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Nelson CA, Wilen CB, Dai YN, Orchard RC, Kim AS, Stegeman RA, Hsieh LL, Smith TJ, Virgin HW, Fremont DH. Structural basis for murine norovirus engagement of bile acids and the CD300lf receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9201-E9210. [PMID: 30194229 PMCID: PMC6166816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is closely related to human norovirus (HNoV), an infectious agent responsible for acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of the dimeric MNoV VP1 protruding (P) domain in complex with its cellular receptor CD300lf. CD300lf binds the P domain with a 2:2 stoichiometry, engaging a cleft between the AB and DE loops of the P2 subdomain at a site that overlaps the epitopes of neutralizing antibodies. We also identify that bile acids are cofactors enhancing MNoV cell-binding and infectivity. Structures of CD300lf-P domain in complex with glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) reveal two bile acid binding sites at the P domain dimer interface distant from receptor binding sites. The structural determinants for receptor and bile acid binding are supported by numerous biophysical assays utilizing interface residue mutations. We find that the monomeric affinity of CD300lf for the P domain is low and is divalent cation dependent. We have also determined the crystal structure of CD300lf in complex with phosphocholine, revealing that MNoV engages its receptor in a manner mimicking host ligands including similar metal coordination. Docking of the cocomplex structures onto a cryo-EM-derived model of MNoV suggests that each virion can make multiple CD300lf engagements, and thus, infection may be driven by the avidity of cell surface clustered CD300lf. These studies identify multiple potential modulators of norovirus infection that may act to regulate the interaction between the viral capsid P domain and its cognate cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Roderick A Stegeman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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2
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Kim IK, Stegeman RA, Brosey CA, Ellenberger T. A quantitative assay reveals ligand specificity of the DNA scaffold repair protein XRCC1 and efficient disassembly of complexes of XRCC1 and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3775-83. [PMID: 25477519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) regulates protein-protein interactions in DNA repair, gene expression, chromatin structure, and cell fate determination. The PAR polymerase PARP1 binds to damaged chromatin and synthesizes PAR chains to signal DNA damage and recruit the DNA repair scaffold, XRCC1. Pharmacological blockade of PARP1 enzymatic activity impairs XRCC1-dependent repair of DNA damage and selectively kills cancer cells lacking other DNA repair functions. As such, PARP inhibitors are promising new therapies for repair-deficient tumors such as BRCA mutated breast cancers. Although the XRCC1-PARP1 complex is relevant to the proposed therapeutic mechanism of PARP inhibitors, the physical makeup and dynamics of this complex are not well characterized at the molecular level. Here we describe a fluorescence-based, real-time assay that quantitatively monitors interactions between PARylated PARP1 and XRCC1. Using this assay, we show that the PAR posttranslational modification by itself is a high affinity ligand for XRCC1, requiring a minimum chain length of 7 ADP-ribose units in the oligo(ADP-ribose) ligand for a stable interaction with XRCC1. This discrete binding interface enables the PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) to completely disassemble the PARP1-XRCC1 complex without assistance from a mono(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Our quantitative, real-time assay of PAR-dependent protein-protein interactions and PAR turnover by PARG is an excellent tool for high-throughput screening to identify pharmacological modulators of PAR metabolism that may be useful therapeutic alternatives to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kwon Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Roderick A Stegeman
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Chris A Brosey
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Tom Ellenberger
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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3
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Xing L, Shieh HS, Selness SR, Devraj RV, Walker JK, Devadas B, Hope HR, Compton RP, Schindler JF, Hirsch JL, Benson AG, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Williams JM, Broadus RM, Walden Z, Monahan JB. Structural bioinformatics-based prediction of exceptional selectivity of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PH-797804. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6402-11. [PMID: 19496616 DOI: 10.1021/bi900655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. On the basis of structural comparison with a different biaryl pyrazole template and supported by dozens of high-resolution crystal structures of p38alpha inhibitor complexes, PH-797804 is predicted to possess a high level of specificity across the broad human kinase genome. We used a structural bioinformatics approach to identify two selectivity elements encoded by the TXXXG sequence motif on the p38alpha kinase hinge: (i) Thr106 that serves as the gatekeeper to the buried hydrophobic pocket occupied by 2,4-difluorophenyl of PH-797804 and (ii) the bidentate hydrogen bonds formed by the pyridinone moiety with the kinase hinge requiring an induced 180 degrees rotation of the Met109-Gly110 peptide bond. The peptide flip occurs in p38alpha kinase due to the critical glycine residue marked by its conformational flexibility. Kinome-wide sequence mining revealed rare presentation of the selectivity motif. Corroboratively, PH-797804 exhibited exceptionally high specificity against MAP kinases and the related kinases. No cross-reactivity was observed in large panels of kinase screens (selectivity ratio of >500-fold). In cellular assays, PH-797804 demonstrated superior potency and selectivity consistent with the biochemical measurements. PH-797804 has met safety criteria in human phase I studies and is under clinical development for several inflammatory conditions. Understanding the rationale for selectivity at the molecular level helps elucidate the biological function and design of specific p38alpha kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Structural and Computational Chemistry, St. Louis Laboratories,Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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4
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Schweitzer BA, Neumann WL, Rahman HK, Kusturin CL, Sample KR, Poda GI, Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, South MS. Structure-based design and synthesis of pyrazinones containing novel P1 ‘side pocket’ moieties as inhibitors of TF/VIIa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3006-11. [PMID: 15913999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the structure-based design, synthesis, and enzymatic activity of a series of substituted pyrazinones as inhibitors of the TF/VIIa complex. These inhibitors contain substituents meta to the P(1) amidine designed to explore additional interactions with the VIIa residues in the so-called 'S(1) side pocket'. A crystal structure of the designed inhibitors demonstrates the ability of the P(1) side pocket moiety to engage Lys192 and main chain of Gly216 via hydrogen bond interactions, thus, providing additional possibility for chemical modification to improve selectivity and/or physical properties of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Schweitzer
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pfizer Corp., 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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5
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Parlow JJ, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, South MS. Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of substituted fluorobenzene and benzoquinone inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3721-5. [PMID: 14552766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multistep syntheses of substituted benzenes and benzoquinone inhibitors of tissue Factor VIIa are reported. The benzene analogues were designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) enzyme. The compounds exhibited modest potency on TF/VIIa with selectivity over Factor Xa and thrombin. The X-ray crystal structures of the targeted fluorobenzene 12a and benzoquinone 14 inhibitors bound to TF/VIIa were obtained and will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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6
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Parlow JJ, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, South MS. Design, Synthesis, and Crystal Structure of Selective 2-Pyridone Tissue Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4696-701. [PMID: 14561089 DOI: 10.1021/jm0301686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeted 2-pyridones were selected as tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors and prepared from 2,6-dibromopyridine via a multistep synthesis. A variety of chemical transformations, including regioselective nucleophilic addition, selective nitrogen alkylation, and a Suzuki coupling, afforded the targeted tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors. The pyridone core was selected as a replacement for the pyrazinone core of noncovalent tissue Factor VIIa inhibitors and designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa enzyme. These compounds were tested in several serine protease enzyme assays involved in the coagulation cascade exhibiting modest activity on tissue Factor VIIa with excellent selectivity over thrombin and Factor Xa. Finally, an X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 14a bound to tissue Factor VIIa was obtained and will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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7
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Parlow JJ, Case BL, Dice TA, Fenton RL, Hayes MJ, Jones DE, Neumann WL, Wood RS, Lachance RM, Girard TJ, Nicholson NS, Clare M, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4050-62. [PMID: 12954058 DOI: 10.1021/jm030131l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) and polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) library synthesis were used to develop a series of pyrazinone inhibitors of the Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) complex. The crystal structure of a tripeptide-alpha-ketothiazole complexed with TF/VIIa was utilized in a docking experiment to identify the pyrazinone core as a starting scaffold. The pyrazinone core could orient the substituents in the correct spatial arrangement to probe the S1, S2, and S3 pockets of the enzyme. A multistep PASP library synthesis was designed to prepare the substituted pyrazinones varying the P1, P2, and P3 moieties. Hundreds of pyrazinone TF/VIIa inhibitors were prepared and tested in several serine protease enzyme assays involved in the coagulation cascade. The inhibitors exhibited modest activity on TF/VIIa with excellent selectivity over thrombin (IIa) and Factor Xa. The structure-activity relationship of the pyrazinone inhibitors will be discussed and X-ray crystal structures of selected compounds complexed with the TF/VIIa enzyme will be described. This study ultimately led to the synthesis of compound 34, which exhibited 16 nM (IC50) activity on TF/VIIa with >6250 x selectivity vs Factor Xa and thrombin. This potent and highly selective inhibitor of TF/VIIa was chosen for preclinical, intravenous proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate the separation between antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding side effects in a nonhuman primate model of electrolytic-induced arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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8
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Parlow JJ, Dice TA, Lachance RM, Girard TJ, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Polymer-assisted solution-phase library synthesis and crystal structure of alpha-ketothiazoles as tissue factor VIIa inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4043-9. [PMID: 12954057 DOI: 10.1021/jm030130t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solution-phase synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library of the general form D-Phe-L-AA-Arg-alpha-ketothiazole is described. The five-step synthesis is accomplished using a combination of polymeric reagents and polymer-assisted solution-phase purification concepts, including reactant-sequestering resins, reagent-sequestering resins, and tagged reagents. The multistep synthesis affords desired alpha-ketothiazole products in excellent purities and yields. A variety of L-amino acid inputs were used to probe the S2 pocket of tissue Factor VIIa enzyme to influence both potency and selectivity. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 10k bound to the TF/VIIa complex was obtained that explains the observed selectivity. The alpha-ketothiazoles were found to be potent, reversible-covalent inhibitors of tissue Factor VIIa, with some analogues demonstrating selectivity over thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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9
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Parlow JJ, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Substituted Benzenes and Benzoquinones as Tissue Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4297-312. [PMID: 13678408 DOI: 10.1021/jm030233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several multistep syntheses of substituted benzenes are reported. The benzene analogues were designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa enzyme. A variety of chemical transformations including nucleophilic additions, reductive aminations, Stille couplings, and polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) techniques were used to prepare key intermediates and final products. The initial analogues identified some weakly active compounds which ultimately led to a 340 nM (IC(50)) tissue Factor VIIa inhibitor with selectivity over other related enzymes. The structure-activity relationship of these inhibitors and the synthetic progression from the discovery of the lead compound to the development of potent analogues will be discussed. The X-ray crystal structures of fluorobenzene 50c and benzoquinone 54 inhibitors complexed with the TF/VIIa enzyme will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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10
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South MS, Dice TA, Girard TJ, Lachance RM, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Parlow JJ. Polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) parallel synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library as tissue factor VIIa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2363-7. [PMID: 12824035 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solution-phase synthesis of an alpha-ketothiazole library of the general form D-Phe-L-AA-L-Arg-alpha-ketothiazole is described. The five-step synthesis is accomplished using a combination of polymeric reagents and polymer-assisted solution-phase purification protocols, including reactant-sequestering resins, reagent-sequestering resins, and tagged reagents. The multi-step synthesis affords the desired alpha-ketothiazole products in excellent purities and yields. A variety of L-amino acid inputs were used to probe the S2 pocket of the tissue factor (TF) VIIa enzyme to influence both potency and selectivity. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 10e bound to the TF/VIIa complex was obtained that explains the observed selectivity. The alpha-ketothiazoles were found to be potent, reversible-covalent inhibitors of tissue factor VIIa, with some analogues demonstrating selectivity versus thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S South
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, 63167, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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South MS, Case BL, Wood RS, Jones DE, Hayes MJ, Girard TJ, Lachance RM, Nicholson NS, Clare M, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Parlow JJ. Structure-based drug design of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2319-25. [PMID: 12824026 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design coupled with polymer-assisted solution-phase library synthesis was utilized to develop a series of pyrazinone inhibitors of the tissue factor/Factor VIIa complex. The crystal structure of a tri-peptide ketothiazole complexed with TF/VIIa was utilized in a docking experiment that identified a benzyl-substituted pyrazinone as a P(2) surrogate for the tri-peptide. A 5-step PASP library synthesis of these aryl-substituted pyrazinones was developed. The sequence allows for attachment of a variety of P(1) and P(3) moieties, which led to synthesis pyrazinone 23. Compound 23 exhibited 16 nM IC(50) against TF/VIIa with >6250x selectivity versus Factor Xa and thrombin. This potent and highly selective inhibitor of TF/VIIa was chosen for pre-clinical intravenous proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate the separation between antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding side effects in a primate model of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S South
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 63167, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Kiefer JR, Pawlitz JL, Moreland KT, Stegeman RA, Hood WF, Gierse JK, Stevens AM, Goodwin DC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG. Structural insights into the stereochemistry of the cyclooxygenase reaction. Nature 2000; 405:97-101. [PMID: 10811226 DOI: 10.1038/35011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases are bifunctional enzymes that catalyse the first committed step in the synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and other eicosanoids. The two known cyclooxygenases isoforms share a high degree of amino-acid sequence similarity, structural topology and an identical catalytic mechanism. Cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyse two sequential reactions in spatially distinct, but mechanistically coupled active sites. The initial cyclooxygenase reaction converts arachidonic acid (which is achiral) to prostaglandin G2 (which has five chiral centres). The subsequent peroxidase reaction reduces prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Here we report the co-crystal structures of murine apo-cyclooxygenase-2 in complex with arachidonic acid and prostaglandin. These structures suggest the molecular basis for the stereospecificity of prostaglandin G2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kiefer
- Searle Discovery Research, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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13
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Kurumbail RG, Pawlitz JL, Kiefer JR, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, Moreland KT, Walker MC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ, Stallings WC. Crystal structures of cyclooxygenase-2 variants with diarylheterocycle inhibitors: Contribution of the side pocket for selectivity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(99)90252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Freskos JN, McDonald JJ, Mischke BV, Mullins PB, Shieh HS, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM. Synthesis and identification of conformationally constrained selective MMP inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1757-60. [PMID: 10406637 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a new series of potent conformationally constrained MMP Inhibitors that are selective for MMP-13 over MMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Freskos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, St Louis, MO 63198, USA
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15
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Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, Stallings WC. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature 1996; 384:644-8. [PMID: 8967954 DOI: 10.1038/384644a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins and glucocorticoids are potent mediators of inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their effects by inhibition of prostaglandin production. The pharmacological target of NSAIDs is cyclooxygenase (COX, also known as PGH synthase), which catalyses the first committed step in arachidonic-acid metabolism. Two isoforms of the membrane protein COX are known: COX-1, which is constitutively expressed in most tissues, is responsible for the physiological production of prostaglandins; and COX-2, which is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, is responsible for the elevated production of prostaglandins during inflammation. The structure of ovine COX-1 complexed with several NSAIDs has been determined. Here we report the structures of unliganded murine COX-2 and complexes with flurbiprofen, indomethacin and SC-558, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, determined at 3.0 to 2.5 A resolution. These structures explain the structural basis for the selective inhibition of COX-2, and demonstrate some of the conformational changes associated with time-dependent inhibition.
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16
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Shieh HS, Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Sturman EJ, Pak JY, Wittwer AJ, Palmier MO, Wiegand RC, Holwerda BC, Stallings WC. Three-dimensional structure of human cytomegalovirus protease. Nature 1996; 383:279-82. [PMID: 8805708 DOI: 10.1038/383279a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode a serine protease that specifically cleaves assembly protein. This protease is critical for replication, and represents a new target for antiviral drug design. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of the protease from human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) at 2.27 angstroms resolution. The structure reveals a unique fold and new catalytic strategy for cleavage. The monomer fold of the enzyme, a seven-stranded beta-barrel encircled by a chain of helices that form the carboxy terminus of the molecule, is unrelated to those observed in classic serine proteases such as chymotrypsin and subtilisin. The serine nucleophile at position 132 is activated by two juxtaposed histidine residues at positions 63 and 157. Dimerization, which seems to be necessary for activity, is observed in the crystals. Correlations of the structure with the sequences of herpesvirus proteases suggest that dimerization may confer specificity and recognition in substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shieh
- Department of Medicinal and Structural Chemistry, Monsanto/Searle, Searle Discovery Research, St Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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17
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Shieh HS, Stallings WC, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA. Using sampling techniques in protein crystallization. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1995; 51:305-10. [PMID: 15299296 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444994011728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of homogeneous or highly purified macromolecules depends on many variables such as precipitant, pH, choice of buffer, protein concentration, temperature, the participation of different mono- and divalent ions, as well as the presence of minute amounts of detergent and organic molecules. Finding the best combination among these many parameters is a multi-variable optimization problem. This kind of problem can be treated mathematically by sampling techniques. We have used this technique for protein crystallization. The iterative procedure starts with random sampling, followed by quantitative evaluation and cycles with weighted sampling. A simple procedure, derived from this concept and called MON48, has been successfully applied to many protein crystallization problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shieh
- Searle/Monsanto, BB4K, Department of Medicinal and Structural Chemistry, North Chesterfield, MO 63198-0001, USA
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Stallings WC, Abdel-Meguid SS, Lim LW, Shieh HS, Dayringer HE, Leimgruber NK, Stegeman RA, Anderson KS, Sikorski JA, Padgette SR, Kishore GM. Structure and topological symmetry of the glyphosate target 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase: a distinctive protein fold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:5046-50. [PMID: 11607190 PMCID: PMC51804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
5-enol-Pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase; phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.19) is an enzyme on the pathway toward the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, fungi, and bacteria and is the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme from Escherichia coli has been determined by crystallographic techniques. The polypeptide backbone chain was traced by examination of an electron density map calculated at 3-A resolution. The two-domain structure has a distinctive fold and appears to be formed by 6-fold replication of a protein folding unit comprising two parallel helices and a four-stranded sheet. Each domain is formed from three of these units, which are related by an approximate threefold symmetry axis; in each domain three of the helices are completely buried by a surface formed from the three beta-sheets and solvent-accessible faces of the other three helices. The domains are related by an approximate dyad, but in the present crystals the molecule does not display pseudo-symmetry related to the symmetry of point group 32 because its approximate threefold axes are almost normal. A possible relation between the three-dimensional structure of the protein and the linear sequence of its gene will be described. The topological threefold symmetry and orientation of each of the two observed globular domains may direct the binding of substrates and inhibitors by a helix macrodipole effect and implies that the active site is located near the interdomain crossover segments. The structure also suggests a rationale for the glyphosate tolerance conferred by sequence alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Stallings
- Monsanto Corporate Research and Technology Division of Monsanto Agricultural Company, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA
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Abstract
Single crystals of glycosylated recombinant human renin have been obtained using the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method with polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride as coprecipitants. The crystals belong to the cubic space group P2(1)3 with a = 143.0 A and contain two molecules of renin in the asymmetric unit. A self-rotation function study using 5.5 A data shows the orientation of a non-crystallographic 2-fold axis relating these two monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lim
- Corporate Research and Development, Monsanto, Chesterfield Village, MO 63198
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Abstract
Strains of all 18 species of the family Rhodospirillaceae (nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria) were studied for their comparative nitrogen-fixing abilities. All species, with the exception of Rhodocyclus purpureus, were capable of growth with N2 as the sole nitrogen source under photosynthetic (anaerobic) conditions. Most rapid growth on N2 was observed in strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Within the genus Rhodopseudomonas, the species R. capsulata, R. sphaeroides, R. viridis, R. gelatinosa, and R. blastica consistently showed the highest in vivo nitrogenase rates (with the acetylene reduction technique); nitrogenase rates in other species of Rhodopseudomonas and in most species of Rhodospirillum were notably lower. Chemotrophic (dark microaerobic) nitrogen fixation occurred in all species with the exception of one strain of Rhodospirillum fulvum; oxygen requirements for dark N2 fixation varied considerably among species and even within strains of the same species. We conclude that the capacity to fix molecular nitrogen is virtually universal among members of the Rhodospirillaceae but that the efficacy of the process varies considerably among species.
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Stegeman RA, Englis DT. Observations on the Determination of Cuprous Oxide as Applied to Sugar Analysis. J AOAC Int 1936. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/19.3.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Stegeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill
| | - D T Englis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill
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