study identified relationships between T-cell frequencies and phenotype and disease duration, sex, and autoantibodies. A large fraction of the islet-specific T cells exhibited a naive phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the assay is reproducible and useful to characterize islet-specific T cells and identify correlations between T-cell measures and clinical traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ettinger
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vandamme
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Gomez
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Samal Bissenova
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - William W Kwok
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kahn SE, Chen YC, Esser N, Taylor AJ, van Raalte DH, Zraika S, Verchere CB. The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:528-583. [PMID: 34180979 PMCID: PMC9115372 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Austin J Taylor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gourdy P, Bourgeois EA, Levescot A, Pham L, Riant E, Ahui ML, Damotte D, Gombert JM, Bayard F, Ohlsson C, Arnal JF, Herbelin A. Estrogen Therapy Delays Autoimmune Diabetes and Promotes the Protective Efficiency of Natural Killer T-Cell Activation in Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:258-67. [PMID: 26485613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies focused on restoring immune tolerance remain the main avenue to prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because estrogens potentiate FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, two regulatory lymphocyte populations that are functionally deficient in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we investigated whether estradiol (E2) therapy influences the course of T1D in this model. To this end, female NOD mice were sc implanted with E2- or placebo-delivering pellets to explore the course of spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. Treg-depleted and iNKT-cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) NOD mice were used to assess the respective involvement of these lymphocyte populations in E2 effects. Early E2 administration (from 4 wk of age) was found to preserve NOD mice from both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes, and a complete protection was also observed throughout treatment when E2 treatment was initiated after the onset of insulitis (from 12 wk of age). This delayed E2 treatment remained fully effective in Treg-depleted mice but failed to entirely protect Jα18(-/-) mice. Accordingly, E2 administration was shown to restore the cytokine production of iNKT cells in response to in vivo challenge with the cognate ligand α-galactosylceramide. Finally, transient E2 administration potentiated the previously described protective action of α-galactosylceramide treatment in NOD females. This study provides original evidence that E2 therapy strongly protects NOD mice from T1D and reveals the estrogen/iNKT cell axis as a new effective target to counteract diabetes onset at the stage of insulitis. Estrogen-based therapy should thus be considered for T1D prevention.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Drug Implants
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/therapeutic use
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Estrogens/administration & dosage
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/agonists
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Galactosylceramides/therapeutic use
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion/adverse effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Ovariectomy/adverse effects
- Prediabetic State/drug therapy
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elvire A Bourgeois
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Levescot
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linh Pham
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elodie Riant
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Ahui
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diane Damotte
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francis Bayard
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Herbelin
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|