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Wang Y, Zhang G, Ding J. An obvious antinomy, superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia: Case report and a review of literatures. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33412. [PMID: 37000101 PMCID: PMC10063276 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease with an increased risk of bleeding. However, in recent years, it has been reported that patients with this hemorrhagic disease have the risk of thrombosis and embolism. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS The patient, in this case, was a young female who was diagnosed with ITP. When the platelet count was low, she had skin, mucosa, internal organs, and intracranial hemorrhage. In the process of ITP and hemostatic treatment, superior sagittal sinus thrombosis occurred when she was still bleeding. INTERVENTIONS She was given treatments for reducing intracranial pressure and controlling epilepsy. OUTCOMES And then the embolectomy operation failed. It was suggested in this case that ITP patients with severe thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency also have a risk of having thrombotic disease. We reviewed literatures regarding the mechanism of the simultaneous occurrence of 2 antinomy diseases and cerebral venous thrombosis. LESSONS There are many factors for ITP patients to have thrombosis involving ITP itself, its treatment and the patients' constitution, medical history, and former medication. ITP is not only a hemorrhagic disease but also a thrombotic disease. Clinicians should be alert to the risk of thrombotic diseases in ITP treatment. Therefore thrombus monitoring and screening should be carried out, and early prevention or appropriate anticoagulant treatment should be selected, especially for patients with high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinggang Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Ekholm M, Kahan T. The Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System on Inflammation, Coagulation, and Atherothrombotic Complications, and to Aggravated COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640185. [PMID: 34220496 PMCID: PMC8245685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered a disease caused by a chronic inflammation, associated with endothelial dysfunction, and several mediators of inflammation are up-regulated in subjects with atherosclerotic disease. Healthy, intact endothelium exhibits an antithrombotic, protective surface between the vascular lumen and vascular smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between anti- and prooxidants, with a subsequent increase of reactive oxygen species, leading to tissue damage. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is of vital importance in the pathobiology of vascular disease. Convincing data indicate that angiotensin II accelerates hypertension and augments the production of reactive oxygen species. This leads to the generation of a proinflammatory phenotype in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines. In addition, angiotensin II also seems to increase thrombin generation, possibly via a direct impact on tissue factor. However, the mechanism of cross-talk between inflammation and haemostasis can also contribute to prothrombotic states in inflammatory environments. Thus, blocking of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might be an approach to reduce both inflammatory and thrombotic complications in high-risk patients. During COVID-19, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be activated. The levels of angiotensin II could contribute to the ongoing inflammation, which might result in a cytokine storm, a complication that significantly impairs prognosis. At the outbreak of COVID-19 concerns were raised about the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker drugs in patients with COVID-19 and hypertension or other cardiovascular comorbidities. However, the present evidence is in favor of continuing to use of these drugs. Based on experimental evidence, blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might even exert a potentially protective influence in the setting of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ekholm
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Kahan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:2013-2020. [PMID: 33006722 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review to help resolve the controversy of ischemic stroke (IS)/transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). METHODS A database search of PubMed and Ovid Embase was conducted for epidemiologic studies published up to December 17, 2019. The effective size was estimated by pooled prevalence, annualized incidence/risk, relative risk (RR), and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The systematic review included 14 eligible studies from 11 publications. The pooled annualized cumulative incidence was 0.15% (95% CI, 0.03-0.26%) per person-years. And the pooled annualized cumulative risk of IS/TIA of ITP was 0.86% (95% CI, 0.33-1.39%) per year based on 3 population-based cohort studies. There was a higher risk of incident IS/TIA in ITP patients than ITP-free subjects (pooled unadjusted or adjusted RR with 95% CI, 1.46 [1.22-1.74] or 1.50 [1.29-1.73]). CONCLUSIONS IS/TIA was not uncommon in patients with primary ITP. ITP patients have a higher risk of IS/TIA compared with the reference cohorts. Healthcare professionals should take into account the risk of IS/TIA when treating ITP patients with or without a history of IS/TIA.
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4
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Sutherland MR, Simon AY, Shanina I, Horwitz MS, Ruf W, Pryzdial ELG. Virus envelope tissue factor promotes infection in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:482-491. [PMID: 30659719 PMCID: PMC6397068 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The coagulation initiator, tissue factor (TF), is on the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) surface. HSV1 surface TF was examined in mice as an antiviral target since it enhances infection in vitro. HSV1 surface TF facilitated infection of all organs evaluated and anticoagulants were antiviral. Protease activated receptor 2 inhibited infection in vivo and its pre-activation was antiviral. SUMMARY: Background Tissue factor (TF) is the essential cell surface initiator of coagulation, and mediates cell signaling through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2. Having a diverse cellular distribution, TF is involved in many biological pathways and pathologies. Our earlier work identified host cell-derived TF on the envelope covering several viruses, and showed its involvement in enhanced cell infection in vitro. Objective In the current study, we evaluated the in vivo effects of virus surface TF on infection and on the related modulator of infection PAR2. Methods With the use of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) as a model enveloped virus, purified HSV1 was generated with or without envelope TF through propagation in a TF-inducible cell line. Infection was studied after intravenous inoculation of BALB/c, C57BL/6J or C57BL/6J PAR2 knockout mice with 5 × 105 plaque-forming units of HSV1, mimicking viremia. Three days after inoculation, organs were processed, and virus was quantified with plaque-forming assays and quantitative real-time PCR. Results Infection of brain, lung, heart, spinal cord and liver by HSV1 required viral TF. Demonstrating promise as a therapeutic target, virus-specific anti-TF mAbs or small-molecule inhibitors of coagulation inhibited infection. PAR2 modulates HSV1 in vivo as demonstrated with PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonist peptide. Conclusion TF is a constituent of many permissive host cell types. Therefore, the results presented here may explain why many viruses are correlated with hemostatic abnormalities, and indicate that TF is a novel pan-specific envelope antiviral target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticoagulants/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/blood
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Thromboplastin/administration & dosage
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Sutherland
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayo Y Simon
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- African Centre of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Preclinical Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Chu C, Wei S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Man Y, Qu Y. Extracellular vesicle and mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration: recent progress and perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:243-250. [PMID: 30378760 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely perceived as an ideal treatment for bone repair and regeneration, owing to their differential potential. However, researchers found that very few intravenous MSCs could stay in the target tissue, whereas the majority of them are trapped in liver, spleen, and lung, largely reducing its therapeutic effects. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted increased attention due to their function in bone repair and advantages over traditional cell therapy. Also, MSCs-derived EVs are likely to achieve the osteogenic goal via modulating the cells and cytokines involved in bone metabolism. This review aims at summarizing the function of EVs and MSCs in bone metabolism and regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 243-250, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shimin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yili Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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7
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Date K, Ettelaie C, Maraveyas A. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and inflammation: a potential mechanism for the development of venous thromboembolism in cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2289-2299. [PMID: 29028284 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE); the exact mechanisms for the induction of VTE remain to be fully elucidated, but it is widely acknowledged that tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles (TF-MPs) may play a significant role. However, TF-MPs have yet to be accepted as a genuine biomarker for cancer-associated VTE, as the presence of elevated TF-MP levels is not always accompanied by thrombosis; interestingly, in certain cases, particularly in pancreatic cancer, VTE seems to be more likely in the context of acute inflammation. Although several potential mechanisms for the development of VTE in cancer have been postulated, this review explores the homeostatic disruption of TF-MPs, as the main reservoir of bloodborne TF, in the context of cancer and inflammation, and considers the abrogated responses of the activated endothelium and mononuclear phagocyte system in mediating this disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Date
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - C Ettelaie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - A Maraveyas
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
- Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
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8
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Doobaree IU, Nandigam R, Bennett D, Newland A, Provan D. Thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:321-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indraraj Umesh Doobaree
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Blizard Institute; Queen Mary University of London; Whitechapel London UK
| | - Raghava Nandigam
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Blizard Institute; Queen Mary University of London; Whitechapel London UK
| | - Dimitri Bennett
- Worldwide Epidemiology Department; R&D GlaxoSmithKline; Collegeville Pennsylvania USA
| | - Adrian Newland
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Blizard Institute; Queen Mary University of London; Whitechapel London UK
| | - Drew Provan
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Blizard Institute; Queen Mary University of London; Whitechapel London UK
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9
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Kidd L, Geddings J, Hisada Y, Sueda M, Concannon T, Nichols T, Merricks E, Mackman N. Procoagulant microparticles in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:908-16. [PMID: 25871966 PMCID: PMC4895429 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of some human prothrombotic diseases suggest that phosphatidylserine‐positive (PS+) and tissue factor‐positive (TF+) microparticles (MPs) might play a role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis or serve as biomarkers of thrombotic risk. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine if circulating levels of PS+MP and procoagulant activity (PCA) associated with PS+MPs and TF+ MPs are increased in dogs with IMHA. Animals Fifteen dogs with primary or secondary IMHA and 17 clinically healthy dogs. Methods Prospective case‐controlled observational study. Circulating PS+MPs were measured by flow cytometry. PCA associated with PS+MPs and TF+MPs was measured by thrombin and Factor Xa generating assays, respectively. Results Circulating numbers of PS+MPs were not significantly higher in dogs with IMHA [control median 251,000/μL (36,992–1,141,250/μL); IMHA median 361,990/μL (21,766–47,650,600/μL) P = .30]. However, PS+MP PCA [control median 2.2 (0.0–16.8) nM PS eq; IMHA median 8.596, (0–49.33 nM PS eq) P = .01] and TF+MP PCA [control median 0.0, (0.0–0.0 pg/mL); IMHA median 0.0; (0–22.34 pg/mL], P = .04) were increased. Intravascular hemolysis, which we showed might increase PS+ and TF+MP PCA, was evident in 3 of 5 dogs with PS+MP PCA and 2 of 4 dogs with TF+MP PCA higher than controls. Underlying disease in addition to IMHA was detected in 1 of 5 dogs with PS+PCA and 3 of 4 dogs with TF+MP PCA higher than controls. Conclusions and Clinical Importance TF+ and PS+MP PCA is increased in some dogs with IMHA. Further studies that determine if measuring TF+ and PS+ MP PCA can help identify dogs at risk for thrombosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA
| | - J Geddings
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Y Hisada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - M Sueda
- California Veterinary Specialists, Ontario, CA
| | - T Concannon
- California Veterinary Specialists, Ontario, CA
| | - T Nichols
- Francis Owen Blood Research Laboratory Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - E Merricks
- Francis Owen Blood Research Laboratory Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - N Mackman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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10
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Mooberry MJ, Key NS. Microparticle analysis in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Cytometry A 2015; 89:111-22. [PMID: 25704723 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are submicron vesicles released from the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells in response to activation or apoptosis. MPs are known to be involved in numerous biologic processes, including inflammation, the immune response, cancer metastasis, and angiogenesis. Their earliest recognized and most widely accepted role, however, is the ability to promote and support the process of blood coagulation. Consequently, there is ongoing interest in studying MPs in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Both phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and the presence of tissue factor (TF) in the MP membrane may account for their procoagulant properties, and elevated numbers of MPs in plasma have been reported in numerous prothrombotic conditions. To date, however, there are few data on true causality linking MPs to the genesis of thrombosis. A variety of methodologies have been employed to characterize and quantify MPs, although detection is challenging due to their submicron size. Flow cytometry (FCM) remains the most frequently utilized strategy for MP detection; however, it is associated with significant technological limitations. Additionally, preanalytical and analytical variables can influence the detection of MPs by FCM, rendering data interpretation difficult. Lack of methodologic standardization in MP analysis by FCM confounds the issue further, although efforts are currently underway to address this limitation. Moving forward, it will be important to address these technical challenges as a scientific community if we are to better understand the role that MPs play in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Mooberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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11
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Cimmino G, Conte S, Morello A, D’Elia S, Marchese V, Golino P. The complex puzzle underlying the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes: from molecular basis to clinical manifestations. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 10:1533-43. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Marchetti M, Tartari CJ, Russo L, Panova-Noeva M, Leuzzi A, Rambaldi A, Finazzi G, Woodhams B, Falanga A. Phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity is highly expressed by circulating microparticles in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:68-73. [PMID: 24009132 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the functional procoagulant features of plasma microparticle (MP) to explore the MP contribution to the hypercoagulable state of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET). Platelet-free plasma samples were obtained from 73 ET patients (37 positive for the JAK2V617F mutation) and 72 control subjects. The calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) was performed in plasma samples to determine thrombin generation of MP-associated tissue factor (TF) and procoagulant phospholipid (PPL) activity, and the STA Procoag PPL assay to measure MP-PPL activity only. Both thrombin generation and PPL procoagulant activities were found significantly elevated in ET patients compared to controls, and were associated to significantly higher levels of TF antigen and FVIIa/AT complex. Thrombin generation was significantly greater in JAK2-V617F positive compared to JAK2-V617F negative patients and normal subjects. Significant correlations were found between the PPL-assay and the different parameters of the CAT assay. No difference was seen between the thrombosis and no thrombosis group. Prospective studies are needed to test whether MP-associated thrombin generation and procoagulant activity may predict for thrombosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marchetti
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Carmen J. Tartari
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Marina Panova-Noeva
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Annamaria Leuzzi
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | | | - Guido Finazzi
- Division of Hematology; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | | | - Anna Falanga
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine; Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
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13
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Markiewicz M, Richard E, Marks N, Ludwicka-Bradley A. Impact of endothelial microparticles on coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis in age-related vascular diseases. J Aging Res 2013; 2013:734509. [PMID: 24288612 PMCID: PMC3830876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/734509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are complex vesicular structures that originate from plasma membranes of activated or apoptotic endothelial cells. EMPs play a significant role in vascular function by altering the processes of inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, and they are key players in the pathogenesis of several vascular diseases. Circulating EMPs are increased in many age-related vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebral ischemia, and congestive heart failure. Their elevation in plasma has been considered as both a biomarker and bioactive effector of vascular damage and a target for vascular diseases. This review focuses on the pleiotropic roles of EMPs and the mechanisms that trigger their formation, particularly the involvement of decreased estrogen levels, thrombin, and PAI-1 as major factors that induce EMPs in age-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Markiewicz
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, STB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Erin Richard
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Natalia Marks
- Department of Radiology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
| | - Anna Ludwicka-Bradley
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, STB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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The role of extracellular vesicles in phenotypic cancer transformation. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:197-205. [PMID: 24133383 PMCID: PMC3794874 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer has traditionally been considered as a disease resulting from gene mutations. New findings in biology are challenging gene-centered explanations of cancer progression and redirecting them to the non-genetic origins of tumorigenicity. It has become clear that intercellular communication plays a crucial role in cancer progression. Among the most intriguing ways of intercellular communication is that via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane structures released from various types of cells. After separation from the mother membrane, EVs become mobile and may travel from the extracellular space to blood and other body fluids. Conclusions Recently it has been shown that tumour cells are particularly prone to vesiculation and that tumour-derived EVs can carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids causative of cancer progression. The uptake of tumour-derived EVs by noncancerous cells can change their normal phenotype to cancerous. The suppression of vesiculation could slow down tumour growth and the spread of metastases. The purpose of this review is to highlight examples of EV-mediated cancer phenotypic transformation in the light of possible therapeutic applications.
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Weisshaar S, Gouya G, Nguyen D, Kapiotis S, Wolzt M. The LPS-induced increase in circulating microparticles is not affected by vitamin C in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:708-15. [PMID: 23594362 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microparticles (MP) are considered to promote coagulation. This study aimed to characterize the time course of MP levels and the effect of high-dose vitamin C on MP formation during inflammation in an in vivo Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) model. METHODS Microparticle formation was studied in 14 male subjects in a cross-over trial who received either intravenous vitamin C at 320 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 480 mg/kg BW or saline solution in a random order on alternate trial days 3 h after intravenous exposure to LPS (2 ng/kg BW). Venous blood samples were taken before, 3 and 6 h after LPS. D-dimer, leucocyte count, C-reactive protein, plasma vitamin C and body temperature were assessed as inflammatory parameters. MP were detected using flow cytometric analysis and expressed in 10³ MP/mL plasma. RESULTS Microparticles levels were decreased from baseline 848 units [range 431-1705] by 21% to 671 units [253-1586] at 3 h and increased by 32% to 1119 units [288-4443] at 6 h after LPS. This pattern was not influenced by administration of vitamin C, with a change from 730 units [399-1396] at baseline by an increase to 832 units [215-2168] at 3 h to 1055 units [350-4858] at 6 h. MP subpopulations followed similar dynamics. Alterations in inflammatory parameters were independent from vitamin C administration during endotoxemia. CONCLUSION Microparticles are increased in acute systemic inflammation with inconsistent changes in MP subgroups in healthy subjects. Systemic vitamin C administration does not mitigate MP formation and D-dimer levels during acute systemic inflammation, suggesting that MP-induced coagulation activity is not affected by vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Lacroix R, Dubois C, Leroyer AS, Sabatier F, Dignat-George F. Revisited role of microparticles in arterial and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:24-35. [PMID: 23809108 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) represent a heterogeneous population of submicronic vesicles that are released in response to cell activation or apoptosis. MPs harbor a large repertoire of cell surface receptors and mRNA and biological activities representative of their parent cells and related to their involvement in many biological functions. Although MP generation is a physiological response, a dramatic increase in circulating MPs is detectable in a variety of thrombosis-associated disorders compared with healthy individuals. In this review, we will discuss a new vision of MPs as complex and ambivalent structures that express both activators and inhibitors of coagulation but also convey fibrinolytic properties. After summarizing our current knowledge about the role of MPs in venous and arterial thrombosis, this review will explore how this new vision of MPs influences their definition as emergent biomarkers in thrombotic diseases. Among the studies that have aimed to establish a link between thrombosis and MPs, a few studies have demonstrated a predictive value of MPs. So far, it is unclear whether this limited causative association is the result of current technical concerns and limited standardization or has to be integrated into a more complex vision of the role of MPs as key systems for regulating the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lacroix
- VRCM, UMR_S1076, UFR de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Marseille, France
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Monjushiro H, Tanahashi Y, Watarai H. Laser-photophoretic migration and fractionation of human blood cells. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 777:86-90. [PMID: 23622969 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Laser photophoretic migration behavior of human blood cells in saline solution was investigated under the irradiation of Nd:YAG laser beam (532 nm) in the absence and the presence of the flow in a fused silica capillary. Red blood cells (RBC) were migrated faster than white blood cells (WBC) and blood pellets to the direction of propagation of laser light. The observed photophoretic velocity of RBC was about 11 times faster than those of others. This was understood from the larger photophoretic efficiency of RBC than that of WBC, which was simulated based on the Mie scattering theory. Furthermore, it was found that, during the photophoretic migration, RBCs spontaneously orientated parallel to the migration direction so as to reduce the drag force. Finally, it was demonstrated that RBC and WBC were separated in a micro-channel flow system by the laser photophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Monjushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Garraud O, Cognasse F, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Laradi S, Pozzetto B, Muller JY. Transfusion sanguine et inflammation. Transfus Clin Biol 2013; 20:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Kidd L, Mackman N. Prothrombotic mechanisms and anticoagulant therapy in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:3-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona; CA; 91766
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Artoni A, Merati G, Padovan L, Scalambrino E, Chantarangkul V, Tripodi A. Residual platelets are the main determinants of microparticles count in frozen-thawed plasma. Thromb Res 2012; 130:561-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Van Der Meijden PEJ, Van Schilfgaarde M, Van Oerle R, Renné T, ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Platelet- and erythrocyte-derived microparticles trigger thrombin generation via factor XIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1355-62. [PMID: 22537188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The procoagulant properties of microparticles (MPs) are due to the of the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF) on their surface. The latter has been demonstrated especially on MPs derived from monocytes. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relative contribution of TF and factor (F)XII in initiating coagulation on MPs derived from monocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. METHODS Microparticles were isolated from calcium ionophore-stimulated platelets, erythrocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells. MPs were quantified, characterized for cell-specific antigens and analyzed for TF, PS exposure and their thrombin-generating potential. RESULTS The MP number was not proportional to PS exposure and the majority of the MPs exposed PS. TF activity was undetectable on platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs (< 1 fM nM(-1) PS), whereas monocyte-derived MPs exposed TF (32 fM nM(-1) PS). Platelet-, erythrocyte- and monocyte-derived MPs, but not purified phospholipids, initiated thrombin generation in normal plasma in the absence of an external trigger (lag time < 11 min). Deficiency or inhibition of FVII had no effect on thrombin generation induced by platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs, but interfered with monocyte MP-triggered coagulation. Platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs completely failed to induce thrombin generation in FXII-deficient plasma. In contrast, monocyte-derived MPs induced similar thrombin generation in normal vs. FXII-deficient plasma. CONCLUSION MPs from platelets and erythrocytes not only propagate coagulation by exposing PS but also initiate thrombin generation independently of TF in a FXII-dependent manner. In contrast, monocyte-derived MPs trigger coagulation predominantly via TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E J Van Der Meijden
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Bucciarelli P, Martinelli I, Artoni A, Passamonti SM, Previtali E, Merati G, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. Circulating microparticles and risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2012; 129:591-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Microparticles as a circulating source of procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities in the circulation. Thromb Res 2012; 129 Suppl 2:S27-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marsden L, Cox A, Makris M, Daly ME. Lack of association between polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 gene cluster and familial thrombophilia. Thromb Res 2012; 129:629-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Lacroix R, Judicone C, Poncelet P, Robert S, Arnaud L, Sampol J, Dignat-George F. Impact of pre-analytical parameters on the measurement of circulating microparticles: towards standardization of protocol. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:437-46. [PMID: 22212198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MP) are small vesicles of 0.1-1 μm, released in response to activation or apoptosis. Over the past decade, they received an increasing interest both as biomarkers and biovectors in coagulation, inflammation and cancer. Clinical studies were conducted to assess their contribution to the identification of patients at cardiovascular risk. However, among the limitation of such studies, pre-analytical steps remains an important source of variability and artifacts in MP analysis. OBJECTIVES Because data from the literature are insufficient to establish recommendations, the objective of the present study was to assess the impact of various pre-analytical parameters on MP measurement. These parameters included the type of collection tube, phlebotomy conditions, transportation practices, centrifugation steps and freezing. METHODS MP were assessed by three methods: flow cytometry using a standardized approach, a thrombin generation test (Calibrated Automated Thrombogram(®)) and a procoagulant phospholipid-dependent clotting time assay (STA(®) -Procoag-PPL). RESULTS The main results show that the three major pre-analytical parameters which impact on MP-related data are the delay before the first centrifugation, agitation of the tubes during transportation and the centrifugation protocol. CONCLUSIONS Based on both this work and literature data, we propose a new protocol that needs to be validated on a larger scale before being applied for multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lacroix
- UMR1076 INSERM-Aix-Marseille Université, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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26
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Robert S, Lacroix R, Poncelet P, Harhouri K, Bouriche T, Judicone C, Wischhusen J, Arnaud L, Dignat-George F. High-sensitivity flow cytometry provides access to standardized measurement of small-size microparticles--brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1054-8. [PMID: 22328775 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cellular microparticles (MP) are promising biomarkers in many pathological situations. Although flow cytometry (FCM) is widely used for their measurement, it has raised controversies because the smallest MP size falls below the detection limit of standard FCM (sd-FCM). Following recent technological improvements leading to high sensitivity FCM (hs-FCM), our objectives were (1) to evaluate the potential of hs-FCM for extended MP detection, (2) to set up a standardized protocol for MP enumeration, and (3) to compare MP counts obtained with both sensitivity levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with sd-FCM, hs-FCM displayed improved forward scatter resolution and lower background noise, allowing us to discriminate previously undetectable small MP in plasma samples. Using fluorescent beads with appropriate sizes (0.1/0.3/0.5/0.9 μm) and relative amounts, a new standardized hs-FCM MP protocol was set up and provided reproducible MP counts. Applied to coronary patient samples, it resulted into 8- to 20-fold increases in MP counts as compared with sd-FCM. Interestingly, the ratio between small and large MP varied according to clinical status but also depending on MP subset, suggesting access to new biological information. CONCLUSIONS Recent improvements in FCM provide access to previously undetectable MP and represent a new opportunity to enhance their impact as biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Robert
- UMR Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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27
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Cellular biomarkers of endothelial health: microparticles, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:85-99. [PMID: 22321962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, the shift from a healthy endothelium to a damaged pro-coagulative, pro-inflammatory, and pro-vasoconstrictive phenotype, is an early event in many chronic diseases that frequently precedes cardiovascular complications. Functional assessment of the endothelium can identify endothelial damage and predict cardiovascular risk; however, this assessment provides little information as to the mechanisms underlying development of endothelial dysfunction. Changes in plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels, markers of lipid peroxidation, circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, indices of coagulation and cellular surrogates such as microparticles, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells may reflect alterations in endothelial status and as such have been defined as "biomarkers" of endothelial function. Biomarkers may be chemical or cellular. This review examines some markers of endothelial dysfunction, with a particular focus on cellular biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and their diagnostic potential.
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Russo I. The prothrombotic tendency in metabolic syndrome: focus on the potential mechanisms involved in impaired haemostasis and fibrinolytic balance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:525374. [PMID: 24278711 PMCID: PMC3820496 DOI: 10.6064/2012/525374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by impairment of glucose metabolism, increased arterial blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The presence of these clinical features exposes patients to a high risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events. The pathogenesis of atherothrombosis in the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial, requiring a close relationship among the main components of the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, alterations of glycaemic and lipid pattern, haemodynamic impairment, and early appearance of endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, haemostatic alterations involving coagulation balance, fibrinolysis, and platelet function play a relevant role both in the progression of the arterial wall damage and in acute vascular events. The mechanisms linking abdominal obesity with prothrombotic changes in the metabolic syndrome have been identified and partially elucidated on the basis of alterations of each haemostatic variable and defined through the evidence of peculiar dysfunctions in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment, prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. This paper will focus on the direct role of adipose tissue on prothrombotic tendency in patients affected by metabolic syndrome, with adipocytes being able to produce and/or release cytokines and adipokines which deeply influence haemostatic/fibrinolytic balance, platelet function, and proinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- *Isabella Russo:
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Cimmino G, D'Amico C, Vaccaro V, D'Anna M, Golino P. The missing link between atherosclerosis, inflammation and thrombosis: is it tissue factor? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:517-23. [PMID: 21517734 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic plaques plays a key role during the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Lesion disruption facilitates the interaction between circulating blood and prothrombotic substances, such as tissue factor (TF) present within the atherosclerotic lesion. For a long period of time, vessel-wall TF has been considered the major determinant of thrombosis. However, this old dogma has been recently changed owing to the discovery of a different pool of TF that circulates in flowing blood (blood-borne TF). Several studies have shown that blood-borne TF circulates in different pools that are associated with selected blood cells, such as monocytes, granulocytes and platelets in cell-derived microparticles, and as a soluble protein generated by alternative splicing of its full-length mRNA. Recent studies have identified a hypercoagulable state associated with an increased circulating TF activity, leading to the concept of 'vulnerable blood'. Part of the blood-borne TF circulates in an 'inactive' form and it is required to be 'activated' to exert its thrombogenic potential. Certain pathological conditions, such as smoking, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, show a higher incidence of thrombotic complications. These conditions are also characterized by the presence of high levels of circulating TF activity. Recent evidence may also suggest that an increased circulating TF activity may potentiate the initial thrombogenic stimulus represented by vessel wall-associated TF, leading to the formation of larger and/or more stable thrombus, and thus more severe acute coronary syndromes. It has been reported that inflammation increases TF expression and activity by different cell types. On the other hand, TF upregulation may facilitate inflammation by enhancing intravascular fibrin deposition, formation of proinflammatory fragments of fibrin, and by generating coagulation proteases, including FVIIa, FXa and thrombin, that activate protease-activated receptors. Furthermore, the biology of TF is know known to be more complex than previously thought by the demonstration that this protein, apart from its known effects on blood coagulation, can also function as a signaling receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, AOS Sebastiano e S. Anna, Via Tescione, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Trappenburg MC, van Schilfgaarde M, Bredewold EO, van Aalderen MC, Spronk HM, ten Cate H, Leyte A, Terpstra WE. Elevated numbers and altered subsets of procoagulant microparticles in breast cancer patients using endocrine therapy. Thromb Res 2011; 127:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schneider J, Chromik AM, Uhl W, Mügge A, Bulut D. Apoptosis in esophagus and pancreas carcinoma cells induced by circulating microparticles is related to phosphatidyl serine and microparticle-associated caspases. Med Oncol 2011; 29:962-9. [PMID: 21452043 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microparticles (MPs) are recently discussed as "biologically active", participating in the pathology of diseases rather than being a marker of damaging processes. It was the purpose of the present study to investigate the effects of MPs, as isolated from the blood of healthy volunteers, on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis in cultured KYSE-270 esophageal and ASPC1 pancreas carcinoma cells. MPs were obtained from the blood of 20 healthy volunteers (11 women; mean age 33.3 years). Viability, apoptosis, and necrosis were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V/propidium iodide and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate (TMRE)/propidium iodide for staining. Incubation of KYSE and ASPC1 carcinoma cells with MPs (1-20.000/μl) for 48 h reduced significantly viability of the cells, and induced apoptosis, but not necrosis. This apoptotic effect was significant at a concentration of ≥1.000 MPs/μl in both cell types. Pre-treatment of MPs with either the global caspase inhibitor ZVAD-FMK or Annexin V which blocks phosphatidyl serine in the outer membrane of MPs with high affinity, almost abolished MP-induced apoptosis. A specific enzyme assay as well Western blot analysis confirmed the presence (activity, protein) of the apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 in MPs. Incubation of carcinoma cells with MPs (20.000/μl) resulted in an increase in caspase-3 protein in carcinoma cells; this increase could be prevented by pre-treatment of MPs with Annexin V. It is suggested that MPs induce concentration-dependent apoptosis in KSYE esophageal and ASPC1 pancreas carcinoma cells in vitro by transferring caspases into target cells. This process probably requires a target cell-MP interaction, and membrane-bound anionic phosphatidyl serine may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schneider
- Herz- und Kreislaufzentrum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Standort St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstraße 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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Litvack ML, Post M, Palaniyar N. IgM promotes the clearance of small particles and apoptotic microparticles by macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17223. [PMID: 21448268 PMCID: PMC3063157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies are often involved in enhancing particle clearance by macrophages. Although the mechanisms of antibody-dependent phagocytosis have been studied for IgG in greater detail, very little is known about IgM-mediated clearance. It has been generally considered that IgM does not support phagocytosis. Recent studies indicate that natural IgM is important to clear microbes and other bioparticles, and that shape is critical to particle uptake by macrophages; however, the relevance of IgM and particle size in their clearance remains unclear. Here we show that IgM has a size-dependent effect on clearance. Methodology/Principal Findings We used antibody-opsonized sheep red blood cells, different size beads and apoptotic cells to determine the effect of human and mouse IgM on phagocytosis by mouse alveolar macrophages. Our microscopy (light, epifluorescence, confocal) and flow cytometry data show that IgM greatly enhances the clearance of small particles (about 1–2 micron) by these macrophages. There is an inverse relationship between IgM-mediated clearance by macrophages and the particle size; however, macrophages bind and internalize many different size particles coated with IgG. We also show that IgM avidly binds to small size late apoptotic cells or bodies (2–5 micron) and apoptotic microparticles (<2 µm) released from dying cells. IgM also promotes the binding and uptake of microparticle-coated beads. Conclusions/Significance Therefore, while the shape of the particles is important for non-opsonized particle uptake, the particle size matters for antibody-mediated clearance by macrophages. IgM particularly promotes the clearance of small size particles. This finding may have wider implications in IgM-mediated clearing of antigens, microbial pathogens and dying cells by the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Litvack
- Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bulut D, Scheeler M, Niedballa LM, Miebach T, Mügge A. Effects of immunoadsorption on endothelial function, circulating endothelial progenitor cells and circulating microparticles in patients with inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 2011; 100:603-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-011-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cimmino G, Golino P, Badimon JJ. Pathophysiological role of blood-borne tissue factor: should the old paradigm be revisited? Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6:29-34. [PMID: 20607451 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The term "vulnerable plaque" identifies atherosclerotic lesions prone to rupture. Plaque disruption facilitates the interaction of the inner components of the lesion, tissue factor (TF) among them, with the flowing blood. This results in activation of the coagulation cascade, ultimately leading to thrombus formation, and abrupt vascular occlusion. Despite the central role of vulnerable plaques in the onset of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), there are certain conditions (e.g., eroded plaques) where a hyperactive, "vulnerable" blood, may play a predominant pathophysiological role. Recently, two distinct pools of circulating TF have been identified. One, associated with cell-derived microparticles probably originating from apoptotic cells, such as macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelium. The most recent, blood-borne TF, circulates in an "inactive" form (encryption) and has to be activated (decryption) to exert its thrombogenic activity. Certain pathological conditions associated with an increased rate of thrombotic complications have been associated with high levels of circulating TF. It is thought that the blood-borne TF perpetuates the initial thrombogenic stimulus, leading to the formation of larger or more stable thrombus, and thus, more severe ACS. Thus, the concept of vulnerable blood could represent a new link between the vulnerable lesion and the high-risk patient. Therefore, the assessment of selected biomarkers associated with "vulnerable or hyperreactive blood", e.g., blood-borne tissue factor, may represent a useful tool to identify patients with a high-risk profile of developing major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Atherothrombosis Research Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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35
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Van Aalderen MC, Trappenburg MC, Van Schilfgaarde M, Molenaar PJ, Ten Cate H, Terpstra WE, Leyte A. Procoagulant myeloblast-derived microparticles in AML patients: changes in numbers and thrombin generation potential during chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:223-6. [PMID: 21040450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prothrombotic state in glioblastoma multiforme: an evaluation of the procoagulant activity of circulating microparticles. J Neurooncol 2010; 104:225-31. [PMID: 21104297 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer is supported by several pathogenetic factors, including circulating microparticles (MP) originating from different cells and often bearing tissue factor. Since VTE often complicates the clinical course of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO grade IV astrocytoma) and the role of MPs in these patients population is still not clear, this prospective study was conducted to evaluate the procoagulant activity of circulating MP (MP activity) in GBM patients. We enrolled 61 GBM patients undergoing gross-total or subtotal surgical resection followed by combined radio-chemotherapy; 20 healthy volunteers were tested as controls. Blood samples for MP activity and hemostatic profiles were obtained before and then 1 week and 1, 4, and 7 months after surgery. GBM patients had significantly higher mean MP activity levels than healthy controls before and 7 days after surgery. During the follow-up, MP activity levels became significantly lower 1 and 4 months after surgery (P = 0.007 and P = 0.018, respectively) than prior to surgery, but this decrease was only seen in the subgroup achieving complete tumor resection. MP activity levels increased in 7 (63.6%) of 11 patients who developed VTE. The different incidence of the increase in MP activity levels between patients with and without VTE was statistically significant (χ (2) = 4.93, P = 0.026; relative risk 1.38, 95% CI 1.03-1.86). GBM patients may have an increase in MP-associated procoagulant activity that could contribute to any prothrombotic states and increases the likelihood of VTE complications; this procoagulant activity drops during control of disease.
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Tripodi A, Branchi A, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, Merati G, Artoni A, Mannucci PM. Hypercoagulability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus detected by a thrombin generation assay. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2010; 31:165-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-010-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lai RC, Arslan F, Tan SS, Tan B, Choo A, Lee MM, Chen TS, Teh BJ, Eng JKL, Sidik H, Tanavde V, Hwang WS, Lee CN, Oakley RME, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DP, Tan KH, Lim SK. Derivation and characterization of human fetal MSCs: An alternative cell source for large-scale production of cardioprotective microparticles. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Key NS, Chantrathammachart P, Moody PW, Chang JY. Membrane microparticles in VTE and cancer. Thromb Res 2010; 125 Suppl 2:S80-3. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(10)70020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dangerous connections: neutrophils and the phagocytic clearance of activated platelets. Curr Opin Hematol 2010; 17:3-8. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3283324f97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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