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Rajamohan F, Reyes AR, Tu M, Nedoma NL, Hoth LR, Schwaid AG, Kurumbail RG, Ward J, Han S. Crystal structure of human lysosomal acid lipase and its implications in cholesteryl ester storage disease. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1192-1202. [PMID: 32482718 PMCID: PMC7397744 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes cholesteryl ester (CE) and TGs delivered to the lysosomes into free cholesterol and fatty acids. LAL deficiency due to mutations in the LAL gene (LIPA) results in accumulation of TGs and cholesterol esters in various tissues of the body leading to pathological conditions such as Wolman’s disease and CE storage disease (CESD). Here, we present the first crystal structure of recombinant human LAL (HLAL) to 2.6 Å resolution in its closed form. The crystal structure was enabled by mutating three of the six potential glycosylation sites. The overall structure of HLAL closely resembles that of the evolutionarily related human gastric lipase (HGL). It consists of a core domain belonging to the classical α/β hydrolase-fold family with a classical catalytic triad (Ser-153, His-353, Asp-324), an oxyanion hole, and a “cap” domain, which regulates substrate entry to the catalytic site. Most significant structural differences between HLAL and HGL exist at the lid region. Deletion of the short helix, 238NLCFLLC244, at the lid region implied a possible role in regulating the highly hydrophobic substrate binding site from self-oligomerization during interfacial activation. We also performed molecular dynamic simulations of dog gastric lipase (lid-open form) and HLAL to gain insights and speculated a possible role of the human mutant, H274Y, leading to CESD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meihua Tu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
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2
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Bernard-Gauthier V, Mossine AV, Knight A, Patnaik D, Zhao WN, Cheng C, Krishnan HS, Xuan LL, Chindavong PS, Reis SA, Chen JM, Shao X, Stauff J, Arteaga J, Sherman P, Salem N, Bonsall D, Amaral B, Varlow C, Wells L, Martarello L, Patel S, Liang SH, Kurumbail RG, Haggarty SJ, Scott PJH, Vasdev N. Structural Basis for Achieving GSK-3β Inhibition with High Potency, Selectivity, and Brain Exposure for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9600-9617. [PMID: 31535859 PMCID: PMC6883410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using structure-guided design, several cell based assays, and microdosed positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we identified a series of highly potent, selective, and brain-penetrant oxazole-4-carboxamide-based inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). An isotopologue of our first-generation lead, [3H]PF-367, demonstrates selective and specific target engagement in vitro, irrespective of the activation state. We discovered substantial ubiquitous GSK-3-specific radioligand binding in Tg2576 Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting application for these compounds in AD diagnosis and identified [11C]OCM-44 as our lead GSK-3 radiotracer, with optimized brain uptake by PET imaging in nonhuman primates. GSK-3β-isozyme selectivity was assessed to reveal OCM-51, the most potent (IC50 = 0.030 nM) and selective (>10-fold GSK-3β/GSK-3α) GSK-3β inhibitor known to date. Inhibition of CRMP2T514 and tau phosphorylation, as well as favorable therapeutic window against WNT/β-catenin signaling activation, was observed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Andrew V. Mossine
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ashley Knight
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Eisai AiM Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Chialin Cheng
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Hema S. Krishnan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Lucius L. Xuan
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Peter S. Chindavong
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Surya A. Reis
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicolas Salem
- Biogen, Research and Early Development Imaging, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Brenda Amaral
- Biogen, Research and Early Development Imaging, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | | | - Laurent Martarello
- Biogen, Research and Early Development Imaging, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shil Patel
- Eisai AiM Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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3
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Schnute ME, Wennerstål M, Alley J, Bengtsson M, Blinn JR, Bolten CW, Braden T, Bonn T, Carlsson B, Caspers N, Chen M, Choi C, Collis LP, Crouse K, Färnegårdh M, Fennell KF, Fish S, Flick AC, Goos-Nilsson A, Gullberg H, Harris PK, Heasley SE, Hegen M, Hromockyj AE, Hu X, Husman B, Janosik T, Jones P, Kaila N, Kallin E, Kauppi B, Kiefer JR, Knafels J, Koehler K, Kruger L, Kurumbail RG, Kyne RE, Li W, Löfstedt J, Long SA, Menard CA, Mente S, Messing D, Meyers MJ, Napierata L, Nöteberg D, Nuhant P, Pelc MJ, Prinsen MJ, Rhönnstad P, Backström-Rydin E, Sandberg J, Sandström M, Shah F, Sjöberg M, Sundell A, Taylor AP, Thorarensen A, Trujillo JI, Trzupek JD, Unwalla R, Vajdos FF, Weinberg RA, Wood DC, Xing L, Zamaratski E, Zapf CW, Zhao Y, Wilhelmsson A, Berstein G. Discovery of 3-Cyano-N-(3-(1-isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)benzamide: A Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2 Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10415-10439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomas Bonn
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Carlsson
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Caspers
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ming Chen
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chulho Choi
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew C. Flick
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven E. Heasley
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bolette Husman
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Janosik
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Björn Kauppi
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - John Knafels
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Konrad Koehler
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Kruger
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert E. Kyne
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | - Carol A. Menard
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Nuhant
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Sjöberg
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aron Sundell
- Karo Bio AB (now Karo Pharma AB), 111 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Felix F. Vajdos
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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4
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Ryder TF, Calabrese MF, Walker GS, Cameron KO, Reyes AR, Borzilleri KA, Delmore J, Miller R, Kurumbail RG, Ward J, Kung DW, Brown JA, Edmonds DJ, Eng H, Wolford AC, Kalgutkar AS. Acyl Glucuronide Metabolites of 6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)phenyl]-1 H-indole-3-carboxylic Acid (PF-06409577) and Related Indole-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives are Direct Activators of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7273-7288. [PMID: 30036059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies on indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as direct activators of human adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1β1γ1 isoform have culminated in the identification of PF-06409577 (1), PF-06885249 (2), and PF-06679142 (3) as potential clinical candidates. Compounds 1-3 are primarily cleared in animals and humans via glucuronidation. Herein, we describe the biosynthetic preparation, purification, and structural characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of 1-3. Spectral characterization of the purified glucuronides M1, M2, and M3 indicated that they were acyl glucuronide derivatives. In vitro pharmacological evaluation revealed that all three acyl glucuronides retained selective activation of β1-containing AMPK isoforms. Inhibition of de novo lipogenesis with representative parent carboxylic acids and their respective acyl glucuronide conjugates in human hepatocytes demonstrated their propensity to activate cellular AMPK. Cocrystallization of the AMPK α1β1γ1 isoform with 1-3 and M1-M3 provided molecular insights into the structural basis for AMPK activation by the glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Ryder
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | | | - Kris A Borzilleri
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | | | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Daniel W Kung
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Janice A Brown
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Angela C Wolford
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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5
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Edmonds DJ, Kung DW, Kalgutkar AS, Filipski KJ, Ebner DC, Cabral S, Smith AC, Aspnes GE, Bhattacharya SK, Borzilleri KA, Brown JA, Calabrese MF, Caspers NL, Cokorinos EC, Conn EL, Dowling MS, Eng H, Feng B, Fernando DP, Genung NE, Herr M, Kurumbail RG, Lavergne SY, Lee ECY, Li Q, Mathialagan S, Miller RA, Panteleev J, Polivkova J, Rajamohan F, Reyes AR, Salatto CT, Shavnya A, Thuma BA, Tu M, Ward J, Withka JM, Xiao J, Cameron KO. Optimization of Metabolic and Renal Clearance in a Series of Indole Acid Direct Activators of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). J Med Chem 2018; 61:2372-2383. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Edmonds
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin J. Filipski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David C. Ebner
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary E. Aspnes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kris A. Borzilleri
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice A. Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew F. Calabrese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole L. Caspers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emily C. Cokorinos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S. Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bo Feng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie P. Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathan E. Genung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Herr
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sophie Y. Lavergne
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Esther C.-Y. Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qifang Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jane Panteleev
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allan R. Reyes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher T. Salatto
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jane M. Withka
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase is a family of heterotrimeric serine/threonine protein kinases that come in twelve different flavors. They serve an essential function in all eukaryotes of conserving cellular energy levels. AMPK complexes are regulated by changes in cellular AMP:ATP or ADP:ATP ratios and by a number of neutraceuticals and some of the widely-used diabetes medications such as metformin and thiazolinonediones. Moreover, biochemical activities of AMPK are tightly regulated by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation by upstream kinases and phosphatases respectively. Efforts are underway in many pharmaceutical companies to discover direct AMPK activators for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetic nephropathy. Many advances have been made in the AMPK structural biology arena over the last few years that are beginning to provide detailed molecular insights into the overall topology of these fascinating enzymes and how binding of small molecules elicit subtle conformational changes leading to their activation and protection from dephosphorylation. In the brief review below on AMPK structure and function, we have focused on the recent crystallographic results especially on specific molecular interactions of direct synthetic AMPK activators which lead to biased activation of a sub-family of AMPK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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7
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Cokorinos EC, Delmore J, Reyes AR, Albuquerque B, Kjøbsted R, Jørgensen NO, Tran JL, Jatkar A, Cialdea K, Esquejo RM, Meissen J, Calabrese MF, Cordes J, Moccia R, Tess D, Salatto CT, Coskran TM, Opsahl AC, Flynn D, Blatnik M, Li W, Kindt E, Foretz M, Viollet B, Ward J, Kurumbail RG, Kalgutkar AS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Cameron KO, Miller RA. Activation of Skeletal Muscle AMPK Promotes Glucose Disposal and Glucose Lowering in Non-human Primates and Mice. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1147-1159.e10. [PMID: 28467931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases based on its reported actions in the liver and skeletal muscle. We evaluated two distinct direct activators of AMPK: a non-selective activator of all AMPK complexes, PF-739, and an activator selective for AMPK β1-containing complexes, PF-249. In cells and animals, both compounds were effective at activating AMPK in hepatocytes, but only PF-739 was capable of activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. In diabetic mice, PF-739, but not PF-249, caused a rapid lowering of plasma glucose levels that was diminished in the absence of skeletal muscle, but not liver, AMPK heterotrimers and was the result of an increase in systemic glucose disposal with no impact on hepatic glucose production. Studies of PF-739 in cynomolgus monkeys confirmed translation of the glucose lowering and established activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle as a potential therapeutic approach to treat diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Cokorinos
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jake Delmore
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Nicolas O Jørgensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Jean-Luc Tran
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aditi Jatkar
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Cialdea
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Meissen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jason Cordes
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Robert Moccia
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher T Salatto
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M Coskran
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Alan C Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Declan Flynn
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Matthew Blatnik
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wenlin Li
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Erick Kindt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75016, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75016, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Kimberly O Cameron
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A Miller
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Salatto CT, Miller RA, Cameron KO, Cokorinos E, Reyes A, Ward J, Calabrese MF, Kurumbail RG, Rajamohan F, Kalgutkar AS, Tess DA, Shavnya A, Genung NE, Edmonds DJ, Jatkar A, Maciejewski BS, Amaro M, Gandhok H, Monetti M, Cialdea K, Bollinger E, Kreeger JM, Coskran TM, Opsahl AC, Boucher GG, Birnbaum MJ, DaSilva-Jardine P, Rolph T. Selective Activation of AMPK β1-Containing Isoforms Improves Kidney Function in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:303-311. [PMID: 28289077 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy remains an area of high unmet medical need, with current therapies that slow down, but do not prevent, the progression of disease. A reduced phosphorylation state of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been correlated with diminished kidney function in both humans and animal models of renal disease. Here, we describe the identification of novel, potent, small molecule activators of AMPK that selectively activate AMPK heterotrimers containing the β1 subunit. After confirming that human and rodent kidney predominately express AMPK β1, we explore the effects of pharmacological activation of AMPK in the ZSF1 rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Chronic administration of these direct activators elevates the phosphorylation of AMPK in the kidney, without impacting blood glucose levels, and reduces the progression of proteinuria to a greater degree than the current standard of care, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Further analyses of urine biomarkers and kidney tissue gene expression reveal AMPK activation leads to the modulation of multiple pathways implicated in kidney injury, including cellular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. These results support the need for further investigation into the potential beneficial effects of AMPK activation in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Salatto
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Russell A Miller
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Kimberly O Cameron
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Emily Cokorinos
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Allan Reyes
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jessica Ward
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - David A Tess
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Andre Shavnya
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Nathan E Genung
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - David J Edmonds
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Aditi Jatkar
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin S Maciejewski
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Marina Amaro
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Harmeet Gandhok
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mara Monetti
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Katherine Cialdea
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - John M Kreeger
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Timothy M Coskran
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Alan C Opsahl
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Germaine G Boucher
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Tim Rolph
- CVMET Research Unit (C.T.S., R.A.M., E.C., A.R., J.W., A.J., B.S.M., M.A., H.G., M.M., K.C., E.B., M.J.B., P.D.-J., T.R.), Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (K.O.C., D.J.E.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism (A.S.K., D.A.T.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry (M.C., R.K., F.R., A.S., N.E.G.), and Drug Safety Research and Development (J.M.K., T.M.C., A.C.O., G.G.B.), Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
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9
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine protein kinase found in nearly all eukaryotes that functions as a master energy sensor in cells. During times of cell stress and changes in the AMP/ATP ratio, AMPK becomes activated and phosphorylates a multitude of protein substrates involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, cell growth and autophagy. The endogenous ligand AMP is known to bind to the γ-subunit and activates the enzyme via three distinct mechanisms (1) enhancing phosphorylation by upstream kinases of Thr172 in the activation loop (a site critical for AMPK activity), (2) protecting Thr172 from dephosphorylation by phosphatases, and (3) allosteric activation of the kinase activity. Given the important regulatory role for AMPK in various cellular processes and the multiple known modes of activation, there is great interest in identifying small-molecule activators of this kinase and a need for assays to identify and characterize compounds. Here we describe several assay formats that have been used for identifying and characterizing small-molecule AMPK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ward
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - A R Reyes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - R G Kurumbail
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
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10
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Caspers NL, Han S, Rajamohan F, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, Subashi TA, Vazquez ML, Kaila N, Cronin CN, Johnson E, Kurumbail RG. Development of a high-throughput crystal structure-determination platform for JAK1 using a novel metal-chelator soaking system. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:840-845. [PMID: 27827355 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16016356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of phosphorylated JAK1 kinase domain were initially generated in complex with nucleotide (ADP) and magnesium. The tightly bound Mg2+-ADP at the ATP-binding site proved recalcitrant to ligand displacement. Addition of a molar excess of EDTA helped to dislodge the divalent metal ion, promoting the release of ADP and allowing facile exchange with ATP-competitive small-molecule ligands. Many kinases require the presence of a stabilizing ligand in the ATP site for crystallization. This procedure could be useful for developing co-crystallization systems with an exchangeable ligand to enable structure-based drug design of other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Caspers
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Lise R Hoth
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kieran F Geoghegan
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Timothy A Subashi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Michael L Vazquez
- Inflammation Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Inflammation Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ciarán N Cronin
- Oncology Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Eric Johnson
- Oncology Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Structural Biology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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11
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Cameron KO, Kurumbail RG. Recent progress in the identification of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5139-5148. [PMID: 27727125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine heterotrimeric protein kinase, is a critical regulator of cellular and whole body energy homeostasis. There are twelve known AMPK isoforms that are differentially expressed in tissues and species. Dysregulation of AMPK signaling is associated with a multitude of human pathologies. Hence isoform-selective activators of AMPK are actively being sought for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The present review summarizes the status of direct AMPK activators from the patent and published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O Cameron
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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12
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Cameron KO, Kung DW, Kalgutkar AS, Kurumbail RG, Miller R, Salatto CT, Ward J, Withka JM, Bhattacharya SK, Boehm M, Borzilleri KA, Brown JA, Calabrese M, Caspers NL, Cokorinos E, Conn EL, Dowling MS, Edmonds DJ, Eng H, Fernando DP, Frisbie R, Hepworth D, Landro J, Mao Y, Rajamohan F, Reyes AR, Rose CR, Ryder T, Shavnya A, Smith AC, Tu M, Wolford AC, Xiao J. Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of 6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylic Acid (PF-06409577), a Direct Activator of Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), for the Potential Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8068-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O. Cameron
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Russell Miller
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher T. Salatto
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jane M. Withka
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kris A. Borzilleri
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice A. Brown
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew Calabrese
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole L. Caspers
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emily Cokorinos
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S. Dowling
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David J. Edmonds
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie P. Fernando
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Richard Frisbie
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James Landro
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yuxia Mao
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allan R. Reyes
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin R. Rose
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tim Ryder
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aaron C. Smith
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela C. Wolford
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ∇Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ○Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti‐Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 Inhibitor (PF‐04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Marc D. Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jeanne S. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - George C. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Christine K. Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Mark S. Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Kimberly S. Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lori Lopresti‐Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - James M. Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Karl E. G. Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Charlie E. Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Joel B. Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley E. Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Nicolas J. Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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14
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti-Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor (PF-04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9601-5. [PMID: 27355874 PMCID: PMC4983481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates multiple cellular processes in diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (PF-04802367 or PF-367) has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective antagonists of GSK-3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF-367 binding in brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the pharmacokinetic profile of PF-367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals for GSK-3 in the central nervous system. A (11) C-isotopologue of PF-367 was synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non-human primates confirmed that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK-3, namely, reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeanne S Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - George C Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Christine K Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark S Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Kimberly S Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Edward L Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lori Lopresti-Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Karl E G Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Charlie E Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Joel B Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Bruce A Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley E Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Rajamohan F, Reyes AR, Ruangsiriluk W, Hoth LR, Han S, Caspers N, Tu M, Ward J, Kurumbail RG. Expression and functional characterization of human lysosomal acid lipase gene (LIPA) mutation responsible for cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) phenotype. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Henderson JL, Kormos BL, Hayward MM, Coffman KJ, Jasti J, Kurumbail RG, Wager TT, Verhoest PR, Noell GS, Chen Y, Needle E, Berger Z, Steyn SJ, Houle C, Hirst WD, Galatsis P. Discovery and preclinical profiling of 3-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]benzonitrile (PF-06447475), a highly potent, selective, brain penetrant, and in vivo active LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2014; 58:419-32. [PMID: 25353650 DOI: 10.1021/jm5014055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been genetically linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most common LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, which is relatively rare in the total population, gives rise to increased kinase activity. As such, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are potentially useful in the treatment of PD. We herein disclose the discovery and optimization of a novel series of potent LRRK2 inhibitors, focusing on improving kinome selectivity using a surrogate crystallography approach. This resulted in the identification of 14 (PF-06447475), a highly potent, brain penetrant and selective LRRK2 inhibitor which has been further profiled in in vivo safety and pharmacodynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn L Henderson
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Neuroscience Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D , 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Galatsis P, Henderson JL, Kormos BL, Han S, Kurumbail RG, Wager TT, Verhoest PR, Noell GS, Chen Y, Needle E, Berger Z, Steyn SJ, Houle C, Hirst WD. Kinase domain inhibition of leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) using a [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Calabrese MF, Rajamohan F, Harris MS, Caspers NL, Magyar R, Withka JM, Wang H, Borzilleri KA, Sahasrabudhe PV, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, Han S, Brown J, Subashi TA, Reyes AR, Frisbie RK, Ward J, Miller RA, Landro JA, Londregan AT, Carpino PA, Cabral S, Smith AC, Conn EL, Cameron KO, Qiu X, Kurumbail RG. Structural basis for AMPK activation: natural and synthetic ligands regulate kinase activity from opposite poles by different molecular mechanisms. Structure 2014; 22:1161-1172. [PMID: 25066137 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a principal metabolic regulator affecting growth and response to cellular stress. Comprised of catalytic and regulatory subunits, each present in multiple forms, AMPK is best described as a family of related enzymes. In recent years, AMPK has emerged as a desirable target for modulation of numerous diseases, yet clinical therapies remain elusive. Challenges result, in part, from an incomplete understanding of the structure and function of full-length heterotrimeric complexes. In this work, we provide the full-length structure of the widely expressed α1β1γ1 isoform of mammalian AMPK, along with detailed kinetic and biophysical characterization. We characterize binding of the broadly studied synthetic activator A769662 and its analogs. Our studies follow on the heels of the recent disclosure of the α2β1γ1 structure and provide insight into the distinct molecular mechanisms of AMPK regulation by AMP and A769662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Calabrese
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Melissa S Harris
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nicole L Caspers
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Rachelle Magyar
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jane M Withka
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kris A Borzilleri
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Parag V Sahasrabudhe
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Lise R Hoth
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kieran F Geoghegan
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Janice Brown
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Timothy A Subashi
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard K Frisbie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jessica Ward
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A Miller
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James A Landro
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allyn T Londregan
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Edward L Conn
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kimberly O Cameron
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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19
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Landgraf RR, Goswami D, Rajamohan F, Harris MS, Calabrese MF, Hoth LR, Magyar R, Pascal BD, Chalmers MJ, Busby SA, Kurumbail RG, Griffin PR. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Structure 2013; 21:1942-53. [PMID: 24076403 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) monitors cellular energy, regulates genes involved in ATP synthesis and consumption, and is allosterically activated by nucleotides and synthetic ligands. Analysis of the intact enzyme with hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals conformational perturbations of AMPK in response to binding of nucleotides, cyclodextrin, and a synthetic small molecule activator, A769662. Results from this analysis clearly show that binding of AMP leads to conformational changes primarily in the γ subunit of AMPK and subtle changes in the α and β subunits. In contrast, A769662 causes profound conformational changes in the glycogen binding module of the β subunit and in the kinase domain of the α subunit, suggesting that the molecular binding site of the latter resides between the α and β subunits. The distinct short- and long-range perturbations induced upon binding of AMP and A769662 suggest fundamentally different molecular mechanisms for activation of AMPK by these two ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle R Landgraf
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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20
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Xing L, McDonald JJ, Kolodziej SA, Kurumbail RG, Williams JM, Warren CJ, O’Neal JM, Skepner JE, Roberds SL. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase by Combinatorial Library Design and Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1211-22. [PMID: 21302953 DOI: 10.1021/jm101382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Joseph J. McDonald
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Steve A. Kolodziej
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Williams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Chad J. Warren
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Janet M. O’Neal
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Jill E. Skepner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Steven L. Roberds
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
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21
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Xie J, Poda GI, Hu Y, Chen NX, Heier RF, Wolfson SG, Reding MT, Lennon PJ, Kurumbail RG, Selness SR, Li X, Kishore NN, Sommers CD, Christine L, Bonar SL, Venkatraman N, Mathialagan S, Brustkern SJ, Huang HC. Aminopyridinecarboxamide-based inhaled IKK-2 inhibitors for asthma and COPD: Structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:1242-55. [PMID: 21236687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Installation of sites for metabolism in the lead compound PHA-767408 was the key focus of the IKK-2 inhaled program. This paper reports our efforts to identify a novel series of aminopyridinecarboxamide-based IKK-2 inhibitors, which display low nanomolar potency against IKK-2 with long duration of action (DOA), and metabolically labile to phase I and/or phase II metabolizing enzymes with potential capability for multiple routes of clearance. Several compounds have demonstrated their potential usefulness in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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22
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Wang JL, Carter J, Kiefer JR, Kurumbail RG, Pawlitz JL, Brown D, Hartmann SJ, Graneto MJ, Seibert K, Talley JJ. The novel benzopyran class of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors-part I: The first clinical candidate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7155-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Wang JL, Limburg D, Graneto MJ, Springer J, Hamper JRB, Liao S, Pawlitz JL, Kurumbail RG, Maziasz T, Talley JJ, Kiefer JR, Carter J. The novel benzopyran class of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Part 2: The second clinical candidate having a shorter and favorable human half-life. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Mathialagan S, Poda GI, Kurumbail RG, Selness SR, Hall T, Reitz BA, Weinberg RA, Kishore N, Mbalaviele G. Expression, purification and functional characterization of IκB kinase-2 (IKK-2) mutants. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:254-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Anderson DR, Meyers MJ, Kurumbail RG, Caspers N, Poda GI, Long SA, Pierce BS, Mahoney MW, Mourey RJ. Benzothiophene inhibitors of MK2. Part 1: Structure–activity relationships, assessments of selectivity and cellular potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4878-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Xing L, Shieh HS, Selness SR, Devraj RV, Walker JK, Devadas B, Hope HR, Compton RP, Schindler JF, Hirsch JL, Benson AG, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Williams JM, Broadus RM, Walden Z, Monahan JB. Structural bioinformatics-based prediction of exceptional selectivity of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PH-797804. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6402-11. [PMID: 19496616 DOI: 10.1021/bi900655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. On the basis of structural comparison with a different biaryl pyrazole template and supported by dozens of high-resolution crystal structures of p38alpha inhibitor complexes, PH-797804 is predicted to possess a high level of specificity across the broad human kinase genome. We used a structural bioinformatics approach to identify two selectivity elements encoded by the TXXXG sequence motif on the p38alpha kinase hinge: (i) Thr106 that serves as the gatekeeper to the buried hydrophobic pocket occupied by 2,4-difluorophenyl of PH-797804 and (ii) the bidentate hydrogen bonds formed by the pyridinone moiety with the kinase hinge requiring an induced 180 degrees rotation of the Met109-Gly110 peptide bond. The peptide flip occurs in p38alpha kinase due to the critical glycine residue marked by its conformational flexibility. Kinome-wide sequence mining revealed rare presentation of the selectivity motif. Corroboratively, PH-797804 exhibited exceptionally high specificity against MAP kinases and the related kinases. No cross-reactivity was observed in large panels of kinase screens (selectivity ratio of >500-fold). In cellular assays, PH-797804 demonstrated superior potency and selectivity consistent with the biochemical measurements. PH-797804 has met safety criteria in human phase I studies and is under clinical development for several inflammatory conditions. Understanding the rationale for selectivity at the molecular level helps elucidate the biological function and design of specific p38alpha kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Structural and Computational Chemistry, St. Louis Laboratories,Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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27
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Graneto MJ, Kurumbail RG, Vazquez ML, Shieh HS, Pawlitz JL, Williams JM, Stallings WC, Geng L, Naraian AS, Koszyk FJ, Stealey MA, Xu XD, Weier RM, Hanson GJ, Mourey RJ, Compton RP, Mnich SJ, Anderson GD, Monahan JB, Devraj R. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Activity of Pyrazole-Based Inhibitors of p38 Kinase. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5712-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0611915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Graneto
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Michael L. Vazquez
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Huey-Sheng Shieh
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Jennifer L. Pawlitz
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Jennifer M. Williams
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - William C. Stallings
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Lifeng Geng
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Ashok S. Naraian
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Francis J. Koszyk
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Michael A. Stealey
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Xiangdong D. Xu
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Richard M. Weier
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Gunnar J. Hanson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Robert J. Mourey
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Robert P. Compton
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Stephen J. Mnich
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Gary D. Anderson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Joseph B. Monahan
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
| | - Rajesh Devraj
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63107
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28
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Anderson DR, Meyers MJ, Vernier WF, Mahoney MW, Kurumbail RG, Caspers N, Poda GI, Schindler JF, Reitz DB, Mourey RJ. Pyrrolopyridine Inhibitors of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK-2). J Med Chem 2007; 50:2647-54. [PMID: 17480064 DOI: 10.1021/jm0611004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new class of potent kinase inhibitors selective for mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2 or MK-2) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has been prepared and evaluated. These inhibitors have IC50 values as low as 10 nM against the target and have good selectivity profiles against a number of kinases including CDK2, ERK, JNK, and p38. These MK-2 inhibitors have been shown to suppress TNFalpha production in U397 cells and to be efficacious in an acute inflammation model. The structure-activity relationships of this series, the selectivity for MK-2 and their activity in both in vitro and in vivo models are discussed. The observed selectivity is discussed with the aid of an MK-2/inhibitor crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Anderson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Parkway W, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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29
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Schweitzer BA, Neumann WL, Rahman HK, Kusturin CL, Sample KR, Poda GI, Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, South MS. Structure-based design and synthesis of pyrazinones containing novel P1 ‘side pocket’ moieties as inhibitors of TF/VIIa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3006-11. [PMID: 15913999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the structure-based design, synthesis, and enzymatic activity of a series of substituted pyrazinones as inhibitors of the TF/VIIa complex. These inhibitors contain substituents meta to the P(1) amidine designed to explore additional interactions with the VIIa residues in the so-called 'S(1) side pocket'. A crystal structure of the designed inhibitors demonstrates the ability of the P(1) side pocket moiety to engage Lys192 and main chain of Gly216 via hydrogen bond interactions, thus, providing additional possibility for chemical modification to improve selectivity and/or physical properties of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Schweitzer
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pfizer Corp., 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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30
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Rowlinson SW, Kiefer JR, Prusakiewicz JJ, Pawlitz JL, Kozak KR, Kalgutkar AS, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Marnett LJ. A novel mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition involving interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45763-9. [PMID: 12925531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of drugs inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 by the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases. Several modes of inhibitor binding in the COX active site have been described including ion pairing of carboxylic acid containing inhibitors with Arg-120 of COX-1 and COX-2 and insertion of arylsulfonamides and sulfones into the COX-2 side pocket. Recent crystallographic evidence suggests that Tyr-385 and Ser-530 chelate polar or negatively charged groups in arachidonic acid and aspirin. We tested the generality of this binding mode by analyzing the action of a series of COX inhibitors against site-directed mutants of COX-2 bearing changes in Arg-120, Tyr-355, Tyr-348, and Ser-530. Interestingly, diclofenac inhibition was unaffected by the mutation of Arg-120 to alanine but was dramatically attenuated by the S530A mutation. Determination of the crystal structure of a complex of diclofenac with murine COX-2 demonstrates that diclofenac binds to COX-2 in an inverted conformation with its carboxylate group hydrogen-bonded to Tyr-385 and Ser-530. This finding represents the first experimental demonstration that the carboxylate group of an acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can bind to a COX enzyme in an orientation that precludes the formation of a salt bridge with Arg-120. Mutagenesis experiments suggest Ser-530 is also important in time-dependent inhibition by nimesulide and piroxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Rowlinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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31
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Parlow JJ, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, South MS. Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of substituted fluorobenzene and benzoquinone inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3721-5. [PMID: 14552766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multistep syntheses of substituted benzenes and benzoquinone inhibitors of tissue Factor VIIa are reported. The benzene analogues were designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) enzyme. The compounds exhibited modest potency on TF/VIIa with selectivity over Factor Xa and thrombin. The X-ray crystal structures of the targeted fluorobenzene 12a and benzoquinone 14 inhibitors bound to TF/VIIa were obtained and will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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32
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Parlow JJ, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, South MS. Design, Synthesis, and Crystal Structure of Selective 2-Pyridone Tissue Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4696-701. [PMID: 14561089 DOI: 10.1021/jm0301686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeted 2-pyridones were selected as tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors and prepared from 2,6-dibromopyridine via a multistep synthesis. A variety of chemical transformations, including regioselective nucleophilic addition, selective nitrogen alkylation, and a Suzuki coupling, afforded the targeted tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors. The pyridone core was selected as a replacement for the pyrazinone core of noncovalent tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors and designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa enzyme. These compounds were tested in several serine protease enzyme assays involved in the coagulation cascade exhibiting modest activity on tissue Factor VIIa with excellent selectivity over thrombin and Factor Xa. Finally, an X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 14a bound to tissue Factor VIIa was obtained and will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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33
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Parlow JJ, Case BL, Dice TA, Fenton RL, Hayes MJ, Jones DE, Neumann WL, Wood RS, Lachance RM, Girard TJ, Nicholson NS, Clare M, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4050-62. [PMID: 12954058 DOI: 10.1021/jm030131l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) and polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) library synthesis were used to develop a series of pyrazinone inhibitors of the Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) complex. The crystal structure of a tripeptide-alpha-ketothiazole complexed with TF/VIIa was utilized in a docking experiment to identify the pyrazinone core as a starting scaffold. The pyrazinone core could orient the substituents in the correct spatial arrangement to probe the S1, S2, and S3 pockets of the enzyme. A multistep PASP library synthesis was designed to prepare the substituted pyrazinones varying the P1, P2, and P3 moieties. Hundreds of pyrazinone TF/VIIa inhibitors were prepared and tested in several serine protease enzyme assays involved in the coagulation cascade. The inhibitors exhibited modest activity on TF/VIIa with excellent selectivity over thrombin (IIa) and Factor Xa. The structure-activity relationship of the pyrazinone inhibitors will be discussed and X-ray crystal structures of selected compounds complexed with the TF/VIIa enzyme will be described. This study ultimately led to the synthesis of compound 34, which exhibited 16 nM (IC50) activity on TF/VIIa with >6250 x selectivity vs Factor Xa and thrombin. This potent and highly selective inhibitor of TF/VIIa was chosen for preclinical, intravenous proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate the separation between antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding side effects in a nonhuman primate model of electrolytic-induced arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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34
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Parlow JJ, Dice TA, Lachance RM, Girard TJ, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Polymer-assisted solution-phase library synthesis and crystal structure of alpha-ketothiazoles as tissue factor VIIa inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4043-9. [PMID: 12954057 DOI: 10.1021/jm030130t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solution-phase synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library of the general form D-Phe-L-AA-Arg-alpha-ketothiazole is described. The five-step synthesis is accomplished using a combination of polymeric reagents and polymer-assisted solution-phase purification concepts, including reactant-sequestering resins, reagent-sequestering resins, and tagged reagents. The multistep synthesis affords desired alpha-ketothiazole products in excellent purities and yields. A variety of L-amino acid inputs were used to probe the S2 pocket of tissue Factor VIIa enzyme to influence both potency and selectivity. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 10k bound to the TF/VIIa complex was obtained that explains the observed selectivity. The alpha-ketothiazoles were found to be potent, reversible-covalent inhibitors of tissue Factor VIIa, with some analogues demonstrating selectivity over thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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35
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Parlow JJ, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Substituted Benzenes and Benzoquinones as Tissue Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4297-312. [PMID: 13678408 DOI: 10.1021/jm030233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several multistep syntheses of substituted benzenes are reported. The benzene analogues were designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa enzyme. A variety of chemical transformations including nucleophilic additions, reductive aminations, Stille couplings, and polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) techniques were used to prepare key intermediates and final products. The initial analogues identified some weakly active compounds which ultimately led to a 340 nM (IC(50)) tissue Factor VIIa inhibitor with selectivity over other related enzymes. The structure-activity relationship of these inhibitors and the synthetic progression from the discovery of the lead compound to the development of potent analogues will be discussed. The X-ray crystal structures of fluorobenzene 50c and benzoquinone 54 inhibitors complexed with the TF/VIIa enzyme will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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36
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South MS, Dice TA, Girard TJ, Lachance RM, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Parlow JJ. Polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) parallel synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library as tissue factor VIIa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2363-7. [PMID: 12824035 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solution-phase synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library of the general form D-Phe-L-AA-L-Arg-alpha-ketothiazole is described. The five-step synthesis is accomplished using a combination of polymeric reagents and polymer-assisted solution-phase purification protocols, including reactant-sequestering resins, reagent-sequestering resins, and tagged reagents. The multi-step synthesis affords the desired alpha-ketothiazole products in excellent purities and yields. A variety of L-amino acid inputs were used to probe the S2 pocket of the tissue factor (TF) VIIa enzyme to influence both potency and selectivity. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 10e bound to the TF/VIIa complex was obtained that explains the observed selectivity. The alpha-ketothiazoles were found to be potent, reversible-covalent inhibitors of tissue factor VIIa, with some analogues demonstrating selectivity versus thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S South
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, 63167, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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37
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South MS, Case BL, Wood RS, Jones DE, Hayes MJ, Girard TJ, Lachance RM, Nicholson NS, Clare M, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Parlow JJ. Structure-based drug design of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2319-25. [PMID: 12824026 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design coupled with polymer-assisted solution-phase library synthesis was utilized to develop a series of pyrazinone inhibitors of the tissue factor/Factor VIIa complex. The crystal structure of a tri-peptide ketothiazole complexed with TF/VIIa was utilized in a docking experiment that identified a benzyl-substituted pyrazinone as a P(2) surrogate for the tri-peptide. A 5-step PASP library synthesis of these aryl-substituted pyrazinones was developed. The sequence allows for attachment of a variety of P(1) and P(3) moieties, which led to synthesis pyrazinone 23. Compound 23 exhibited 16 nM IC(50) against TF/VIIa with >6250x selectivity versus Factor Xa and thrombin. This potent and highly selective inhibitor of TF/VIIa was chosen for pre-clinical intravenous proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate the separation between antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding side effects in a primate model of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S South
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 63167, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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38
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Hood WF, Gierse JK, Isakson PC, Kiefer JR, Kurumbail RG, Seibert K, Monahan JB. Characterization of celecoxib and valdecoxib binding to cyclooxygenase. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:870-7. [PMID: 12644588 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.4.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two compounds (celecoxib and valdecoxib) from the diarylheterocycle class of cyclooxygenase inhibitors were radiolabeled and used to characterize their binding to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), several single-point variants of COX-2 (Val523Ile, Tyr355Ala, Arg120Ala, Arg120Gln, Arg120Asn) and one triple-point variant of COX-2 [Val523Ile, Arg513His, Val434Ile (IHI)]. We demonstrate highly specific and saturable binding of these inhibitors to COX-2. Under the same assay conditions, little or no specific binding to COX-1 could be detected. The affinity of [(3)H]celecoxib for COX-2 (K(D) = 2.3 nM) was similar to the affinity of [(3)H]valdecoxib (K(D) = 3.2 nM). The binding to COX-2 seems to be both rapid and slowly reversible with association rates of 5.8 x 10(6)/M/min and 4.5 x 10(6)/M/min and dissociation rates of 14 x 10(-3)/min (t(1/2) = 50 min) and 7.0 x 10(-3)/min (t(1/2) = 98 min) for [(3)H]celecoxib and [(3)H]valdecoxib, respectively. These association rates increased (4- to 11-fold) when the charged arginine residue located at the entrance to the main hydrophobic channel was mutated to smaller uncharged amino acids (Arg120Ala, Arg120Gln, and Arg120Asn). Mutation of residues located within the active site of COX-2 that define a 'side pocket' (Tyr355Ala, Val523Ile, IHI) of the main channel had a greater effect on the dissociation rate than the association rate. These mutations, which modified the shape of and access to the 'side pocket', affected the binding affinity of [(3)H]valdecoxib more than that of [(3)H]celecoxib. These binding studies provide direct insight into the properties and binding constants of celecoxib and valdecoxib to COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Hood
- Pharmacia Research and Development, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Scientists working in the field of cyclooxygenase enzymes have witnessed several major advances in the past two years. Crystal structures of fatty acid substrate and prostaglandin product complexes have been elucidated. Elegant site-directed mutagenesis studies have pinpointed the roles of key amino acids within the active site. Together, these results have provided key insights into the overall reaction mechanism. Detailed kinetics, spectroscopic and crystallographic studies have shed new light on the complex mechanism of inhibition of these fascinating enzymes. Finally, novel substrates of cyclooxygenase-2 have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kurumbail
- Pharmacia Discovery Research, Pharmacia, Mailstop BB4K, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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40
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Walker MC, Kurumbail RG, Kiefer JR, Moreland KT, Koboldt CM, Isakson PC, Seibert K, Gierse JK. A three-step kinetic mechanism for selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by diarylheterocyclic inhibitors. Biochem J 2001; 357:709-18. [PMID: 11463341 PMCID: PMC1222000 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes are the targets for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs demonstrate a variety of inhibitory mechanisms, which include simple competitive, as well as slow binding and irreversible inhibition. In general, most NSAIDs inhibit COX-1 and -2 by similar mechanisms. A unique class of diarylheterocyclic inhibitors has been developed that is highly selective for COX-2 by virtue of distinct inhibitory mechanisms for each isoenzyme. Several of these inhibitors, with varying selectivity, have been utilized to probe the mechanisms of COX inhibition. Results from analysis of both steady-state and time-dependent inhibition were compared. A generalized mechanism for inhibition, consisting of three sequential reversible steps, can account for the various types of kinetic behaviour observed with these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Walker
- Searle Discovery Research, Pharmacia Corp., 700 Chesterfield Parkway N., St Louis, MO 63198, USA.
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41
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Cook BC, Rudolph AE, Kurumbail RG, Porche-Sorbet R, Miletich JP. Directed glycosylation of human coagulation factor X at residue 333. Insight into factor Va-dependent prothrombin catalysis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38774-9. [PMID: 10995746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on homology, amino acids 326-336 (143-154 in chymotrypsin numbering) of factor X (fX) comprise a flexible surface loop, which is susceptible to self-proteolysis and influences substrate catalysis. To investigate the role of this autolysis loop in fX function, a recombinant variant with a new site for asparagine-linked glycosylation has been produced by changing glutamine 333 to asparagine. Q333N fX is activated normally by factor VIIa and tissue factor, factors IXa and VIIIa, and Russell's viper venom. Proteolysis of the loop is prevented by the mutation. Reactivity of the free enzyme toward substrates and inhibitors is attenuated 4-20-fold; relative to wild type fXa, Spectrozyme Xa(TM) hydrolysis is 25%, inhibition by antithrombin III and the tissue factor pathway inhibitor is approximately 20%, and prothrombin activation in the absence of the cofactor Va is only 5%. Surprisingly, activities of the variant and wild type enzymes are equivalent when part of the prothrombinase complex. N-Glycanase cleaves the new oligosaccharide from Q333N fXa leaving aspartic acid. Q333D fXa is approximately 1.6-fold more reactive with Spectrozyme Xa(TM), antithrombin III and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and prothrombin than its glycosylated counterpart, Q333N fXa, but still quite abnormal relative to wild type fXa. Like Q333N fXa, Q333D fXa is fully functional as part of the prothrombinase complex. We conclude that Gln-333 is geographically close to a site of proteolytic degradation but not to activator, cofactor, or membrane binding sites. Mutation of Gln-333 impairs catalytic function, but given normal prothrombin activation by the complexed enzyme, the importance of Gln-333 for catalysis is not manifest in the prothrombinase assembly, suggesting a conformational change in complexed fXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Cook
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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42
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Kiefer JR, Pawlitz JL, Moreland KT, Stegeman RA, Hood WF, Gierse JK, Stevens AM, Goodwin DC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG. Structural insights into the stereochemistry of the cyclooxygenase reaction. Nature 2000; 405:97-101. [PMID: 10811226 DOI: 10.1038/35011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases are bifunctional enzymes that catalyse the first committed step in the synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and other eicosanoids. The two known cyclooxygenases isoforms share a high degree of amino-acid sequence similarity, structural topology and an identical catalytic mechanism. Cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyse two sequential reactions in spatially distinct, but mechanistically coupled active sites. The initial cyclooxygenase reaction converts arachidonic acid (which is achiral) to prostaglandin G2 (which has five chiral centres). The subsequent peroxidase reaction reduces prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Here we report the co-crystal structures of murine apo-cyclooxygenase-2 in complex with arachidonic acid and prostaglandin. These structures suggest the molecular basis for the stereospecificity of prostaglandin G2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kiefer
- Searle Discovery Research, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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43
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Kurumbail RG, Pawlitz JL, Kiefer JR, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, Moreland KT, Walker MC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ, Stallings WC. Crystal structures of cyclooxygenase-2 variants with diarylheterocycle inhibitors: Contribution of the side pocket for selectivity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(99)90252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, Stallings WC. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature 1996; 384:644-8. [PMID: 8967954 DOI: 10.1038/384644a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins and glucocorticoids are potent mediators of inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their effects by inhibition of prostaglandin production. The pharmacological target of NSAIDs is cyclooxygenase (COX, also known as PGH synthase), which catalyses the first committed step in arachidonic-acid metabolism. Two isoforms of the membrane protein COX are known: COX-1, which is constitutively expressed in most tissues, is responsible for the physiological production of prostaglandins; and COX-2, which is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, is responsible for the elevated production of prostaglandins during inflammation. The structure of ovine COX-1 complexed with several NSAIDs has been determined. Here we report the structures of unliganded murine COX-2 and complexes with flurbiprofen, indomethacin and SC-558, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, determined at 3.0 to 2.5 A resolution. These structures explain the structural basis for the selective inhibition of COX-2, and demonstrate some of the conformational changes associated with time-dependent inhibition.
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45
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Shieh HS, Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Sturman EJ, Pak JY, Wittwer AJ, Palmier MO, Wiegand RC, Holwerda BC, Stallings WC. Three-dimensional structure of human cytomegalovirus protease. Nature 1996; 383:279-82. [PMID: 8805708 DOI: 10.1038/383279a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode a serine protease that specifically cleaves assembly protein. This protease is critical for replication, and represents a new target for antiviral drug design. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of the protease from human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) at 2.27 angstroms resolution. The structure reveals a unique fold and new catalytic strategy for cleavage. The monomer fold of the enzyme, a seven-stranded beta-barrel encircled by a chain of helices that form the carboxy terminus of the molecule, is unrelated to those observed in classic serine proteases such as chymotrypsin and subtilisin. The serine nucleophile at position 132 is activated by two juxtaposed histidine residues at positions 63 and 157. Dimerization, which seems to be necessary for activity, is observed in the crystals. Correlations of the structure with the sequences of herpesvirus proteases suggest that dimerization may confer specificity and recognition in substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shieh
- Department of Medicinal and Structural Chemistry, Monsanto/Searle, Searle Discovery Research, St Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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46
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Abstract
X-ray analysis confirmed the configuration of the title N1-alkylated C4-nitroimidazole inhibitor. The plane of the imidazole ring, sitting on an axis of the trityl propeller, bisects the angle between two phenyl rings, while the nitro group extends over the third. Modeling of the interactions between the cytochrome P450 and the title compound (C22H17N3O2) has been performed on the basis of the crystal structures of 1-trityl-4-nitroimidazole and bacterial cytochrome P450BM-3. The replacements and deletions in the sequence of the latter has been performed to match mammalian cytochrome P450-IIIA1. The modeling explained why inhibitors with a C4-substituted imidazole ring showed lower effectivity than those without substituents, as an additional group of atoms at C4 prevents close interactions of the imidazole ring with the heme Fe atom.
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47
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Istvan ES, Hasemann CA, Kurumbail RG, Uyeda K, Deisenhofer J. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. Protein Sci 1995; 4:2439-41. [PMID: 8563644 PMCID: PMC2143023 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560041125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction-quality crystals of the bifunctional enzyme fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase from rat testis have been obtained. The crystals were grown in the presence of ATP gamma S, fructose 6-phosphate, the detergent n-octylglucoside, and the precipitant polyethylene glycol 4000. The crystals have the symmetry of the trigonal space group P31/221 with a = b = 83.0 A and c = 130.6 A. Flash-frozen crystals diffract to beyond 2.2 A, and native data have been collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Istvan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050, USA
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48
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Hasemann CA, Kurumbail RG, Boddupalli SS, Peterson JA, Deisenhofer J. Structure and function of cytochromes P450: a comparative analysis of three crystal structures. Structure 1995; 3:41-62. [PMID: 7743131 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochromes P450 catalyze the oxidation of a variety of hydrophobic substrates. Sequence identities between P450 families are generally low (10-30%), and consequently, the structure-function correlations among P450s are not clear. The crystal structures of P450terp and the hemoprotein domain of P450BM-3 were recently determined, and are compared here with the previously available structure of P450cam. RESULTS The topology of all three enzymes is quite similar. The heme-binding core structure is well conserved, except for local differences in the I helices. The greatest variation is observed in the substrate-binding regions. The structural superposition of the proteins permits an improved sequence alignment of other P450s. The charge distribution in the three structures is similarly asymmetric and defines a molecular dipole. CONCLUSIONS Based on this comparison we believe that all P450s will be found to possess the same tertiary structure. The ability to precisely predict other P450 substrate-contact residues is limited by the extreme structural heterogeneity in the substrate-recognition regions. The central I-helix structures of P450terp and P450BM-3 suggest a role for helix-associated solvent molecules as a source of catalytic protons, distinct from the mechanism for P450cam. We suggest that the P450 molecular dipole might aid in both redox-partner docking and proton recruitment for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hasemann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050, USA
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