1
|
Shankland SJ, Jefferson JA, Wessely O. Repurposing drugs for diseases associated with podocyte dysfunction. Kidney Int 2023; 104:455-462. [PMID: 37290603 PMCID: PMC11088848 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The majority of podocyte disorders are progressive in nature leading to chronic kidney disease and often kidney failure. The scope of current therapies is typically nonspecific immunosuppressant medications, which are accompanied by unwanted and serious side effects. However, many exciting clinical trials are underway to reduce the burden of podocyte diseases in our patients. Major advances and discoveries have recently been made experimentally in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying podocyte injury in disease. This begs the question of how best to take advantage of these impressive strides. One approach to consider is the repurposing of therapeutics that have already been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and other regulatory agencies for indications beyond the kidney. The advantages of therapy repurposing include known safety profiles, drug development that has already been completed, and overall reduced costs for studying alternative indications for selected therapies. The purpose of this mini review is to examine the experimental literature of podocyte damage and determine if there are mechanistic targets in which prior approved therapies can be considered for repurposing to podocyte disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - J Ashley Jefferson
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding Y, Luan ZQ, Mao ZM, Qu Z, Yu F. Association between glomerular mTORC1 activation and crescents formation in lupus nephritis patients. Clin Immunol 2023; 249:109288. [PMID: 36907538 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the association between glomerular mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway activation and crescents' degree in lupus nephritis (LN) patients. METHODS A total of 159 biopsy-proven LN patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The clinical and pathological data of them were collected at the time of renal biopsy. mTORC1 pathway activation was measured by immunohistochemistry, expressed by the mean optical density (MOD) of p-RPS6 (ser235/236), and multiplexed immunofluorescence. The association of mTORC1 pathway activation with clinico-pathological features especially renal crescentic lesions, and the composite outcomes in LN patients was further analyzed. RESULTS mTORC1 pathway activation could be detected in the crescentic lesions and was positively correlated with the percentage of crescents (r = 0.479, P < 0.001) in LN patients. Subgroup analysis showed mTORC1 pathway was more activated in patients with cellular or fibrocellular crescentic lesions (P < 0.001), but not fibrous crescentic lesions (P = 0.270). The optimal cutoff value of the MOD of p-RPS6 (ser235/236) was 0.0111299 for predicting the presence of cellular-fibrocellular crescents in >7.39% of the glomeruli by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Cox regression survival analysis showed that mTORC1 pathway activation was an independent risk factor for the worse outcome (defined by composite endpoints of death, end-stage renal disease and a decrease of >30% in eGFR from baseline). CONCLUSION Activation of mTORC1 pathway was closely associated with the cellular-fibrocellular crescentic lesions and could be a prognostic marker in LN patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, PR China; Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, PR China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100034, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Luan
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhao-Min Mao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, PR China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100034, PR China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, PR China; Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, PR China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing 100034, PR China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100034, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li F, Fang Y, Zhuang Q, Cheng M, Moronge D, Jue H, Meyuhas O, Ding X, Zhang Z, Chen JK, Wu H. Blocking ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation inhibits podocyte hypertrophy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2022; 102:121-135. [PMID: 35483522 PMCID: PMC10711420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation mediates the hypertrophic growth of kidney proximal tubule cells. However, the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and podocyte loss during the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains undefined. Here, we examined rpS6 phosphorylation levels in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with FSGS and in podocytes from mouse kidneys with Adriamycin-induced FSGS. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in the mouse model of FSGS, we investigated the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and loss during development and progression of FSGS. Phosphorylated rpS6 was found to be markedly increased in the podocytes of patients with FSGS and Adriamycin-induced FSGS mice. Genetic deletion of the Tuberous sclerosis 1 gene in kidney glomerular podocytes activated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling to rpS6 phosphorylation, resulting in podocyte hypertrophy and pathologic features similar to those of patients with FSGS including podocyte loss, leading to segmental glomerulosclerosis. Since protein phosphatase 1 is known to negatively regulate rpS6 phosphorylation, treatment with an inhibitor increased phospho-rpS6 levels, promoted podocyte hypertrophy and exacerbated formation of FSGS lesions. Importantly, blocking rpS6 phosphorylation (either by generating congenic rpS6 knock-in mice expressing non-phosphorylatable rpS6 or by inhibiting ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1-mediated rpS6 phosphorylation with an inhibitor) significantly blunted podocyte hypertrophy, inhibited podocyte loss, and attenuated formation of FSGS lesions. Thus, our study provides genetic and pharmacologic evidence indicating that specifically targeting rpS6 phosphorylation can attenuate the development of FSGS lesions by inhibiting podocyte hypertrophy and associated podocyte depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meichu Cheng
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desmond Moronge
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hao Jue
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
van der Wolde J, Haruhara K, Puelles VG, Nikolic-Paterson D, Bertram JF, Cullen-McEwen LA. The ability of remaining glomerular podocytes to adapt to the loss of their neighbours decreases with age. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:439-451. [PMID: 35290515 PMCID: PMC9035415 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive podocyte loss is a feature of healthy ageing. While previous studies have reported age-related changes in podocyte number, density and size and associations with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, few studies have examined how the response of remaining podocytes to podocyte depletion changes with age. Mild podocyte depletion was induced in PodCreiDTR mice aged 1, 6, 12 and 18 months via intraperitoneal administration of diphtheria toxin. Control mice received intraperitoneal vehicle. Podometrics, proteinuria and glomerular pathology were assessed, together with podocyte expression of p-rp-S6, a phosphorylation target that represents activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Podocyte number per glomerulus did not change in control mice in the 18-month time period examined. However, control mice at 18 months had the largest podocytes and the lowest podocyte density. Podocyte depletion at 1, 6 and 12 months resulted in mild albuminuria but no glomerulosclerosis, whereas similar levels of podocyte depletion at 18 months resulted in both albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. Following podocyte depletion at 6 and 12 months, the number of p-rp-S6 positive podocytes increased significantly, and this was associated with an adaptive increase in podocyte volume. However, at 18 months of age, remaining podocytes were unable to further elevate mTOR expression or undergo hypertrophic adaptation in response to mild podocyte depletion, resulting in marked glomerular pathology. These findings demonstrate the importance of mTORC1-mediated podocyte hypertrophy in both physiological (ageing) and adaptive settings, highlighting a functional limit to podocyte hypertrophy reached under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James van der Wolde
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Departments of Nephrology and Medicine, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu S, Ren Q, Chen J, Huang J, Liang R. Rapamycin reduces podocyte damage by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and promoting autophagy. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Rapamycin is a potent inducer of autophagy in podocytes. However, we still understand very little about how autophagy is regulated under podocyte injury conditions. This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in podocyte injury and the regulatory mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. Methods: The podocytes were cultured in vitro, and the apoptosis rate of each group was determined by flow cytometry. The protein expression and distribution of LC3-II were examined by immunofluorescence. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, LC3-II, mTOR, 4EBP1, and P70S6K were measured using Western Blot. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the changes in autophagosomes in each group. Results: Compared with the control group, the puromycin group (PAN) increased podocyte apoptosis, decreased numbers of autophagosomes, and downregulated LC3-II protein expression. Compared with the PAN group, the podocyte apoptosis rate decreased in the Rapamycin group (RAPA), the number of autophagosomes increased, and LC3-II protein expression was upregulated. In addition, PAN evoked an increase in p-Akt expressions, RAPA treatment induced a reversal of PAN-induced p-Akt upregulation, and the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, 4EBP1, and P70S6K were downregulated. Conclusion: PAN can damage podocytes by inhibiting podocyte autophagic activity and promoting apoptosis. Rapamycin can ameliorate PAN-induced podocyte damage by activating autophagy. This effect may be related to rapamycin-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyou Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, GuangDong, China
| | - Qi Ren
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P.R.China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Image, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, GuangDong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, GuangDong, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, GuangDong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan Q, Miao J, Yang Q, Fang L, Fang Y, Ding H, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Dai C, Zen K, Sun Q, Yang J. Role of pyruvate kinase M2-mediated metabolic reprogramming during podocyte differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32393782 PMCID: PMC7214446 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes, a type of highly specialized epithelial cells, require substantial levels of energy to maintain glomerular integrity and function, but little is known on the regulation of podocytes’ energetics. Lack of metabolic analysis during podocyte development led us to explore the distribution of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, the two major pathways of cell metabolism, in cultured podocytes during in vitro differentiation. Unexpectedly, we observed a stronger glycolytic profile, accompanied by an increased mitochondrial complexity in differentiated podocytes, indicating that mature podocytes boost both glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism to meet their augmented energy demands. In addition, we found a shift of predominant energy source from anaerobic glycolysis in immature podocyte to oxidative phosphorylation during the differentiation process. Furthermore, we identified a crucial metabolic regulator for podocyte development, pyruvate kinase M2. Pkm2-knockdown podocytes showed dramatic reduction of energy metabolism, resulting in defects of cell differentiation. Meanwhile, podocyte-specific Pkm2-knockout (KO) mice developed worse albuminuria and podocyte injury after adriamycin treatment. We identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a critical regulator of PKM2 during podocyte development. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR potently abrogated PKM2 expression and disrupted cell differentiation, indicating the existence of metabolic checkpoint that need to be satisfied in order to allow podocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Jiao Miao
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Li Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Transcriptomics Reveal Altered Metabolic and Signaling Pathways in Podocytes Exposed to C16 Ceramide-Enriched Lipoproteins. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020178. [PMID: 32045989 PMCID: PMC7073971 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids associated with cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins, and their synthesis and degradation are tightly regulated. We have previously determined that low plasma concentrations of certain ceramide species predict the development of nephropathy in diabetes patients with normal albumin excretion rates at baseline. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that altering the sphingolipid content of circulating lipoproteins can alter the metabolic and signaling pathways in podocytes, whose dysfunction leads to an impairment of glomerular filtration. Cultured human podocytes were treated with lipoproteins from healthy subjects enriched in vitro with C16 ceramide, or D-erythro 2-hydroxy C16 ceramide, a ceramide naturally found in skin. The RNA-Seq data demonstrated differential expression of genes regulating sphingolipid metabolism, sphingolipid signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. A multiplex analysis of mTOR signaling pathway intermediates showed that the majority (eight) of the pathway phosphorylated proteins measured (eleven) were significantly downregulated in response to C16 ceramide-enriched HDL2 compared to HDL2 alone and hydroxy ceramide-enriched HDL2. In contrast, C16 ceramide-enriched HDL3 upregulated the phosphorylation of four intermediates in the mTOR pathway. These findings highlight a possible role for lipoprotein-associated sphingolipids in regulating metabolic and signaling pathways in podocytes and could lead to novel therapeutic targets in glomerular kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Minakawa A, Fukuda A, Sato Y, Kikuchi M, Kitamura K, Wiggins RC, Fujimoto S. Podocyte hypertrophic stress and detachment precedes hyperglycemia or albuminuria in a rat model of obesity and type2 diabetes-associated nephropathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18485. [PMID: 31811176 PMCID: PMC6898392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type2 diabetes-associated nephropathy is the commonest cause of renal failure. Mechanisms responsible are controversial. Leptin-deficient hyperphagic Zucker (fa/fa) rats were modeled to test the hypothesis that glomerular enlargement drives podocyte hypertrophic stress leading to accelerated podocyte detachment, podocyte depletion, albuminuria and progression. By 6weeks, prior to development of either hyperglycemia or albuminuria, fa/fa rats were hyperinsulinemic with high urinary IGF1/2 excretion, gaining weight rapidly, and had 1.6-fold greater glomerular volume than controls (P < 0.01). At this time the podocyte number per glomerulus was not yet reduced although podocytes were already hypertrophically stressed as shown by high podocyte phosphor-ribosomal S6 (a marker of mTORC1 activation), high urinary pellet podocin:nephrin mRNA ratio and accelerated podocyte detachment (high urinary pellet podocin:aquaporin2 mRNA ratio). Subsequently, fa/fa rats became both hyperglycemic and albuminuric. 24 hr urine albumin excretion correlated highly with decreasing podocyte density (R2 = 0.86), as a consequence of both increasing glomerular volume (R2 = 0.70) and decreasing podocyte number (R2 = 0.63). Glomerular podocyte loss rate was quantitatively related to podocyte detachment rate measured by urine pellet mRNAs. Glomerulosclerosis occurred when podocyte density reached <50/106um3. Reducing food intake by 40% to slow growth reduced podocyte hypertrophic stress and "froze" all elements of the progression process in place, but had small effect on hyperglycemia. Glomerular enlargement caused by high growth factor milieu starting in pre-diabetic kidneys appears to be a primary driver of albuminuria in fa/fa rats and thereby an under-recognized target for progression prevention. Progression risk could be identified prior to onset of hyperglycemia or albuminuria, and monitored non-invasively by urinary pellet podocyte mRNA markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Minakawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan.
| | - Yuji Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Kikuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Roger C Wiggins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Hemovascular Medicine and Artificial Organs, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soypacaci Z, Cakmak O, Cakalagoglu F, Gercik O, Ertekin I, Uzum A, Ersoy R, Akar S. The role of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the pathogenesis of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Ren Fail 2019; 41:907-913. [PMID: 31658846 PMCID: PMC7011872 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1667829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The characteristic lesion of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is focal necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. The underlying mechanisms in the formation or progression of crescent formation need further investigations. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which might be a potential therapeutic target, in kidney biopsies of patients with pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Methods: The patients diagnosed as pauci-immune glomerulonephritis at an outpatient nephrology clinic were retrospectively reviewed and those patients who had a kidney biopsy before receiving an immunosuppressive treatment were included in the study. Kidney biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically stained with mTOR, antibodies of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and scored by an experienced renal pathologist. Results: In total, 54 patients with pauci-immune glomerulonephritis (28 [52%] female) were included. According to the histopathologic examination, 22% of our cases were classified as focal, 33% crescentic, 22% mixed, and 22% as sclerotic. The mTOR was expressed in substantial percentages of glomeruli of patients with pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. However, we observed PTEN expression in all samples and mTOR in all tubulointerstitial areas. mTOR expression was found to be related with the presence of crescentic and sclerotic changes observed in glomeruli and the degree of fibrosis in interstitial areas. Serum creatinine level or response to treatment was not found to be associated with mTOR pathway expression. Conclusion: Our results suggest that mTOR pathway may play role in the pathogenesis of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, besides targeting this signaling may be an alternative option for those patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Soypacaci
- Department of Nephrology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Cakmak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Fulya Cakalagoglu
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Onay Gercik
- Department of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ertekin
- Department of Nephrology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Atilla Uzum
- Department of Nephrology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Rifki Ersoy
- Department of Nephrology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Servet Akar
- Department of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
EL-Ashmawy HM, Ahmed AM. Association of serum Sestrin-2 level with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_85_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
11
|
Li F, Mao X, Zhuang Q, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Wu H. Inhibiting 4E-BP1 re-activation represses podocyte cell cycle re-entry and apoptosis induced by adriamycin. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:241. [PMID: 30858353 PMCID: PMC6411872 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte loss is one of the determining factors for the progression toward glomerulosclerosis. Podocyte is terminally differentiated and does not typically proliferate following injury and loss. However, recent evidence suggested that during renal injury, podocyte could re-enter the cell cycle, sensitizing the cells to injury and death, but the molecular mechanisms underlying it, as well as the cell fate determination still remained unclear. Here, using NPHS2 Cre; mT/mG transgenic mice and primary podocytes isolated from the mice, we investigated the effect of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) signaling pathway on cell cycle re-entry and apoptosis of podocyte induced by adriamycin. It was found that podocyte cell cycle re-entry could be induced by adriamycin as early as the 1st week in vivo and the 2nd hour in vitro, accompanied with 4E-BP1 activation and was followed by podocyte loss or apoptosis from the 4th week in vivo or the 4th hour in vitro. Importantly, targeting 4E-BP1 activation by the RNA interference of 4E-BP1 or pharmacologic rapamycin (inhibitor of mTORC1, blocking mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of its substrate 4E-BP1) treatment was able to inhibit the increases of PCNA, Ki67, and the S-phase fraction of cell cycle in primary podocyte during 2–6 h of adriamycin treatment, and also attenuated the following apoptotic cell death of podocyte detected from the 4th hour, suggesting that 4E-BP1 could be a regulator to manipulate the amount of cell cycle re-entry provided by differentiated podocyte, and thus regulate the degree of podocyte apoptosis, bringing us a new potential podocyte-protective substance that can be used for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Therapeutic Use of mTOR Inhibitors in Renal Diseases: Advances, Drawbacks, and Challenges. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3693625. [PMID: 30510618 PMCID: PMC6231362 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3693625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has a key role in the regulation of a variety of biological processes pivotal for cellular life, aging, and death. Impaired activity of mTOR complexes (mTORC1/mTORC2), particularly mTORC1 overactivation, has been implicated in a plethora of age-related disorders, including human renal diseases. Since the discovery of rapamycin (or sirolimus), more than four decades ago, advances in our understanding of how mTOR participates in renal physiological and pathological mechanisms have grown exponentially, due to both preclinical studies in animal models with genetic modification of some mTOR components as well as due to evidence coming from the clinical experience. The main clinical indication of rapamycin is as immunosuppressive therapy for the prevention of allograft rejection, namely, in renal transplantation. However, considering the central participation of mTOR in the pathogenesis of other renal disorders, the use of rapamycin and its analogs meanwhile developed (rapalogues) everolimus and temsirolimus has been viewed as a promising pharmacological strategy. This article critically reviews the use of mTOR inhibitors in renal diseases. Firstly, we briefly overview the mTOR components and signaling as well as the pharmacological armamentarium targeting the mTOR pathway currently available or in the research and development stages. Thereafter, we revisit the mTOR pathway in renal physiology to conclude with the advances, drawbacks, and challenges regarding the use of mTOR inhibitors, in a translational perspective, in four classes of renal diseases: kidney transplantation, polycystic kidney diseases, renal carcinomas, and diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Impact of high glucose and AGEs on cultured kidney-derived cells. Effects on cell viability, lysosomal enzymes and effectors of cell signaling pathways. Biochimie 2017; 135:137-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
Salatto CT, Miller RA, Cameron KO, Cokorinos E, Reyes A, Ward J, Calabrese MF, Kurumbail RG, Rajamohan F, Kalgutkar AS, Tess DA, Shavnya A, Genung NE, Edmonds DJ, Jatkar A, Maciejewski BS, Amaro M, Gandhok H, Monetti M, Cialdea K, Bollinger E, Kreeger JM, Coskran TM, Opsahl AC, Boucher GG, Birnbaum MJ, DaSilva-Jardine P, Rolph T. Selective Activation of AMPK β1-Containing Isoforms Improves Kidney Function in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:303-311. [PMID: 28289077 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy remains an area of high unmet medical need, with current therapies that slow down, but do not prevent, the progression of disease. A reduced phosphorylation state of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been correlated with diminished kidney function in both humans and animal models of renal disease. Here, we describe the identification of novel, potent, small molecule activators of AMPK that selectively activate AMPK heterotrimers containing the β1 subunit. After confirming that human and rodent kidney predominately express AMPK β1, we explore the effects of pharmacological activation of AMPK in the ZSF1 rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Chronic administration of these direct activators elevates the phosphorylation of AMPK in the kidney, without impacting blood glucose levels, and reduces the progression of proteinuria to a greater degree than the current standard of care, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Further analyses of urine biomarkers and kidney tissue gene expression reveal AMPK activation leads to the modulation of multiple pathways implicated in kidney injury, including cellular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. These results support the need for further investigation into the potential beneficial effects of AMPK activation in kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Salatto
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Russell A Miller
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Kimberly O Cameron
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Emily Cokorinos
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Allan Reyes
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jessica Ward
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - David A Tess
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Andre Shavnya
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Nathan E Genung
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - David J Edmonds
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Aditi Jatkar
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin S Maciejewski
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Marina Amaro
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Harmeet Gandhok
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mara Monetti
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Katherine Cialdea
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - John M Kreeger
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Timothy M Coskran
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Alan C Opsahl
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Germaine G Boucher
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Tim Rolph
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zschiedrich S, Bork T, Liang W, Wanner N, Eulenbruch K, Munder S, Hartleben B, Kretz O, Gerber S, Simons M, Viau A, Burtin M, Wei C, Reiser J, Herbach N, Rastaldi MP, Cohen CD, Tharaux PL, Terzi F, Walz G, Gödel M, Huber TB. Targeting mTOR Signaling Can Prevent the Progression of FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2144-2157. [PMID: 28270414 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is involved in a variety of kidney diseases. Clinical trials administering mTOR inhibitors to patients with FSGS, a prototypic podocyte disease, led to conflicting results, ranging from remission to deterioration of kidney function. Here, we combined complex genetic titration of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) levels in murine glomerular disease models, pharmacologic studies, and human studies to precisely delineate the role of mTOR in FSGS. mTORC1 target genes were significantly induced in microdissected glomeruli from both patients with FSGS and a murine FSGS model. Furthermore, a mouse model with constitutive mTORC1 activation closely recapitulated human FSGS. Notably, the complete knockout of mTORC1 by induced deletion of both Raptor alleles accelerated the progression of murine FSGS models. However, lowering mTORC1 signaling by deleting just one Raptor allele ameliorated the progression of glomerulosclerosis. Similarly, low-dose treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin efficiently diminished disease progression. Mechanistically, complete pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR in immortalized podocytes shifted the cellular energy metabolism toward reduced rates of oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis, which correlated with increased production of reactive oxygen species. Together, these data suggest that podocyte injury and loss is commonly followed by adaptive mTOR activation. Prolonged mTOR activation, however, results in a metabolic podocyte reprogramming leading to increased cellular stress and dedifferentiation, thus offering a treatment rationale for incomplete mTOR inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zschiedrich
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tillmann Bork
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola Wanner
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eulenbruch
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Munder
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Hartleben
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, and
| | - Simon Gerber
- Imagine Institute, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1163, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Matias Simons
- Imagine Institute, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1163, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Viau
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martine Burtin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Hopital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Changli Wei
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Nadja Herbach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Pia Rastaldi
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D'Amico, Milan, Italy
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Hopital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gödel
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, and.,Center for Systems Biology (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dyachok J, Earnest S, Iturraran EN, Cobb MH, Ross EM. Amino Acids Regulate mTORC1 by an Obligate Two-step Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22414-22426. [PMID: 27587390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) coordinates cell growth with its nutritional, hormonal, energy, and stress status. Amino acids are critical regulators of mTORC1 that permit other inputs to mTORC1 activity. However, the roles of individual amino acids and their interactions in mTORC1 activation are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that activation of mTORC1 by amino acids includes two discrete and separable steps: priming and activation. Sensitizing mTORC1 activation by priming amino acids is a prerequisite for subsequent stimulation of mTORC1 by activating amino acids. Priming is achieved by a group of amino acids that includes l-asparagine, l-glutamine, l-threonine, l-arginine, l-glycine, l-proline, l-serine, l-alanine, and l-glutamic acid. The group of activating amino acids is dominated by l-leucine but also includes l-methionine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine. l-Cysteine predominantly inhibits priming but not the activating step. Priming and activating steps differ in their requirements for amino acid concentration and duration of treatment. Priming and activating amino acids use mechanisms that are distinct both from each other and from growth factor signaling. Neither step requires intact tuberous sclerosis complex of proteins to activate mTORC1. Concerted action of priming and activating amino acids is required to localize mTORC1 to lysosomes and achieve its activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- From the Department of Pharmacology.,Green Center for Systems Biology, and.,McDermott Center for Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041
| | | | - Erica N Iturraran
- From the Department of Pharmacology.,Green Center for Systems Biology, and
| | | | - Elliott M Ross
- From the Department of Pharmacology, .,Green Center for Systems Biology, and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McNicholas BA, Eng DG, Lichtnekert J, Rabinowitz PS, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Reducing mTOR augments parietal epithelial cell density in a model of acute podocyte depletion and in aged kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F626-39. [PMID: 27440779 PMCID: PMC5142165 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00196.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) response to glomerular injury may underlie a common pathway driving fibrogenesis following podocyte loss that typifies several glomerular disorders. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important in cell homeostasis, little is known of the biological role or impact of reducing mTOR activity on PEC response following podocyte depletion, nor in the aging kidney. The purpose of these studies was to determine the impact on PECs of reducing mTOR activity following abrupt experimental depletion in podocyte number, as well as in a model of chronic podocyte loss and sclerosis associated with aging. Podocyte depletion was induced by an anti-podocyte antibody and rapamycin started at day 5 until death at day 14 Reducing mTOR did not lead to a greater reduction in podocyte density, despite greater glomerulosclerosis. However, mTOR inhibition lead to an increase in PEC density and PEC-derived crescent formation. Additionally, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, Notch-3) and PEC activation (CD44, collagen IV) were further increased by mTOR reduction. Aged mice treated with rapamycin for 1, 2, and 10 wk before death at 26.5 mo (≈75-yr-old human age) had increased the number of glomeruli with a crescentic appearance. mTOR inhibition at either a high or low level lead to changes in PEC phenotype, indicating PEC morphology is sensitive to changes mediated by global mTOR inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | | | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamanaka K, Kakuta Y, Nakazawa S, Kato T, Abe T, Imamura R, Okumi M, Ichimaru N, Kyo M, Kyakuno M, Takahara S, Nonomura N. Induction Immunosuppressive Therapy With Everolimus and Low-Dose Tacrolimus Extended-Release Preserves Good Renal Function at 1 Year After Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:781-5. [PMID: 27234735 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of everolimus (EVR) has been increasing in recent years for patients undergoing renal transplantation to reduce calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) levels. However, an optimum regimen has yet to be established. METHODS We retrospectively examined 12 renal transplant recipients who underwent an induction immunosuppressive protocol; the protocol comprises 5 agents, including EVR plus low-dose tacrolimus extended-release (TAC-ER) treatment. We compared those findings from those of 14 patients who underwent a conventional protocol without EVR. Clinical outcome and pathologic changes were assessed by using protocol graft biopsy findings obtained at 3 months and 1 year after transplantation. RESULTS The estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher for the EVR group at both 3 months and 1 year compared with the conventional group (P < .01 and P = .03, respectively). TAC-ER trough levels were also significantly lower at 3 months and 1 year (both, P < .01). Histologic findings of the 3-month protocol biopsy samples in the EVR group revealed 4 cases of borderline change and 2 of acute cellular-mediated rejection. The findings from the 1-year biopsy samples revealed 10 cases with normal findings with no evidence of CNI toxicity. Patients in the EVR group developed subclinical borderline change and acute cellular-mediated rejection after 3 months at a significantly higher rate than the conventional group (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Use of the present therapeutic strategy successfully maintained the trough of each drug at a lower level, and it also kept renal function stable up to 1 year after transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanaka
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Kakuta
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - S Nakazawa
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kato
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Abe
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - R Imamura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Okumi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Ichimaru
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kyo
- Sakurabashi Iseikai Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kyakuno
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Takahara
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ising C, Koehler S, Brähler S, Merkwirth C, Höhne M, Baris OR, Hagmann H, Kann M, Fabretti F, Dafinger C, Bloch W, Schermer B, Linkermann A, Brüning JC, Kurschat CE, Müller RU, Wiesner RJ, Langer T, Benzing T, Brinkkoetter PT. Inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling protects from mitochondria-mediated kidney failure. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:275-87. [PMID: 25643582 PMCID: PMC4364945 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in energy metabolism have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. Mitochondrial fusion is essential for maintenance of mitochondrial function and requires the prohibitin ring complex subunit prohibitin-2 (PHB2) at the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here, we provide a link between PHB2 deficiency and hyperactive insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Deletion of PHB2 in podocytes of mice, terminally differentiated cells at the kidney filtration barrier, caused progressive proteinuria, kidney failure, and death of the animals and resulted in hyperphosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP), a known mediator of the mTOR signaling pathway. Inhibition of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling system through genetic deletion of the insulin receptor alone or in combination with the IGF-1 receptor or treatment with rapamycin prevented hyperphosphorylation of S6RP without affecting the mitochondrial structural defect, alleviated renal disease, and delayed the onset of kidney failure in PHB2-deficient animals. Evidently, perturbation of insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling contributes to tissue damage in mitochondrial disease, which may allow therapeutic intervention against a wide spectrum of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ising
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brähler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Merkwirth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier R Baris
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Kann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Dafinger
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine E Kurschat
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Thomas Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kang YL, Saleem MA, Chan KW, Yung BYM, Law HKW. Trehalose, an mTOR independent autophagy inducer, alleviates human podocyte injury after puromycin aminonucleoside treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113520. [PMID: 25412249 PMCID: PMC4239098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are commonly characterized by podocyte injury including apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and detachment. However, the strategies for preventing podocyte damage remain insufficient. Recently autophagy has been regarded as a vital cytoprotective mechanism for keeping podocyte homeostasis. Thus, it is reasonable to utilize this mechanism to attenuate podocyte injury. Trehalose, a natural disaccharide, is an mTOR independent autophagy inducer. It is unclear whether trehalose alleviates podocyte injury. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of trehalose in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated podocytes which mimic cell damage in minimal change nephrotic syndrome in vitro. Human conditional immortalized podocytes were treated with trehalose with or without PAN. Autophagy was investigated by immunofluorescence staining for LC3 puncta and Western blotting for LC3, Atg5, p-AMPK, p-mTOR and its substrates. Podocyte apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and by measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity respectively. We also performed migration assay to examine podocyte recovery. It was shown that trehalose induced podocyte autophagy in an mTOR independent manner and without reactive oxygen species involvement. Podocyte apoptosis significantly decreased after trehalose treatment, while the inhibition of trehalose-induced autophagy abolished its protective effect. Additionally, the disrupted actin cytoskeleton of podocytes was partially reversed by trehalose, accompanying with less lamellipodias and diminished motility. These results suggested that trehalose induced autophagy in human podocytes and showed cytoprotective effects in PAN-treated podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Kang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moin Ahson Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Yat-Ming Yung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Ka-Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fougeray S, Pallet N. Mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy in diseased and ageing kidneys. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 11:34-45. [PMID: 25385287 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy degrades pathogens, altered organelles and protein aggregates, and is characterized by the sequestration of cytoplasmic cargos within double-membrane-limited vesicles called autophagosomes. The process is regulated by inputs from the cellular microenvironment, and is activated in response to nutrient scarcity and immune triggers, which signal through a complex molecular network. Activation of autophagy leads to the formation of an isolation membrane, recognition of cytoplasmic cargos, expansion of the autophagosomal membrane, fusion with lysosomes and degradation of the autophagosome and its contents. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions, dampens inflammation and shapes adaptive immunity. A growing body of evidence has implicated autophagy in kidney health, ageing and disease; it modulates tissue responses during acute kidney injuries, regulates podocyte homeostasis and protects against age-related renal disorders. The renoprotective functions of autophagy in epithelial renal cells and podocytes are mostly mediated by the clearance of altered mitochondria, which can activate inflammasomes and apoptosis, and the removal of protein aggregates, which might trigger inflammation and cell death. In translational terms, autophagy is undoubtedly an attractive target for developing new renoprotective treatments and identifying markers of kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fougeray
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grahammer F, Wanner N, Huber TB. mTOR controls kidney epithelia in health and disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29 Suppl 1:i9-i18. [PMID: 24493874 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal epithelial function is the cornerstone of key excretory processes performed by our kidneys. Most of these tasks need to be tightly controlled to keep our internal environment in balance. Recently, the mTOR signalling network emerged as a key pathway controlling renal epithelial cells from the glomerular tuft along the entire nephron. Both mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulate such diverse processes as glomerular filtration and the fine tuning of tubular electrolyte balance. Most importantly, dysregulation of mTOR signalling contributes to prevalent kidney diseases like diabetic nephropathy and cystic kidney disease. The following review shall summarize our current knowledge of the renal epithelial mTOR signalling system under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheng YC, Chang JM, Chen CA, Chen HC. Autophagy modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in podocytes: a protective role. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:467-76. [PMID: 25322957 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214553772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs in a variety of patho-physiological mechanisms and there has been great interest in managing this pathway for the treatment of clinical diseases. Autophagy is closely interconnected with endoplasmic reticulum stress to counteract the possible injurious effects related with the impairment of protein folding. Studies have shown that glomerular podocytes exhibit high rate of autophagy to maintain as terminally differentiated cells. In this study, podocytes were exposed to tunicamycin and thapsigargin to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thapsigargin/tunicamycin treatment induced a significant increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress and of cell death, represented by higher GADD153 and GRP78 expression and propidium iodide flow cytometry, respectively. However, thapsigargin/tunicamycin stimulation also enhanced autophagy development, demonstrated by monodansylcadaverine assay and LC3 conversion. To evaluate the regulatory effects of autophagy on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death, rapamycin (Rap) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was added to enhance or inhibit autophagosome formation. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death was decreased at 6 h, but was not reduced at 24 h after Rap+TG or Rap+TM treatment. In contrast, endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death increased at 6 and 24 h after 3-MA+TG or 3-MA+TM treatment. Our study demonstrated that thapsigargin/tunicamycin treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum stress which resulted in podocytes death. Autophagy, which counteracted the induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, was simultaneously enhanced. The salvational role of autophagy was supported by adding Rap/3-MA to mechanistically regulate the expression of autophagy and autophagosome formation. In summary, autophagy helps the podocytes from cell death and may contribute to sustain the longevity as a highly differentiated cell lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Tainan Sinlau Hospital, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smeets B, Huber TB. Sestrin 2: a regulator of the glomerular parietal epithelial cell phenotype. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F798-9. [PMID: 25143460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00435.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Smeets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fatty acids are novel nutrient factors to regulate mTORC1 lysosomal localization and apoptosis in podocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1097-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Yamahara K, Yasuda M, Kume S, Koya D, Maegawa H, Uzu T. The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:193757. [PMID: 24455746 PMCID: PMC3877624 DOI: 10.1155/2013/193757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. The multipronged drug approach targeting blood pressure and serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids fails to fully prevent the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, a new therapeutic target to combat diabetic nephropathy is required. Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades damaged proteins and organelles in mammalian cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of proteins and organelles damaged by hyperglycemia and other diabetes-related metabolic changes is highly associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy activity is altered in both podocytes and proximal tubular cells under diabetic conditions. Autophagy activity is regulated by both nutrient state and intracellular stresses. Under diabetic conditions, an altered nutritional state due to nutrient excess may interfere with the autophagic response stimulated by intracellular stresses, leading to exacerbation of organelle dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we discuss new findings showing the relationships between autophagy and diabetic nephropathy and suggest the therapeutic potential of autophagy in diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-Cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Mako Yasuda
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-Cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-Cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Diabetes & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Kahoku-Gun, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-Cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Uzu
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-Cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiong J, Xia M, Xu M, Zhang Y, Abais JM, Li G, Riebling CR, Ritter JK, Boini KM, Li PL. Autophagy maturation associated with CD38-mediated regulation of lysosome function in mouse glomerular podocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1598-607. [PMID: 24238063 PMCID: PMC3914646 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly differentiated glomerular epithelial cells that contribute to the glomerular barrier function of kidney. A role for autophagy has been proposed in maintenance of their cellular integrity, but the mechanisms controlling autophagy in podocytes are not clear. The present study tested whether CD38-mediated regulation of lysosome function contributes to autophagic flux or autophagy maturation in podocytes. Podocytes were found to exhibit a high constitutive level of LC3-II, a robust marker of autophagosomes (APs), suggesting a high basal level of autophagic activity. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, increased LC3-II and the content of both APs detected by Cyto-ID Green staining and autophagolysosomes (APLs) measured by acridine orange staining and colocalization of LC3 and Lamp1. Lysosome function inhibitor bafilomycin A1 increased APs, but decreased APLs content under both basal and rapamycin-induced conditions. Inhibition of CD38 activity by nicotinamide or silencing of CD38 gene produced the similar effects to that bafilomycin A1 did in podocytes. To explore the possibility that CD38 may control podocyte autophagy through its regulation of lysosome function, the fusion of APs with lysosomes in living podocytes was observed by co-transfection of GFP-LC3B and RFP-Lamp1 expression vectors. A colocalization of GFP-LC3B and RFP-Lamp1 upon stimulation of rapamycin became obvious in transfected podocytes, which could be substantially blocked by nicotinamide, CD38 shRNA, and bafilomycin. Moreover, blockade of the CD38-mediated regulation by PPADS completely abolished rapamycin-induced fusion of APs with lysosomes. These results indicate that CD38 importantly control lysosomal function and influence autophagy at the maturation step in podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jiang L, Xu L, Mao J, Li J, Fang L, Zhou Y, Liu W, He W, Zhao AZ, Yang J, Dai C. Rheb/mTORC1 signaling promotes kidney fibroblast activation and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1114-26. [PMID: 23661807 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) is a small GTPase that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and survival by upregulating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. The role of Rheb/mTORC1 signaling in the activation of kidney fibroblasts and the development of kidney fibrosis remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that Rheb/mTORC1 signaling was activated in interstitial myofibroblasts from fibrotic kidneys. Treatment of rat kidney interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F cell line) with TGFβ1 also activated Rheb/mTORC1 signaling. Blocking Rheb/mTORC1 signaling with rapamycin or Rheb small interfering RNA abolished TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation. In a transgenic mouse, ectopic expression of Rheb activated kidney fibroblasts. These Rheb transgenic mice exhibited increased activation of mTORC1 signaling in both kidney tubular and interstitial cells as well as progressive interstitial renal fibrosis; rapamycin inhibited these effects. Similarly, mice with fibroblast-specific deletion of Tsc1, a negative regulator of Rheb, exhibited activated mTORC1 signaling in kidney interstitial fibroblasts and increased renal fibrosis, both of which rapamycin abolished. Taken together, these results suggest that Rheb/mTORC1 signaling promotes the activation of kidney fibroblasts and contributes to the development of interstitial fibrosis, possibly providing a therapeutic target for progressive renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu L, Feng Z, Cui S, Hou K, Tang L, Zhou J, Cai G, Xie Y, Hong Q, Fu B, Chen X. Rapamycin upregulates autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR-ULK1 pathway, resulting in reduced podocyte injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63799. [PMID: 23667674 PMCID: PMC3648526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The podocyte functions as a glomerular filtration barrier. Autophagy of postmitotic cells is an important protective mechanism that is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of podocytes. Exploring an in vivo rat model of passive Heymann nephritis and an in vitro model of puromycin amino nucleotide (PAN)-cultured podocytes, we examined the specific mechanisms underlying changing autophagy levels and podocyte injury. In the passive Heymann nephritis model rats, the mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) levels were upregulated in injured podocytes while autophagy was inhibited. In PAN-treated podocytes, mTOR lowered the level of autophagy through the mTOR-ULK1 pathway resulting in damaged podocytes. Rapamycin treatment of these cells reduced podocyte injury by raising the levels of autophagy. These in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that podocyte injury is associated with changes in autophagy levels, and that rapamycin can reduce podocyte injury by increasing autophagy levels via inhibition of the mTOR-ULK1 pathway. These results provide an important theoretical basis for future treatment of diseases involving podocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- Medical College, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (ZF)
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (ZF)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Understanding the mechanisms of proteinuria: therapeutic implications. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:546039. [PMID: 22844592 PMCID: PMC3398673 DOI: 10.1155/2012/546039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that proteinuria is a strong predictor of morbidity, a cause of inflammation, oxidative stress and progression of chronic kidney disease, and development of cardiovascular disease. The processes that lead to proteinuria are complex and involve factors such as glomerular hemodynamic, tubular absorption, and diffusion gradients. Alterations in various different molecular pathways and interactions may lead to the identical clinical end points of proteinuria and chronic kidney disease. Glomerular diseases include a wide range of immune and nonimmune insults that may target and thus damage some components of the glomerular filtration barrier. In many of these conditions, the renal visceral epithelial cell (podocyte) responds to injury along defined pathways, which may explain the resultant clinical and histological changes. The recent discovery of the molecular components of the slit diaphragm, specialized structure of podocyte-podocyte interaction, has been a major breakthrough in understanding the crucial role of the epithelial layer of the glomerular barrier and the pathogenesis of proteinuria. This paper provides an overview and update on the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier and the pathogenesis of proteinuria, highlighting the role of the podocyte in this setting. In addition, current antiproteinuric therapeutic approaches are briefly commented.
Collapse
|