1
|
Zhang Y, Wu J, Dong E, Wang Z, Xiao H. Toll-like receptors in cardiac hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1143583. [PMID: 37113698 PMCID: PMC10126280 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1143583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs play an important role in the innate immune response, leading to acute and chronic inflammation. Cardiac hypertrophy, an important cardiac remodeling phenotype during cardiovascular disease, contributes to the development of heart failure. In previous decades, many studies have reported that TLR-mediated inflammation was involved in the induction of myocardium hypertrophic remodeling, suggesting that targeting TLR signaling might be an effective strategy against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms underlying TLR functions in cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we summarized key findings of TLR signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Yu XJ, Xiao T, Chi HL, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Nrf1 Knock-Down in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Alleviates Hypertension Through Intervention of Superoxide Production-Removal Balance and Mitochondrial Function. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:472-489. [PMID: 33582931 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes greatly to the development of hypertension. The recombinant nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) regulates the transcription of several genes related to mitochondrial respiratory chain function or antioxidant expression, and thus may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Here we show that in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats the transcription level of Nrf1 was elevated comparing to the normotensive controls. Knocking down of Nrf1 in the PVN of 2K1C rats can significantly reduce their blood pressure and level of plasma norepinephrine (NE). Analysis revealed significant reduction of superoxide production level in both whole cell and mitochondria, along with up-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn-SOD), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), thioredoxin-dependent peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3), cytochrome c (Cyt-c) and glutathione synthesis rate-limiting enzyme (glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and modifier subunit (Gclm)), and down-regulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VI c (Cox6c) transcription after Nrf1 knock-down. In addition, the reduced ATP production and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential in the PVN of 2K1C rats were reinstated with Nrf1 knock-down, together with restored expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), coiled-coil myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein (Beclin1), and Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), which are related to the mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, and autophagy. Together, the results indicate that the PVN Nrf1 is associated with the development of 2K1C-induced hypertension, and Nrf1 knock-down in the PVN can alleviate hypertension through intervention of mitochondrial function and restorement of the production-removal balance of superoxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Chi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Małkiewicz MA, Małecki A, Toborek M, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ. Substances of abuse and the blood brain barrier: Interactions with physical exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:204-216. [PMID: 33038347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders pose a common medical, social and financial problem. Among the pathomechanisms of substance use disorders, the disruption and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been recently revealed. Physical exercise appears to be a relatively inexpensive and feasible way to implement behavioral therapy counteracting the blood-brain barrier impairment. Concomitantly, there are also studies supporting a potential protective role of selected substances of abuse in maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity. In this review, we aim to provide a summary on the modulatory influence of physical exercise, a non-pharmacological intervention, on the blood-brain barrier alterations caused by substances of abuse. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms that underlie various effects of physical exercise in substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Light Emitting Diode Therapy Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Mitigating Neuroinflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9343160. [PMID: 32963707 PMCID: PMC7486644 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9343160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation plays a key role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies showed that light-emitting diode (LED) therapy might improve M2 microglia activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that LED therapy might reduce myocardial I/R injury by neuroinflammation modulation. Objective To explore the effect of LED therapy on myocardial I/R-induced injury and seek the underlying mechanism. Methods Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control group (without LED treatment or myocardial I/R, n = 6), I/R group (with myocardial I/R only, n = 12), and LED+I/R group (with myocardial I/R and LED therapy, n = 12). Electrocardiogram was recorded continuously during the procedure. In addition, brain tissue was extracted for BDNF, Iba1, and CD206 analyses, and heart tissue for myocardial injury (ischemic size and infarct size), IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA analysis. Results In comparison with the I/R group, the ischemia size and the infarct size were significantly attenuated by LED therapy in the LED+I/R group. Meanwhile, the microglia activation induced by I/R injury was prominently attenuated by LED treatment either. And it is apparent that there was also an increase in the beneficial neuroinflammation markers (BDNF and CD206) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the LED+I/R group. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, were greatly decreased by I/R while improved by LED treatment in myocardium. Conclusion LED therapy might reduce neuroinflammation in PVN and decrease myocardium injury by elevating BDNF and M2 microglia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bojková B, Winklewski PJ, Wszedybyl-Winklewska M. Dietary Fat and Cancer-Which Is Good, Which Is Bad, and the Body of Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114114. [PMID: 32526973 PMCID: PMC7312362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) induces changes in gut microbiota leading to activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, and obesity, as a consequence of overnutrition, exacerbates inflammation, a known risk factor not only for cancer. However, experimental data showed that the composition of dietary fat has a greater impact on the pathogenesis of cancer than the total fat content in isocaloric diets. Similarly, human studies did not prove that a decrease in total fat intake is an effective strategy to combat cancer. Saturated fat has long been considered as harmful, but the current consensus is that moderate intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), including palmitic acid (PA), does not pose a health risk within a balanced diet. In regard to monounsaturated fat, plant sources are recommended. The consumption of plant monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), particularly from olive oil, has been associated with lower cancer risk. Similarly, the replacement of animal MUFAs with plant MUFAs decreased cancer mortality. The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cancer risk depends on the ratio between ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs. In vivo data showed stimulatory effects of ω-6 PUFAs on tumour growth while ω-3 PUFAs were protective, but the results of human studies were not as promising as indicated in preclinical reports. As for trans FAs (TFAs), experimental data mostly showed opposite effects of industrially produced and natural TFAs, with the latter being protective against cancer progression, but human data are mixed, and no clear conclusion can be made. Further studies are warranted to establish the role of FAs in the control of cell growth in order to find an effective strategy for cancer prevention/treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Bojková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Pawel J. Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-58-3491515
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Conti P, Lauritano D, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Martinotti S. Microglia and mast cells generate proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and worsen inflammatory state: Suppressor effect of IL-37. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 875:173035. [PMID: 32097657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain microglia cells are responsible for recognizing foreign bodies and act by activating other immune cells. Microglia react against infectious agents that cross the blood-brain barrier and release pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells also found in the brain meninges, in the perivascular spaces where they create a protective barrier and release pro-inflammatory compounds, such as IL-1β, IL-33 and TNF. IL-1β binds to the IL-1R1 receptor and activates a cascade of events that leads to the production of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activation of the immune system. IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 family expressed by several immune cells including microglia and MCs and is involved in innate and adaptive immunity. IL-33 is a pleiotropic cytokine which binds the receptor ST2 derived from TLR/IL-1R super family and is released after cellular damage (also called "alarmin"). These cytokines are responsible for a number of brain inflammatory disorders. Activated IL-1β in the brain stimulates microglia, MCs, and perivascular endothelial cells, mediating various inflammatory brain diseases. IL-37 also belongs to the IL-1 family and has the capacity to suppress IL-1β with an anti-inflammatory property. IL-37 deficiency could activate and enhance myeloid differentiation (MyD88) and p38-dependent protein-activated mitogenic kinase (MAPK) with an increase in IL-1β and IL-33 exacerbating neurological pathologies. In this article we report for the first time that microglia communicate and collaborate with MCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that can be suppressed by IL-37 having a therapeutic potentiality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Dorina Lauritano
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Medicine and Surgery Department, Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Spiros K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Systemic administration of pentoxifylline attenuates the development of hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:667-678. [PMID: 32060380 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that hypertension involves a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory response; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To further understand the role of inflammation in hypertension, we used a rat renovascular model of hypertension in which we administered the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 60 days. In conscious rats, PTX administration significantly attenuated the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure, PTX: 145 ± 8 vs. vehicle (Veh): 235 ± 11 mmHg, after 38 days of treatment, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). This attenuation in hypertension was coupled with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability (PTX: 1.23 ± 0.2 vs Veh: 3.05 ± 0.8 arbitrary units, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). Furthermore, systemic PTX administration decreased c-Fos expression within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PTX: 17 ± 4 vs. Veh: 70 ± 13 cells, P < 0.01, N = 5, PVN) and increased the total number of microglial branches (PTX: 2129 ± 242 vs. Veh: 1415 ± 227 branches, P < 0.05, N = 4/group). Acute central injection of PTX (20 μg) under urethane anesthesia caused a small transient decrease in blood pressure but did not change renal sympathetic nerve activity. Surprisingly, we found no detectable basal levels of plasma TNF-α in either PTX- or vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that inflammation plays a role in renovascular hypertension and that PTX might act both peripherally and centrally to prevent hypertension.
Collapse
|
8
|
Díaz HS, Toledo C, Andrade DC, Marcus NJ, Del Rio R. Neuroinflammation in heart failure: new insights for an old disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:33-59. [PMID: 31671478 DOI: 10.1113/jp278864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome affecting roughly 26 million people worldwide. Increased sympathetic drive is a hallmark of HF and is associated with disease progression and higher mortality risk. Several mechanisms contribute to enhanced sympathetic activity in HF, but these pathways are still incompletely understood. Previous work suggests that inflammation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increases sympathetic drive. Importantly, chronic inflammation in several brain regions is commonly observed in aged populations, and a growing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in HF. In animal models of HF, central inhibition of RAS and pro-inflammatory cytokines normalizes sympathetic drive and improves cardiac function. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to neuroinflammation and its effect on HF progression remain undetermined. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field of neuroinflammation and autonomic control in HF. In addition, it focuses on cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in HF and in particular on brain regions involved in sympathetic control. Finally, we will comment on what is known about neuroinflammation in the context of preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo S Díaz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noah J Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Małkiewicz MA, Szarmach A, Sabisz A, Cubała WJ, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30678702 PMCID: PMC6345022 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, a theoretical framework on the crosstalk between physical exercise and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is presented. We discuss the influence of physical activity on the factors affecting BBB permeability such as systemic inflammation, the brain renin-angiotensin and noradrenergic systems, central autonomic function and the kynurenine pathway. The positive role of exercise in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease is described. Finally, the potential role of conditioning as well as the effect of exercise on BBB tight junctions is outlined. There is a body of evidence that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase the density of brain capillaries. Thus, physical training can be emphasised as a component of prevention programs developed for patients to minimise the risk of the onset of neuroinflammatory diseases as well as an augmentation of existing treatment. Unfortunately, despite a sound theoretical background, it remains unclear as to whether exercise training is effective in modulating BBB permeability in several specific diseases. Further research is needed as the impact of exercise is yet to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław J Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Wolf J, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ, Szurowska E, Narkiewicz K. Central sympathetic nervous system reinforcement in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 39:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
11
|
Asraf K, Torika N, Apte RN, Fleisher-Berkovich S. Microglial Activation Is Modulated by Captopril: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:116. [PMID: 29765306 PMCID: PMC5938337 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important peripheral system involved in homeostasis modulation, with angiotensin II (Ang II) serving as the main effector hormone. The main enzyme involved in Ang II formation is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) such as captopril (Cap) are predominantly used for the management of hypertension. All of the components of the RAS have also been identified in brain. Centrally located hormones such as Ang II can induce glial inflammation. Moreover, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models, where glial inflammation occurs and is thought to contribute to the propagation of the disease, increased levels of Ang II and ACE have been detected. Interestingly, ACE overexpression in monocytes, migrating to the brain was shown to prevent AD cognitive decline. However, the specific effects of captopril on glial inflammation and AD remain obscure. In the present study, we investigated the effect of captopril, given at a wide concentration range, on inflammatory mediators released by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated glia. In the current study, both primary glial cells and the BV2 microglial cell line were used. Captopril decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release from primary mixed glial cells as well as regulating inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and induced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by BV2 microglia. We further obtained data regarding intranasal effects of captopril on cortical amyloid β (Aβ) and CD11b expression in 5XFAD cortex over three different time periods. Interestingly, we noted decreases in Aβ burden in captopril-treated mice over time which was paralleled by increased microglial activation. These results thus shed light on the neuroprotective role of captopril in AD which might be related to modulation of microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Asraf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nofar Torika
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Holbein WW, Blackburn MB, Andrade MA, Toney GM. Burst patterning of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus-driven sympathetic nerve activity in ANG II-salt hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H530-H541. [PMID: 29167122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00560.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ANG II-salt hypertension selectively increases splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (sSNA), but the extent to which this reflects increased respiratory versus cardiac rhythmic bursting is unknown. Here, integrated sSNA was elevated in ANG II-infused rats fed a high-salt (2% NaCl) diet (ANG II-HSD) compared with vehicle-infused rats fed a normal-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet (Veh-NSD; P < 0.01). Increased sSNA was not accompanied by increased inspiratory or expiratory bursting, consistent with no group difference in central inspiratory drive. Consistent with preserved inhibitory baroreflex entrainment of elevated sSNA in ANG II-HSD rats, the time integral ( P < 0.05) and amplitude ( P < 0.01) of cardiac rhythmic sSNA were increased. Consistent with activity of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons supporting basal SNA in ANG II-salt hypertension, inhibition of PVN with the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and integrated sSNA only in the ANG II-HSD group ( P < 0.001). PVN inhibition had no effect on respiratory rhythmic sSNA bursting in either group but reduced cardiac rhythmic sSNA in ANG II-HSD rats only ( P < 0.01). The latter likely reflected reduced inhibitory baroreflex entrainment subsequent to the fall of MAP. Of note is that MAP as well as integrated and rhythmic burst patterns of sSNA were similar in vehicle-infused rats whether they were fed a normal or high-salt diet. Findings indicate that PVN neurons support elevated sSNA in ANG II-HSD rats by driving a tonic component of activity without altering respiratory or cardiac rhythmic bursting. Because sSNA was unchanged in Veh-HSD rats, activation of PVN-driven tonic sSNA appears to require central actions of ANG II. NEW & NOTEWORTHY ANG II-salt hypertension is strongly neurogenic and depends on hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN)-driven splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (sSNA). Here, respiratory and cardiac bursts of sSNA were preserved in ANG II-salt rats and unaltered by PVN inhibition, suggesting that PVN neurons drive a tonic component of sSNA rather than modulating dominant patterns of burst discharge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter W Holbein
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Megan B Blackburn
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mary Ann Andrade
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Szarmach A, Halena G, Kaszubowski M, Piskunowicz M, Studniarek M, Lass P, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Carotid Artery Stenting and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Subjects with Chronic Carotid Artery Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051008. [PMID: 28481312 PMCID: PMC5454921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical event in the development and progression of diseases such as acute ischemic stroke, chronic ischemia or small vessels disease that affect the central nervous system. It is not known whether BBB breakdown in subjects with chronic carotid artery stenosis can be restrained with postoperative recovery of cerebral perfusion. The aim of the study was to assess the short-term effect of internal carotid artery stenting on basic perfusion parameters and permeability surface area-product (PS) in such a population. Forty subjects (23 males) with stenosis of >70% within a single internal carotid artery and neurological symptoms who underwent a carotid artery stenting procedure were investigated. Differences in the following computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters were compared before and after surgery: global cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP) and PS. PS acquired by CTP is used to measure the permeability of the BBB to contrast material. In all baseline cases, the CBF and CBV values were low, while MTT and TTP were high on both the ipsi- and contralateral sides compared to reference values. PS was approximately twice the normal value. CBF was higher (+6.14%), while MTT was lower (−9.34%) on the contralateral than on the ipsilateral side. All perfusion parameters improved after stenting on both the ipsilateral (CBF +22.66%; CBV +18.98%; MTT −16.09%, TTP −7.62%) and contralateral (CBF +22.27%, CBV +19.72%, MTT −14.65%, TTP −7.46%) sides. PS decreased by almost half: ipsilateral −48.11%, contralateral −45.19%. The decline in BBB permeability was symmetrical on the ipsi- and contralateral sides to the stenosis. Augmented BBB permeability can be controlled by surgical intervention in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Halena
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Kaszubowski
- Department of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Maciej Piskunowicz
- 1st Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Michal Studniarek
- 1st Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 03-242, Poland.
| | - Piotr Lass
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk 76-200, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hering D, Winklewski PJ. R1 autonomic nervous system in acute kidney injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:162-171. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Hering
- Dobney Hypertension Centre; School of Medicine and Pharmacology; Royal Perth Hospital Unit; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Institute of Health Sciences; Pomeranian University of Slupsk; Slupsk Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szalewska D, Radkowski M, Demkow U, Winklewski PJ. Exercise Strategies to Counteract Brain Aging Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1020:69-79. [PMID: 28382606 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating structural and functional adaptation that improves cognitive performance in specific tasks is the major objective of therapeutic exercise training. In this review we briefly summarize central physiological mechanisms activated by exercise. We further discuss the influence of different kinds of exercise on cognitive improvement. In particular, the effects on cognitive function of aerobic endurance, resistance and respiratory exercise, and combinations thereof are presented. The accumulating evidence reinforces the position that regular aerobic, and possibly also resistance training, offers a powerful tool to cope with biologic aging of central nervous system functions. Nevertheless, the potential magnitude of cognition improvement or restrain of age-related cognition deterioration and the quantity of physical activity required to induce meaningful responses remain to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 15 Tuwima Street, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|