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He H, Ghosh S, Yang H. Nanomedicines for dysfunctional macrophage-associated diseases. J Control Release 2017; 247:106-126. [PMID: 28057522 PMCID: PMC5360184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play vital functions in host inflammatory reaction, tissue repair, homeostasis and immunity. Dysfunctional macrophages have significant pathophysiological impacts on diseases such as cancer, inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease), metabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity) and major infections like human immunodeficiency virus infection. In view of this common etiology in these diseases, targeting the recruitment, activation and regulation of dysfunctional macrophages represents a promising therapeutic strategy. With the advancement of nanotechnology, development of nanomedicines to efficiently target dysfunctional macrophages can strengthen the effectiveness of therapeutics and improve clinical outcomes. This review discusses the specific roles of dysfunctional macrophages in various diseases and summarizes the latest advances in nanomedicine-based therapeutics and theranostics for treating diseases associated with dysfunctional macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Dhillon SS, Fattouh R, Elkadri A, Xu W, Murchie R, Walters T, Guo C, Mack D, Huynh HQ, Baksh S, Silverberg MS, Griffiths AM, Snapper SB, Brumell JH, Muise AM. Variants in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex components determine susceptibility to very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:680-689.e2. [PMID: 24931457 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The colitis observed in patients with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD; defined as onset of disease at younger than 6 years of age) often resembles that of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in extent and features of colonic inflammation observed by endoscopy and histology. CGD is a severe immunodeficiency caused by defects in the genes that encode components of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. We investigated whether variants in genes that encode NADPH oxidase components affect susceptibility to VEOIBD using independent approaches. METHODS We performed targeted exome sequencing of genes that encode components of NADPH oxidases (cytochrome b light chain and encodes p22(phox) protein; cytochrome b-245 or NADPH oxidase 2, and encodes Nox2 or gp91(phox); neutrophil cytosol factor 1 and encodes p47 (phox) protein; neutrophil cytosol factor 2 and encodes p67 (phox) protein; neutrophil cytosol factor 4 and encodes p40 (phox) protein; and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and 2) in 122 patients with VEOIBD diagnosed at The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, from 1994 through 2012. Gene variants were validated in an independent International Early Onset Pediatric IBD Cohort Study cohort of patients with VEOIBD. In a second approach, we examined Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in a subset of patients with VEOIBD in which the NOX2 NADPH oxidase genes sequence had been previously analyzed. We then looked for single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the disease in an independent International Early Onset Pediatric IBD Cohort Study cohort of patients. We analyzed the functional effects of variants associated with VEOIBD. RESULTS Targeted exome sequencing and Tag single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping identified 11 variants associated with VEOIBD; the majority of patients were heterozygous for these variants. Expression of these variants in cells either reduced oxidative burst or altered interactions among proteins in the NADPH oxidase complex. Variants in the noncoding regulatory and splicing elements resulted in reduced levels of proteins, or expression of altered forms of the proteins, in blood cells from VEOIBD patients. CONCLUSIONS We found that VEOIBD patients carry heterozygous functional hypomorphic variants in components of the NOX2 NADPH oxidase complex. These do not cause overt immunodeficiency, but instead determine susceptibility to VEOIBD. Specific approaches might be developed to treat individual patients based on their genetic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Dhillon
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramzi Fattouh
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Murchie
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Walters
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conghui Guo
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Mack
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hien Q Huynh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, University of Toronto Group, Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Diseases, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne M Griffiths
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John H Brumell
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Martin F, Sewer A, Talikka M, Xiang Y, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Quantification of biological network perturbations for mechanistic insight and diagnostics using two-layer causal models. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:238. [PMID: 25015298 PMCID: PMC4227138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput measurement technologies such as microarrays provide complex datasets reflecting mechanisms perturbed in an experiment, typically a treatment vs. control design. Analysis of these information rich data can be guided based on a priori knowledge, such as networks or set of related proteins or genes. Among those, cause-and-effect network models are becoming increasingly popular and more than eighty such models, describing processes involved in cell proliferation, cell fate, cell stress, and inflammation have already been published. A meaningful systems toxicology approach to study the response of a cell system, or organism, exposed to bio-active substances requires a quantitative measure of dose-response at network level, to go beyond the differential expression of single genes. RESULTS We developed a method that quantifies network response in an interpretable manner. It fully exploits the (signed graph) structure of cause-and-effect networks models to integrate and mine transcriptomics measurements. The presented approach also enables the extraction of network-based signatures for predicting a phenotype of interest. The obtained signatures are coherent with the underlying network perturbation and can lead to more robust predictions across independent studies. The value of the various components of our mathematically coherent approach is substantiated using several in vivo and in vitro transcriptomics datasets. As a proof-of-principle, our methodology was applied to unravel mechanisms related to the efficacy of a specific anti-inflammatory drug in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. A plausible mechanistic explanation of the unequal efficacy of the drug is provided. Moreover, by utilizing the underlying mechanisms, an accurate and robust network-based diagnosis was built to predict the response to the treatment. CONCLUSION The presented framework efficiently integrates transcriptomics data and "cause and effect" network models to enable a mathematically coherent framework from quantitative impact assessment and data interpretation to patient stratification for diagnosis purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International, R&D, Biological Systems Research, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
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Wu Y, Briley-Saebo K, Xie J, Zhang R, Wang Z, He C, Tang CY, Tao X. Inflammatory bowel disease: MR- and SPECT/CT-based macrophage imaging for monitoring and evaluating disease activity in experimental mouse model--pilot study. Radiology 2014; 271:400-7. [PMID: 24475849 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13122254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) to visualize the in vivo recruitment of iron oxide-labeled macrophages and indium 111 ((111)In)-labeled macrophages in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to monitor disease activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study had institutional animal care and use committee approval. Twenty-seven C57/B6 mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced IBD and control mice were included. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from seven thioglycollate-treated mice and were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Macrophage iron content was determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. SPIO nanoparticle-labeled macrophages (5 × 10(6)) were intravenously administered. Mice with DSS-induced IBD (n = 8) and control mice (n = 6) were imaged with a 9.4-T MR imaging unit at 0, 5, and 24 hours after macrophage administration. Percentage normalized enhancement (NE) was calculated for the intestinal wall and liver 24 hours after injection. Six mice with IBD coinjected with SPIO nanoparticles and (111)In oxine-labeled macrophages were imaged with MR imaging and SPECT/CT after 24 hours. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the implanted macrophages were determined. Correlation between percentage NE and IBD scores was calculated. RESULTS Ex vivo mass spectrometry revealed strong SPIO nanoparticle uptake (7.4 pg iron per cell). R2* correlated with cell number (r = 0.9813, P < .05). Percentage NE correlated with both clinical (r = 0.924) and pathologic (r = 0.795) IBD score. Cell circulation half-life in the first and second phases was 0.32 hour and 10.2 hours, respectively. SPECT/CT showed that approximately 3% of the injected dose was present in the intestines 24 hours after injection; this was confirmed at MR imaging and histologic examination. Indium 111-labeled cells were present in all tissue associated with the reticuloendothelial system or mononuclear phagocyte system at 24 hours. CONCLUSION SPIO nanoparticles and (111)In-labeled macrophages could be observed in vivo at MR imaging and SPECT/CT in mice with IBD. Percentage NE at MR imaging correlates with disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wu
- From the Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, China 200011 (Y.W., X.T.); Department of Radiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.W., Z.W.); Department of Radiology (K.B., C.Y.T.), Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute (R.Z.), and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.H.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.X.)
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Sena A, Grishina I, Thai A, Goulart L, Macal M, Fenton A, Li J, Prindiville T, Oliani SM, Dandekar S, Goulart L, Sankaran-Walters S. Dysregulation of anti-inflammatory annexin A1 expression in progressive Crohns Disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76969. [PMID: 24130820 PMCID: PMC3794972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves the interplay of environmental and genetic factors with the host immune system. Mechanisms contributing to immune dysregulation in IBD are not fully defined. Development of novel therapeutic strategies is focused on controlling aberrant immune response in IBD. Current IBD therapy utilizes a combination of immunomodulators and biologics to suppress pro-inflammatory effectors of IBD. However, the role of immunomodulatory factors such as annexin A1 (ANXA1) is not well understood. The goal of this study was to examine the association between ANXA1 and IBD, and the effects of anti-TNF-α, Infliximab (IFX), therapy on ANXA1 expression. Methods ANXA1 and TNF-α transcript levels in PBMC were measured by RT PCR. Clinical follow up included the administration of serial ibdQs. ANXA1 expression in the gut mucosa was measured by IHC. Plasma ANXA1 levels were measured by ELISA. Results We found that the reduction in ANXA1 protein levels in plasma coincided with a decrease in the ANXA1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood of IBD patients. ANXA1 expression is upregulated during IFX therapy in patients with a successful intervention but not in clinical non-responders. The IFX therapy also modified the cellular immune activation in the peripheral blood of IBD patients. Decreased expression of ANXA1 was detected in the colonic mucosa of IBD patients with incomplete resolution of inflammation during continuous therapy, which correlated with increased levels of TNF-α transcripts. Gut mucosal epithelial barrier disruption was evident by increased plasma bacterial 16S levels. Conclusion Loss of ANXA1 expression may support inflammation during IBD and can serve as a biomarker of disease progression. Changes in ANXA1 levels may be predictive of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sena
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Thai
- UCDHS: Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Larissa Goulart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Macal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Fenton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Prindiville
- UCDHS: Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Department of Biology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Sao José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luiz Goulart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammasomes are molecular platforms assembled in response to infection or danger signals, and they regulate the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we will summarize the centrality of Nod-like receptor proteins that assemble inflammasomes and regulate intestinal homeostasis by controlling host defense responses, microbiota composition, intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. RECENT FINDINGS In the intestine, the innate immune system evolved to tolerate commensal microorganisms while maintaining the capacity to trigger host defense responses to invading pathogens. Recent findings suggest that inflammasomes play a critical role in the intricate interplay between the local microbial community and the mucosal immune system by sensing commensal bacteria, regulating microbial ecology, establishing the host defense response that discriminates pathogenic from commensal microbes and preventing the emergence of pathobionts. A model to reconcile the conflicting results in the literature on the role of inflammasomes in experimental colitis will be discussed. SUMMARY A better understanding of the relationship between inflammasome signaling and the intestinal microbiota might provide insight into the complex interaction of the innate immune system with the intestinal environment, and identify new approaches for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancer.
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Steegenga WT, de Wit NJ, Boekschoten MV, Ijssennagger N, Lute C, Keshtkar S, Bromhaar MMG, Kampman E, de Groot LC, Muller M. Structural, functional and molecular analysis of the effects of aging in the small intestine and colon of C57BL/6J mice. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:38. [PMID: 22929163 PMCID: PMC3534289 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By regulating digestion and absorption of nutrients and providing a barrier against the external environment the intestine provides a crucial contribution to the maintenance of health. To what extent aging-related changes in the intestinal system contribute to the functional decline associated with aging is still under debate. METHODS Young (4 M) and old (21 M) male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control low-fat (10E%) or a high-fat diet (45E%) for 2 weeks. During the intervention gross energy intake and energy excretion in the feces were measured. After sacrifice the small and large intestine were isolated and the small intestine was divided in three equal parts. Swiss rolls were prepared of each of the isolated segments for histological analysis and the luminal content was isolated to examine alterations in the microflora with 16S rRNA Q-PCR. Furthermore, mucosal scrapings were isolated from each segment to determine differential gene expression by microarray analysis and global DNA methylation by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Digestible energy intake was similar between the two age groups on both the control and the high-fat diet. Microarray analysis on RNA from intestinal scrapings showed no marked changes in expression of genes involved in metabolic processes. Decreased expression of Cubilin was observed in the intestine of 21-month-old mice, which might contribute to aging-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Furthermore, microarray data analysis revealed enhanced expression of a large number of genes involved in immune response and inflammation in the colon, but not in the small intestine of the 21-month-old mice. Aging-induced global hypomethylation was observed in the colon and the distal part of the small intestine, but not in the first two sections of the small intestine. CONCLUSION In 21-month old mice the most pronounced effects of aging were observed in the colon, whereas very few changes were observed in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma T Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Pre-colectomy appendectomy and risk for Crohn's disease in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:1370-8. [PMID: 22528574 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of ulcerative colitis can develop Crohn's disease (CD) of the pouch after restorative proctocolectomy. While appendectomy has been implicated to be associated with an increased risk for CD, its impact on the development of de novo CD of the pouch in patients' ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has not been studied. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of CD of the pouch in patients with pre-colectomy appendectomy and to investigate the impact of appendectomy on the development of de novo CD of the pouch. METHODS All eligible patients with restorative proctocolectomy and IPAA for IBD who had available information on pre-colectomy appendectomy were studied. Demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Cox regression analysis was performed. RESULTS The study included 434 patients (44.9 % male) with a mean age of 45.2 ± 4.4 years and follow-up of 4.6 ± 2.3 years. Forty patients (9.2 %) had had appendectomy prior to colectomy. Appendectomy was not shown to be associated with CD of the pouch or its phenotypes in both univariable and multivariable analyses. In the Cox model, independent risk factors associated with CD of the pouch were active smoking (hazard ratio [HR] =1.58; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.43) and family history of CD (HR=1.82; 95 % CI, 0.99-3.32). CONCLUSIONS While this study has shown no association between previous appendectomy and the development of CD of pouch, active smoking was an independent risk factor for development of CD of the pouch.
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Cheng J, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. Pregnane X receptor as a target for treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:323-30. [PMID: 22609277 PMCID: PMC3368991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has a major role in the induction of genes involved in drug transport and metabolism. Recent studies in mice have provided insight into a novel function for PXR in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanism of the protective effect of PXR activation on IBD is not fully established, but is due in part to the attenuation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling that results in lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent clinical trials with the antibiotic rifaximin, a PXR agonist in the gastrointestinal system, have revealed its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of intestinal inflammation in humans. Thus, PXR may be a novel target for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ji Y, Sakata Y, Yang Q, Li X, Xu M, Yoder S, Langhans W, Tso P. Activation of rat intestinal mucosal mast cells by fat absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1292-300. [PMID: 22461027 PMCID: PMC3378165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00011.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked certain types of gut mucosal immune cells with fat intake. We determined whether fat absorption activates intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC), a key component of the gut mucosal immune system. Conscious intestinal lymph fistula rats were used. The mesenteric lymph ducts were cannulated, and the intraduodenal (i.d.) tubes were installed for the infusion of Liposyn II 20% (an intralipid emulsion). Lymphatic concentrations of histamine, rat MMC protease II (RMCPII), a specific marker of rat intestinal MMC degranulation, and prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) were measured by ELISA. Intestinal MMC degranulation was visualized by immunofluorescent microscopy of jejunum sections taken at 1 h after Liposyn II gavage. Intraduodenal bolus infusion of Liposyn II 20% (4.4 kcal/3 ml) induced approximately a onefold increase in lymphatic histamine and PGD(2), ∼20-fold increase in lymphatic RMCPII, but only onefold increase in peripheral serum RMCPII concentrations. Release of RMCPII into lymph increased dose dependently with the amount of lipid fed. In addition, i.d. infusion of long-chain triacylglycerol trilinolein (C18:2 n-6, the major composite in Liposyn II) significantly increased the lymphatic RMCPII concentration, whereas medium-chain triacylglycerol tricaprylin (C8:0) did not alter lymph RMCPII secretion. Immunohistochemistry image revealed the degranulation of MMC into lamina propria after lipid feeding. These novel findings indicate that intestinal MMC are activated and degranulate to release MMC mediators to the circulation during fat absorption. This action of fatty acid is dose and chain length dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
| | - Yasuhisa Sakata
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Qing Yang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Xiaoming Li
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Min Xu
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Stephanie Yoder
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- 2Institute of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Tso
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
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Ge WS, Wu JX, Chen YW, Fan JG, Hu Y. Effect of ethyl pyruvate on high mobility group box 1 protein expression and serum cytokine levels in rats with experimental colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:558-562. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i7.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on the expression of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and cytokine levels in rats with experimental colitis.
METHODS: Thirty-six rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups: blank control group, model control group, and EP treatment group. Experimental colitis was induced in mice by giving dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The impact of EP on disease activity index (DAI) and histopathological score (HPS) in experimental colitis was evaluated. The expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Serum levels of TNF-a and IL-6 were determined by ELISA.
RESULTS: DAI and HPS were higher in the model control group than in the blank control group (7.20 ± 2.28 vs 0.45 ± 0.16, 13.60 ± 0.72 vs 6.4 ± 0.85, both P < 0.01). The expression levels of HMGB1 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the model control group than in the blank control group (both P < 0.01). The levels of TNF-a and IL-6 in serum were also significantly higher in the model control group than in the blank control group (190.40 ± 24.55 vs 43.65 ± 8.79, 238.75 ± 26.58 vs 74.3 ± 7.92, both P < 0.01). Compared to the model control group, EP inhibited the body weight loss and occurrence of diarrhea as well as rectal bleeding in rats. DAI, HPS, TNF-a, IL-6 as well as the expression levels of HMGB1 mRNA and protein in the EP treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model control group (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of HMGB1 is up-regulated in experimental colitis, which is closely related with the development and progression of experimental colitis. EP exerts significant therapeutic effects on DSS-induced experimental colitis in rats possibly by down-regulating the expression of HMGB1 and ameliorating the levels of inflammatory factors.
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Fang NF, Li BM, Len F. Role of retinoic acid in immune regulation: implications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2857-2862. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i27.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A, can regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation and plays important roles in the body's normal development and a variety of physiological activities. Retinoic acid is not only a differentiation inducer but also an immunomodulator. On one hand, retinoic acid can balance the Thl/Th2 ratio by reducing the secretion of INF-γ and promoting the secretion of IL-4; on the other hand, it can regulate Th17/Treg balance by promoting the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. In this way, retinoic acid can regulate the body's disturbed immune system and help restore normal immune function. Thus, treatment with retinoic acid may affect the process of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and represent a new method for the therapy of IBD.
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Sun S, Wang X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wang F, Liu X, Song Y, Wu Z, Liu M. Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:186. [PMID: 21943110 PMCID: PMC3199248 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection may modulate the expression of Toll like receptors (TLR) in dendritic cells (DCs) and modify the responsiveness of DCs to TLR ligands. This may regulate aberrant intestinal inflammation in humans with helminthes and may thus help alleviate inflammation associated with human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epidemiological and experimental data provide further evidence that reducing helminth infections increases the incidence rate of such autoimmune diseases. Fine control of inflammation in the TLR pathway is highly desirable for effective host defense. Thus, the use of antagonists of TLR-signaling and agonists of their negative regulators from helminths or helminth products should be considered for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuMin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Zoonosis Research Centre of State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Baumgart DC, Metzke D, Guckelberger O, Pascher A, Grötzinger C, Przesdzing I, Dörffel Y, Schmitz J, Thomas S. Aberrant plasmacytoid dendritic cell distribution and function in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 166:46-54. [PMID: 21762123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) function is believed to be of critical importance for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To date, most research in animal models and the few human data available is restricted to myeloid DC, while plasmacytoid DC (pDC) capable of controlling both innate and adaptive immune responses have not yet been investigated systematically in human Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). CD11c(-) , CD303(+) /CD304(+) and CD123(+) pDC from peripheral blood (n = 90), mucosal tissue (n = 28) or mesenteric lymph nodes (n = 40) (MLNs) of patients with UC and CD or controls were purified and cultured. Thereafter, pDC were enumerated, phenotyped and cytokine secretion measured by flow cytometry (FACS), immunohistochemistry and/or cytometric bead array, respectively. Interferon (IFN)-α secretion following cytosine phosphatidyl guanine (CpG) A oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2216 (5'-GGGGGACGATCGTCGGGGGG-3') stimulation was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found a significantly higher frequency of pDC in the inflamed colonic mucosa and MLN of IBD patients. Moreover, the fraction of CD40 and CD86 expressing cultured peripheral blood pDC was significantly higher in flaring UC and CD patients and their secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were increased significantly compared with controls. In contrast, the IFN-α secretion of peripheral blood pDC isolated from flaring IBD, particularly in UC patients, was reduced significantly compared with controls. Our data suggest an aberrant distribution and function of pDC in IBD, contrary to their generally implicated role as inducers of tolerance. We speculate that the impaired IFN-α secretion may relate to the hypothesized defect in innate immunity in IBD and could also impact upon the generation of regulatory T cells (T(reg) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Baumgart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Surgery General Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic, Charité Medical Center - Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, 13344 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review our current understanding of the relationship between absorption of nutrients and intestinal inflammatory response. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing evidence linking gut local inflammatory events with the intake of nutrients. Our recent studies, using the conscious lymph fistula rat model, demonstrate that fat absorption activates the intestinal mucosal mast cells. This is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the lymphatic release of mast cell mediators including histamine, rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII), as well as the lipid mediator prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Clinical studies suggest that increased consumption of animal fat may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. This impact of dietary fat may not be restricted to the gut but may extend to the whole body. There is evidence linking a high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome, with a low-grade chronic inflammatory state. In this review, we hope to convince the readers that fat absorption can have far reaching physiological and pathophysiological consequences. SUMMARY Understanding the relationship between nutrient absorption and intestinal inflammation is important. We need a better understanding of the interaction between enterocytes and the intestinal immune cells in nutrient absorption and the gut inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA
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Nurtanio N, Yang PC. Role of TIM-4 in innate or adaptive immune response. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011; 3:217-21. [PMID: 22558597 PMCID: PMC3337740 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human being living in constant contact with microbes and pathogen and in the process has developed a recognition pattern of pathogenic structure in the immune cells. The gut lumen has high density of microbes thus the immune response is slightly tolerable to certain microbes, known as commensal flora. These microbes along with other innocuous agents do not cause any inflammation response normally, and are considered as harmless by the immune cells. In immune hypersensitivity condition, such as colitis or food allergy, this mechanism is disturbed. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM)-4 is a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed in mature antigen presenting cells. It is shown that TIM-4 and its ligand TIM-1 are associated in intestinal immune response. However the characteristic of TIM-4 sometimes seems to be two-faced and there is a possibility that TIM-4 also bind to other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Nurtanio
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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