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Xing L, Devadas B, Devraj RV, Selness SR, Shieh H, Walker JK, Mao M, Messing D, Samas B, Yang JZ, Anderson GD, Webb EG, Monahan JB. Discovery and characterization of atropisomer PH-797804, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, as a clinical drug candidate. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:273-80. [PMID: 22174080 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 ((aS)-3-{3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl}-N,4-dimethylbenzamde) is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. Due to steric constraints imposed by the pyridinone carbonyl group and the 6- and 6'-methyl substituents of PH-797804, rotation around the connecting bond of the pyridinone and the N-phenyl ring is restricted. Density functional theory predicts a remarkably high rotational energy barrier of >30 kcal mol(-1), corresponding to a half-life of more than one hundred years at room temperature. This gives rise to discrete conformational spaces for the N-phenylpyridinone group, and as a result, two atropic isomers that do not interconvert under ambient conditions. Molecular modeling studies predict that the two isomers should differ in their binding affinity for p38α kinase; whereas the atropic S (aS) isomer binds favorably, the opposite aR isomer incurs significant steric interference with p38α kinase. The two isomers were subsequently identified and separated by chiral chromatography. IC50 values from p38α kinase assays confirm that one atropisomer is >100-fold more potent than the other. It was ultimately confirmed by small-molecule X-ray diffraction that the more potent atropisomer, PH-797804, is the aS isomer of the racemic pair. Extensive pharmacological characterization supports that PH-797804 carries most activity both in vitro and in vivo, and it has a stability profile compatible with oral formulation and delivery options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Inflammation/Immunology Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02421, USA.
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2
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Selness SR, Boehm TL, Walker JK, Devadas B, Durley RC, Kurumbail R, Shieh H, Xing L, Hepperle M, Rucker PV, Jerome KD, Benson AG, Marrufo LD, Madsen HM, Hitchcock J, Owen TJ, Christie L, Promo MA, Hickory BS, Alvira E, Naing W, Blevis-Bal R, Devraj RV, Messing D, Schindler JF, Hirsch J, Saabye M, Bonar S, Webb E, Anderson G, Monahan JB. Design, synthesis and activity of a potent, selective series of N -aryl pyridinone inhibitors of p38 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4059-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Selness SR, Devraj RV, Devadas B, Walker JK, Boehm TL, Durley RC, Shieh H, Xing L, Rucker PV, Jerome KD, Benson AG, Marrufo LD, Madsen HM, Hitchcock J, Owen TJ, Christie L, Promo MA, Hickory BS, Alvira E, Naing W, Blevis-Bal R, Messing D, Yang J, Mao MK, Yalamanchili G, Vonder Embse R, Hirsch J, Saabye M, Bonar S, Webb E, Anderson G, Monahan JB. Discovery of PH-797804, a highly selective and potent inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4066-71. [PMID: 21641211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and SAR studies of a novel N-aryl pyridinone class of p38 kinase inhibitors are described. Systematic structural modifications to the HTS lead, 5, led to the identification of (-)-4a as a clinical candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Additionally, the chiral synthesis and properties of (-)-4a are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R Selness
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Corporation, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States.
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4
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Morris DL, O’Neil SP, Devraj RV, Portanova JP, Gilles RW, Gross CJ, Curtiss SW, Komocsar WJ, Garner DS, Happa FA, Kraus LJ, Nikula KJ, Monahan JB, Selness SR, Galluppi GR, Shevlin KM, Kramer JA, Walker JK, Messing DM, Anderson DR, Mourey RJ, Whiteley LO, Daniels JS, Yang JZ, Rowlands PC, Alden CL, Davis JW, Sagartz JE. Acute Lymphoid and Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced by Selective p38α Map Kinase and Map Kinase–Activated Protein Kinase-2 (MK2) Inhibitors in the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:606-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310367807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to moderately selective p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors in the Beagle dog results in an acute toxicity consisting of mild clinical signs (decreased activity, diarrhea, and fever), lymphoid necrosis and depletion in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, and linear colonic and cecal mucosal hemorrhages. Lymphocyte apoptosis and necrosis in the GALT is the earliest and most prominent histopathologic change observed, followed temporally by neutrophilic infiltration and acute inflammation of the lymph nodes and spleen and multifocal mucosal epithelial necrosis and linear hemorrhages in the colon and cecum. These effects are not observed in the mouse, rat, or cynomolgus monkey. To further characterize the acute toxicity in the dog, a series of in vivo, in vitro, and immunohistochemical studies were conducted to determine the relationship between the lymphoid and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity and p38 MAPK inhibition. Results of these studies demonstrate a direct correlation between p38α MAPK inhibition and the acute lymphoid and gastrointestinal toxicity in the dog. Similar effects were observed following exposure to inhibitors of MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2), further implicating the role of p38α MAPK signaling pathway inhibition in these effects. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that p38α MAPK inhibition results in acute lymphoid and GI toxicity in the dog and is unique among the species evaluated in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Morris
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shawn P. O’Neil
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajesh V. Devraj
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph P. Portanova
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard W. Gilles
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cindy J. Gross
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra W. Curtiss
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Debra S. Garner
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fernando A. Happa
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lori J. Kraus
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Joseph B. Monahan
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shaun R. Selness
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kimberly M. Shevlin
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - John K. Walker
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dean M. Messing
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David R. Anderson
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J. Mourey
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence O. Whiteley
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John S. Daniels
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jerry Z. Yang
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip C. Rowlands
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carl L. Alden
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W. Davis
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Jerome KD, Hepperle ME, Walker JK, Xing L, Devraj RV, Benson AG, Baldus JE, Selness SR. Discovery of 5-substituted-N-arylpyridazinones as inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3146-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Walker JK, Selness SR, Devraj RV, Hepperle ME, Naing W, Shieh H, Kurambail R, Yang S, Flynn DL, Benson AG, Messing DM, Dice T, Kim T, Lindmark RJ, Monahan JB, Portanova J. Identification of SD-0006, a potent diaryl pyrazole inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2634-8. [PMID: 20227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Starting from an initial HTS screening lead, a novel series of C(5)-substituted diaryl pyrazoles were developed that showed potent inhibition of p38alpha kinase. Key to this outcome was the switch from a pyridyl to pyrimidine at the C(4)-position leading to analogs that were potent in human whole blood based cell assay as well as in a number of animal efficacy models for rheumatoid arthritis. Ultimately, we identified a clinical candidate from this substrate; SD-0006.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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7
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Selness SR, Devraj RV, Monahan JB, Boehm TL, Walker JK, Devadas B, Durley RC, Kurumbail R, Shieh H, Xing L, Hepperle M, Rucker PV, Jerome KD, Benson AG, Marrufo LD, Madsen HM, Hitchcock J, Owen TJ, Christie L, Promo MA, Hickory BS, Alvira E, Naing W, Blevis-Bal R. Discovery of N-substituted pyridinones as potent and selective inhibitors of p38 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5851-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Hope HR, Anderson GD, Burnette BL, Compton RP, Devraj RV, Hirsch JL, Keith RH, Li X, Mbalaviele G, Messing DM, Saabye MJ, Schindler JF, Selness SR, Stillwell LI, Webb EG, Zhang J, Monahan JB. Anti-inflammatory properties of a novel N-phenyl pyridinone inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: preclinical-to-clinical translation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:882-95. [PMID: 19720877 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.158329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction through the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway is central to the transcriptional and translational control of cytokine and inflammatory mediator production. p38 MAP kinase inhibition hence constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, based upon its potential to inhibit key pathways driving the inflammatory and destructive processes in these debilitating diseases. The present study describes the pharmacological properties of the N-phenyl pyridinone p38 MAP kinase inhibitor benzamide [3- [3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methoxy]-6-methyl-2- oxo-1(2H)-pyridinyl]-N,4-dimethyl-, (-)-(9CI); PH-797804]. PH-797804 is an ATP-competitive, readily reversible inhibitor of the alpha isoform of human p38 MAP kinase, exhibiting a K(i) = 5.8 nM. In human monocyte and synovial fibroblast cell systems, PH-797804 blocks inflammation-induced production of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E(2), at concentrations that parallel inhibition of cell-associated p38 MAP kinase. After oral dosing, PH-797804 effectively inhibits acute inflammatory responses induced by systemically administered endotoxin in both rat and cynomolgus monkeys. Furthermore, PH-797804 demonstrates robust anti-inflammatory activity in chronic disease models, significantly reducing both joint inflammation and associated bone loss in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in rats and mouse collagen-induced arthritis. Finally, PH-797804 reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 production in clinical studies after endotoxin administration in a dose-dependent manner, paralleling inhibition of the target enzyme. Low-nanomolar biochemical enzyme inhibition potency correlated with p38 MAP kinase inhibition in human cells and in vivo studies. In addition, a direct correspondence between p38 MAP kinase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity was observed with PH-797804, thus providing confidence in dose projections for further human studies in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Hope
- Discovery Biology, Inflammation Research, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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9
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Xing L, Shieh HS, Selness SR, Devraj RV, Walker JK, Devadas B, Hope HR, Compton RP, Schindler JF, Hirsch JL, Benson AG, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Williams JM, Broadus RM, Walden Z, Monahan JB. Structural bioinformatics-based prediction of exceptional selectivity of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PH-797804. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6402-11. [PMID: 19496616 DOI: 10.1021/bi900655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. On the basis of structural comparison with a different biaryl pyrazole template and supported by dozens of high-resolution crystal structures of p38alpha inhibitor complexes, PH-797804 is predicted to possess a high level of specificity across the broad human kinase genome. We used a structural bioinformatics approach to identify two selectivity elements encoded by the TXXXG sequence motif on the p38alpha kinase hinge: (i) Thr106 that serves as the gatekeeper to the buried hydrophobic pocket occupied by 2,4-difluorophenyl of PH-797804 and (ii) the bidentate hydrogen bonds formed by the pyridinone moiety with the kinase hinge requiring an induced 180 degrees rotation of the Met109-Gly110 peptide bond. The peptide flip occurs in p38alpha kinase due to the critical glycine residue marked by its conformational flexibility. Kinome-wide sequence mining revealed rare presentation of the selectivity motif. Corroboratively, PH-797804 exhibited exceptionally high specificity against MAP kinases and the related kinases. No cross-reactivity was observed in large panels of kinase screens (selectivity ratio of >500-fold). In cellular assays, PH-797804 demonstrated superior potency and selectivity consistent with the biochemical measurements. PH-797804 has met safety criteria in human phase I studies and is under clinical development for several inflammatory conditions. Understanding the rationale for selectivity at the molecular level helps elucidate the biological function and design of specific p38alpha kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Structural and Computational Chemistry, St. Louis Laboratories,Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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10
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Hughes JD, Blagg J, Price DA, Bailey S, Decrescenzo GA, Devraj RV, Ellsworth E, Fobian YM, Gibbs ME, Gilles RW, Greene N, Huang E, Krieger-Burke T, Loesel J, Wager T, Whiteley L, Zhang Y. Physiochemical drug properties associated with in vivo toxicological outcomes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4872-5. [PMID: 18691886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between physicochemical drug properties and toxicity were inferred from a data set consisting of animal in vivo toleration (IVT) studies on 245 preclinical Pfizer compounds; an increased likelihood of toxic events was found for less polar, more lipophilic compounds. This trend held across a wide range of types of toxicity and across a broad swath of chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hughes
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Abstract
During the past few years, polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis has become a prevalent method for the parallel synthesis of chemical libraries. This methodology allows for intermediate and final product purification by various resin-based sequestration techniques, which allow for the removal of excess reactants, by-products or side products from solution-phase reactions. The methodology has continued to expand, providing the practitioner with a broad range of ingenious purification methods, allowing single-step transformations as well as multistep syntheses to be performed in solution. The polymer-assisted solution-phase technology is currently being utilized for both the synthesis of lead generation and lead optimization libraries in the pharmaceutical arena and has also expanded into other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Parlow
- Department of Combinatorial and Parallel Medicinal Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, Monsanto Co., 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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12
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Flynn DL, Devraj RV, Parlow JJ. Recent advances in polymer-assisted solution-phase chemical library synthesis and purification. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 1998; 1:41-50. [PMID: 19649788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Flynn
- Monsanto Life Sciences/Searle Pharma, St Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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13
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Flynn DL, Crich JZ, Devraj RV, Hockerman SL, Parlow JJ, South MS, Woodard S. Chemical Library Purification Strategies Based on Principles of Complementary Molecular Reactivity and Molecular Recognition. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Flynn
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - Joyce Z. Crich
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - Rajesh V. Devraj
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - Susan L. Hockerman
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - John J. Parlow
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - Michael S. South
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
| | - Scott Woodard
- Contribution from the Section of Parallel Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Searle Discovery Research, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077; and Plant Protection, Ceregen, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167
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14
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Glew RH, Gopalan V, Hubbell CA, Devraj RV, Lawson RA, Diven WF, Mannock DA. 2,3-di-O-tetradecyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol is a substrate for human glucocerebrosidase. Biochem J 1991; 274 ( Pt 2):557-63. [PMID: 1900989 PMCID: PMC1150175 DOI: 10.1042/bj2740557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase, the lysosomal enzyme that is deficient in patients with Gaucher's disease, hydrolyses non-physiological aryl beta-D-glucosides and glucocerebroside, its substrate in vivo. We document that 2,3,-di-O-tetradecyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (2,3,-di-14:0-beta-Glc-DAG) inhibits human placental glucocerebrosidase activity in vitro (Ki 0.18 mM), and the nature of inhibition is typical of a mixed-type pattern. Furthermore, 2,3-di-14:0-beta-Glc-DAG was shown to be an excellent substrate for the lysosomal beta-glucosidase (Km 0.15 mM; Vmax. 19.8 units/mg) when compared with the natural substrate glucocerebroside (Km 0.080 mM; Vmax. 10.4 units/mg). The observations that (i) glucocerebrosidase-catalysed hydrolysis of 2,3-di-14:0-beta-Glc-DAG is inhibited by conduritol B epoxide and glucosylsphingosine, and (ii) spleen and brain extracts from patients with Gaucher's disease are unable to hydrolyse 2,3-di-14:O-beta-Glc-DAG demonstrate that the same active site on the enzyme is responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, glucocerebroside and 2,3-di-14:O-beta-Glc-DAG. With the aid of computer modelling we have established that the oxygen atoms in 2,3-DAG-Glc at the C-1, C-4*, C-5* (the ring oxygen in glucose) and C-2 positions correspond topologically to the oxygens at C-1, C-4* and C-5* and the nitrogen atom attached to C-2 respectively in glucocerebroside (* signifies a carbon atom in glucose); furthermore, all of the distances with respect to overlap of corresponding heteroatoms range from 0.02 A to 0.77 A (0.002-0.077 nm). A root-mean-square deviation of 0.31 A (0.031 nm) was obtained when the energy-minimized structures of 2,3-di-14:O-beta-Glc-DAG and glucocerebroside were compared using the latter four heteroatom co-ordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Glew
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131
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