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Kim SC. Medical-Radiation-Shielding Film Fabricated by Imitating the Layered Structure Pattern of Abalone Shell and Verification of Its Shielding Effect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7700. [PMID: 38138842 PMCID: PMC10744689 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-shielding clothing for medical workers must be light and thin, thus ensuring flexibility. However, controlling the thickness and weight is limited by shielding performance requirements. This study aims to improve shielding performance by considering a shielding structure that mimics the internal structure of an abalone shell. Two shields were produced: a sheet made with a carrier process using a liquid polymer and tungsten mixture, and a fillet made by compounding the same material and laminated using a heat-treatment press after the injection process. The tungsten content and thickness were the same at 85 wt% and 0.3 mm, respectively. In the high-energy region, the shielding film based on the laminated structure of abalone shells showed a shielding rate that was higher by more than 7%. Compared to that of a 0.3 mm lead plate, the shielding ratio of the shielding film was approximately 16% lower at 120 kVp, thereby confirming the radiation-shielding effect of the layered-structure shielding film. Therefore, it is concluded that the laminated structure of the shielding film, which is identical to the internal laminated structure of the abalone shell, expands the impact area of incident radiation and attenuates the energy intensity, thereby improving the medical-radiation-shielding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Riveira-Martin M, Struelens L, Muñoz Iglesias J, Schoonjans W, Tabuenca O, Nogueiras JM, Salvador Gómez FJ, López Medina A. Radiation exposure assessment of nuclear medicine staff administering [ 177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE with active and passive dosimetry. EJNMMI Phys 2023; 10:70. [PMID: 37962683 PMCID: PMC10645926 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-023-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of lutetium-177 (177Lu)-based radiopharmaceuticals in peptide receptor nuclear therapy is increasing, but so is the number of nuclear medicine workers exposed to higher levels of radiation. In recent years, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE has begun to be widely used for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours. However, there are few studies evaluating the occupational radiation exposure during its administration, and there are still some challenges that can result in higher doses to the staff, such as a lack of trained personnel or fully standardised procedures. In response, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of occupational doses to the staff involved in the administration of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. RESULTS A total of 32 administrations of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (7.4 GBq/session) carried out by a physician and a nurse, were studied. In total, two physicians and four nurses were independently monitored with cumulative (passive) and/or real-time (active) dosemeters. Extremity, eye lens and whole-body doses were evaluated in terms of the dosimetric quantities Hp(0.07), Hp(3) and Hp(10), respectively. It was obtained that lead aprons reduced dose rates and whole-body doses by 71% and 69% for the physicians, respectively, and by 56% and 68% for the nurses. On average, normalised Hp(10) values of 0.65 ± 0.18 µSv/GBq were obtained with active dosimetry, which is generally consistent with passive dosemeters. For physicians, the median of the maximum normalised Hp(0.07) values was 41.5 µSv/GBq on the non-dominant hand and 45.2 µSv/GBq on the dominant hand. For nurses 15.4 µSv/GBq on the non-dominant and 13.9 µSv/GBq on the dominant hand. The ratio or correction factor between the maximum dose measured on the hand and the dose measured on the base of the middle/ring finger of the non-dominant hand resulted in a factor of 5/6 for the physicians and 3/4 for the nurses. Finally, maximum normalised Hp(3) doses resulted in 2.02 µSv/GBq for physicians and 1.76 µSv/GBq for nurses. CONCLUSIONS If appropriate safety measures are taken, the administration of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE is a safe procedure for workers. However, regular monitoring is recommended to ensure that the annual dose limits are not exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Riveira-Martin
- Genetic Oncology, Radiobiology and Radiointeraction Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain.
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - José Muñoz Iglesias
- Nuclear Medicine Department (SERGAS), Meixoeiro Hospital, University Hospital of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Olga Tabuenca
- Nuclear Medicine Department (SERGAS), Meixoeiro Hospital, University Hospital of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Nogueiras
- Nuclear Medicine Department (GALARIA), Meixoeiro Hospital, University Hospital of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Antonio López Medina
- Medical Physics and RP Department (GALARIA), Meixoeiro Hospital, University Hospital of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Zakariaee S, Khalili N, Gharebaghi E, Salehi Y, Changizi V. Evaluation of annual staff doses and radiation shielding efficiencies of thyroid shield and lead apron during preparation and administration of 131I, 81Kr, and 99mTc-Labeled radiopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2022; 12:90-94. [PMID: 35265471 PMCID: PMC8804593 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_45_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine technicians would receive unavoidable exposures during the preparation and administration of radiopharmaceuticals. Based on the staff dose monitoring, the dose reduction efficiencies of the radiation protection shields and the need to implement additional strategies to reduce the staff doses could be evaluated. In this study, medical staff doses during the preparation and administration of Tc-99 m, I-131, and Kr-81 radiopharmaceuticals were evaluated. The dose reduction efficiencies of the lead apron and thyroid shield were also investigated. GR-207 thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were used for quantifying the medical staff doses. The occupational dose magnitudes were determined in five organs at risk including eye lens, thyroid, fingers, chest, and gonads. TLDs were located under and over the protective shields for evaluating the dose reduction efficiencies of the lead apron and thyroid shield. The occupational doses were normalized to the activities used in the working shifts. During preparation and injection of Tc-99 m radiopharmaceutical, the average annual doses were higher in the chest (4.49 mGy) and eye lenses (4 mGy). For I-131 radiopharmaceutical, the average annual doses of the point-finger (15.8 mGy) and eye lenses (1.23 mGy) were significantly higher than other organs. During the preparation and administration of Kr-81, the average annual doses of the point-finger (0.65 mGy) and chest (0.44 mGy) were higher. The significant dose reductions were achieved using the lead apron and thyroid shield. The radiation protection shields and minimum contact with the radioactive sources, including patients, are recommended to reduce the staff doses.
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R P, M J, A H, K K, M T E, M G. Evaluations for Determination of Optimum Shields in Nuclear Medicine. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:651-658. [PMID: 33134225 PMCID: PMC7557463 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: 131I source is widely used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancers. 131I emits both beta and gamma-rays. Radiation protection is considered for gamma rays emitted by 131I. It seems no special shield against 131I source to be designed. Objective: This research aims to evaluate determination of optimum shields in nuclear medicine against 99Tcm and 131I sources by dosimetric method. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulation was used to find the optimum thickness of lead for protection against 131I source. Material and Methods: This is an experimental research in the field of radiation protection. A calibrated model of GraetzX5C Plus dosimeter was used to measure exposure rates passing through the shields. The efficiency of the shields was evaluated against 99Tcm and 131I. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulation was used to find the optimum thickness of lead for protection against 131I source. Results: The findings of the dosimetric method show that the minimum and maximum efficiencies obtained by the lead apron with lead equivalent thickness of 0.25 mm and the syringe holder shields with thickness of 0.5 mm lead were 50.86% and 99.50%, respectively. The results of the simulations show that the minimum and maximum efficiencies obtained by lead thicknesses of 1 mm and 43 mm were 19.36% and 99.79%, respectively. Conclusion: The optimum shields against 99Tcm are the syringe holder shield, the tungsten syringe shield, and the lead partition, respectively. Furthermore, based on simulations, the thicknesses of 11-28 mm of lead with efficiencies between 90.6% to 99% are suggested as the optimum thicknesses to protect against 131I source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaresh R
- MSc, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jalili M
- MD, Nuclear Medicine Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Haghparast A
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khoshgard K
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Eivazi M T
- PhD, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghorbani M
- PhD, Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mohd Ridzwan SF, Bhoo-Pathy N, Isahak M, Wee LH. Perceptions on radioprotective garment usage and underlying reasons for non-adherence among medical radiation workers from public hospitals in a middle-income Asian setting: A qualitative exploration. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02478. [PMID: 31687573 PMCID: PMC6819771 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioprotective garments protect medical radiation workers from exposure to radiation at workplace. However, previous studies have found poor adherence to the use of radioprotective garments. Objectives We explored the perceptions and practices related to the use of radioprotective garments among medical radiation workers in public hospitals, and sought to understand the reasons for non-adherence. Design and setting A qualitative approach was applied by conducting face-to-face in-depth interviews with 18 medical radiation workers from three university hospitals using a semi-structured interview guide. Results Five themes emerged with respect to perceptions on the use of radioprotective garments: (i) the dilemmas in practising radiation protection, (ii) indication of workers' credibility, (iii) physical appearance of radioprotective garments, (iv) practicality of radioprotective garment use, and (v) impact on workflow. Actual lack of radioprotective garment use was attributed to inadequate number of thyroid shield and other garments, radioprotective garments' unsightly appearance including being dirty and defective, impracticality of using radioprotective garments for some nuclear medicine procedures, disruption of workflow because of workers’ limited movements, attitudes of workers, and organisational influences. Conclusion Medical radiation workers demonstrated a definitive practice of using radioprotective aprons, but often neglected to use thyroid shields and other garments. Availability and hygiene are reported as the core issues, while unclear guidelines on practical use of radioprotective garments appear to lead to confusion among medical radiation workers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study of its kind from a middle-income Asian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Farizwana Mohd Ridzwan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marzuki Isahak
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lei Hum Wee
- Health Education Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Parvaresh R, Haghparast A, Khoshgard K, Jalili M, Eivazi M, Ghorbani M. An Investigation to Determine an Optimum Protective Garment Material in Nuclear Medicine. J Biomed Phys Eng 2018; 8:381-392. [PMID: 30568928 PMCID: PMC6280121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to find an optimum material to protect garment for protection against 99Tcm radionuclide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monte Carlo simulation code was applied to investigate radiation attenuation of 13 shielding materials including: Ba, gray Sn, white Sn, Sb, Bi, Bi2O3, BaSO4, Sn/W, Sb/W, Pb and W with thicknesses of 0.5 and 1 mm to determine an optimum protective garment material in nuclear medicine against 99Tcm. Furthermore, the dose enhancement on the staff body was investigated for shielding materials such as tungsten and lead. RESULTS The findings of the simulations show that the maximum and minimum attenuation obtained with thicknesses of 1 mm W and 1 mm BaSO4 were 96.46% and 14.2%, respectively. The results also demonstrate that tungsten does not cause any dose enhancement on staff body but this is not true for lead. Tungsten provides the highest radiation attenuation without dose enhancement on the body of staff. CONCLUSION Among materials evaluated, tungsten is the optimum material and it can be applied for the design of protective garment for nuclear medicine staff against 99Tcm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Parvaresh
- Medical Physics Department, Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - A. Haghparast
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - K. Khoshgard
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Jalili
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Imam Reza Research Center of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M.T. Eivazi
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Ghorbani
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bernier MO, Doody MM, Van Dyke ME, Villoing D, Alexander BH, Linet MS, Kitahara CM. Work history and radioprotection practices in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in US radiologic technologists performing nuclear medicine procedures. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:533-561. [PMID: 29720482 PMCID: PMC6051924 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technologists working in nuclear medicine (NM) are exposed to higher radiation doses than most other occupationally exposed populations. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of cancer in NM technologists in relation to work history, procedures performed and radioprotection practices. METHODS From the US Radiologic Technologists cohort study, 72 755 radiologic technologists who completed a 2003-2005 questionnaire were followed for cancer mortality through 31 December 2012 and for cancer incidence through completion of a questionnaire in 2012-2013. Multivariable-adjusted models were used to estimate HRs for total cancer incidence and mortality by history of ever performing NM procedures and frequency of performing specific diagnostic or therapeutic NM procedures and associated radiation protection measures by decade. RESULTS During follow-up (mean=7.5 years), 960 incident cancers and 425 cancer deaths were reported among the 22 360 technologists who worked with NM procedures. We observed no increased risk of cancer incidence (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.04) or death (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.19) among workers who ever performed NM procedures. HRs for cancer incidence but not mortality were higher for technologists who began performing therapeutic procedures in 1960 and later compared with the 1950s. Frequency of performing diagnostic or therapeutic NM procedures and use of radioprotection measures were not consistently associated with cancer risk. No clear associations were observed for specific cancers, but results were based on small numbers. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence and mortality were not associated with NM work history practices, including greater frequency of procedures performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Bernier
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michele M. Doody
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Daphnee Villoing
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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He X, Zhao R, Rong L, Yao K, Chen S, Wei B. Answers to if the Lead Aprons are Really Helpful in Nuclear Medicine from the Perspective of Spectroscopy. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 174:558-564. [PMID: 27613748 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearing lead X-ray-protective aprons is a routine in nuclear medicine department in parts of China. However, the staff are often perplexed by questions such as if it is imperative to wear aprons when injecting radioactive drugs, how much radiation dosage can be shielded and if the apron will produce secondary radiation instead? To answer these questions, a semiconductor detector was employed to record different gamma and X-ray spectra with and without the lead apron or lead sheet. Then, we could estimate the signal shielding ratio to different photons for the lead apron and compare with the hospitals measured data. In general, the two results coincided well. The spectral results showed that the detrimental secondary X-rays irradiation rises when the energy of gamma rays exceeds the K absorption edge of lead (88 keV). Moreover, the aprons are not so effective for gamma rays of 364 keV emitted from 131I and 511 keV emitted from the positron radioactive nuclides. This work is purely a physical measurement in the laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study on the level of gamma rays protection offered by the medical lead aprons and the importance of the spectroscopic measurements is discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - R Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - L Rong
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - K Yao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - S Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - B Wei
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
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Van Dyke ME, Drozdovitch V, Doody MM, Lim H, Bolus NE, Simon SL, Alexander BH, Kitahara CM. Historical Patterns in the Types of Procedures Performed and Radiation Safety Practices Used in Nuclear Medicine From 1945-2009. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 111:37-46. [PMID: 27218293 PMCID: PMC4880417 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors evaluated historical patterns in the types of procedures performed in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine and the associated radiation safety practices used from 1945-2009 in a sample of U.S. radiologic technologists. In 2013-2014, 4,406 participants from the U.S. Radiologic Technologists (USRT) Study who previously reported working with medical radionuclides completed a detailed survey inquiring about the performance of 23 diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclide procedures and the use of radiation safety practices when performing radionuclide procedure-related tasks during five time periods: 1945-1964, 1965-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, and 2000-2009. An overall increase in the proportion of technologists who performed specific diagnostic or therapeutic procedures was observed across the five time periods. Between 1945-1964 and 2000-2009, the median frequency of diagnostic procedures performed substantially increased (from 5 wk to 30 wk), attributable mainly to an increasing frequency of cardiac and non-brain PET scans, while the median frequency of therapeutic procedures performed modestly decreased (from 4 mo to 3 mo). Also a notable increase was observed in the use of most radiation safety practices from 1945-1964 to 2000-2009 (e.g., use of lead-shielded vials during diagnostic radiopharmaceutical preparation increased from 56 to 96%), although lead apron use dramatically decreased (e.g., during diagnostic imaging procedures, from 81 to 7%). These data describe historical practices in nuclear medicine and can be used to support studies of health risks for nuclear medicine technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E. Van Dyke
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele M. Doody
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyeyeun Lim
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Norman E. Bolus
- Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven L. Simon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Deb P, Jamison R, Mong L, U P. An evaluation of the shielding effectiveness of lead aprons used in clinics for protection against ionising radiation from novel radioisotopes. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 165:443-447. [PMID: 25848112 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of personal radiation shields currently worn in hospital and other diagnostic environments. This study was performed with four different radioisotopes; (18)F, (99m)Tc, (124)I and (131)I. (18)F results showed a decrease in dose with 0.5-mm Pb shielding but the reduction provided does not warrant its use clinically. (124)I testing demonstrated that dose enhancement can occur in greater shield thicknesses. PET isotope (124)I can be adequately shielded using 0.25-mm Pb equivalent aprons but any higher thickness increase the wearer's dose. As a result more shielding does not always equal more protection. The (131)I test showed that no dose reduction occurred, even when tested with up to 1.25-mm Pb equivalent shielding. Novel radioisotopes being used in the laboratory and clinic should be individually tested as each requires specific shielding testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Deb
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Robert Jamison
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 8006, Australia
| | - Lisa Mong
- Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Paul U
- Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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