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Lim YS, Lee DY, Kim HY, Ok Y, Hwang S, Moon Y, Yoon S. Descriptive and functional characterization of epidermal growth factor‑like domain 8 in mouse cortical thymic epithelial cells by integrated analysis of gene expression signatures and networks. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:4. [PMID: 33448309 PMCID: PMC7834963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor-like domain 8 (EGFL8), a newly identified member of the EGFL family, and plays negative regulatory roles in mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes. However, the role of EGFL8 in these cells remains poorly understood. In the present study, in order to characterize the function of EGFL8, genome-wide expression profiles in EGFL8-overexpressing or -silenced mouse cortical TECs (cTECs) were analyzed. Microarray analysis revealed that 458 genes exhibited a >2-fold change in expression levels in the EGFL8-overexpressing vs. the EGFL8-silenced cTECs. Several genes involved in a number of cellular processes, such as the cell cycle, proliferation, growth, migration and differentiation, as well as in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, chemotaxis and immune responses, were differentially expressed in the EGFL8-overexpressing or -silenced cTECs. WST-1 analysis revealed that that the overexpression of EGFL8 inhibited cTEC proliferation. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of EGFL8 in the regulation of cTEC function, genes related to essential cellular functions were selected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that EGFL8 knockdown upregulated the expression of cluster differentiation 74 (CD74), Fas ligand (FasL), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5), CXCL10, CXCL16, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1) and nuclear factor κB subunit 2 (NF-κB2) genes, and downregulated the expression of angiopoietin-like 1 (Angptl1), and neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) genes. Additionally, EGFL8 silencing enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-extra large (Bcl-xL), and that of cell cycle-regulating molecules, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin D1. Moreover, gene network analysis revealed that EGFL8 exerted negative effects on VEGF-A gene expression. Hence, the altered expression of several genes associated with EGFL8 expression in cTECs highlights the important physiological processes in which EGFL8 is involved, and provides insight into its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seon Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Ok
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
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Generation and function of progenitor T cells from StemRegenin-1-expanded CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2934-2948. [PMID: 31648315 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broader clinical application of umbilical cord blood (UCB), as a source of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), is limited by low CD34+ and T-cell numbers, contributing to slow lymphohematopoietic recovery, infection, and relapse. Studies have evaluated the safety, feasibility, and expedited neutrophil recovery associated with the transplantation of CD34+ HSPCs from ex vivo expansion cultures using the aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist StemRegenin-1 (SR1). In a phase 1/2 study of 17 patients who received combined SR1-expanded and unexpanded UCB units, a considerable advantage for enhancing T-cell chimerism was not observed. We previously showed that progenitor T (proT) cells generated in vitro from HSPCs accelerated T-cell reconstitution and restored immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To expedite immune recovery, we hypothesized that SR1-expanded HSPCs together with proT cells could overcome the known T-cell immune deficiency that occurs post-HSCT. Here, we show that SR1-expanded UCB can induce >250-fold expansion of CD34+ HSPCs, which can generate large numbers of proT cells upon in vitro differentiation. When compared with nonexpanded naive proT cells, SR1 proT cells also showed effective thymus-seeding and peripheral T-cell functional capabilities in vivo despite having an altered phenotype. In a competitive transfer approach, both naive and SR1 proT cells showed comparable thymus-engrafting capacities. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral CD3+ T cells from mice injected with either naive or SR1 proT cells revealed functional subsets of T cells with polyclonal T-cell receptor repertoires. Our findings support the use of SR1-expanded UCB grafts combined with proT-cell generation for decreasing T-cell immunodeficiency post-HSCT.
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3
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Singh J, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Producing proT cells to promote immunotherapies. Int Immunol 2019; 30:541-550. [PMID: 30102361 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are critical mediators of the adaptive immune system and they can be harnessed as therapeutic agents against pathogens and in cancer immunotherapy. T cells can be isolated and expanded from patients and potentially generated in vitro using clinically relevant systems. An ultimate goal for T-cell immunotherapy is to establish a safe, universal effector cell type capable of transcending allogeneic and histocompatibility barriers. To this end, human pluripotent stem cells offer an advantage in generating a boundless supply of T cells that can be readily genetically engineered. Here, we review emerging T-cell therapeutics, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptors and progenitor T cells (proT cells) as well as feeder cell-free in vitro systems for their generation. Furthermore, we explore their potential for adoption in the clinic and highlight the challenges that must be addressed to increase the therapeutic success of a universal immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jastaranpreet Singh
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zheng Z, Ai J, Guo L, Ye X, Bondada S, Howatt D, Daugherty A, Li XA. SR-BI (Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1) Is Critical in Maintaining Normal T-Cell Development and Enhancing Thymic Regeneration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2706-2717. [PMID: 30354229 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Continuous T-cell production from thymus is essential in replenishing naïve T-cell pool and maintaining optimal T-cell functions. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the T-cell development in thymus remains largely unknown. Approach and Results- We identified SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type 1), an HDL (high-density lipoprotein) receptor, as a novel modulator in T-cell development. We found that SR-BI deficiency in mice led to reduced thymus size and decreased T-cell production, which was accompanied by narrowed peripheral naïve T-cell pool. Further investigation revealed that SR-BI deficiency impaired progenitor thymic homing, causing a dramatic reduction in the percentage of earliest thymic progenitors, but did not affect other downstream T-cell developmental steps inside the thymus. As a result of the impaired progenitor thymic homing, SR-BI-deficient mice displayed delayed thymic regeneration postirradiation. Using a variety of experimental approaches, we revealed that the impaired T-cell development in SR-BI-deficient mice was not caused by hematopoietic SR-BI deficiency or SR-BI deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia, but mainly attributed to the SR-BI deficiency in adrenal glands, as adrenal-specific SR-BI-deficient mice exhibited similar defects in T-cell development and thymic regeneration with SR-BI-deficient mice. Conclusions- This study demonstrates that SR-BI deficiency impaired T-cell development and delayed thymic regeneration by affecting progenitor thymic homing in mice, elucidating a previously unrecognized link between SR-BI and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Z.Z., J.A., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Junting Ai
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Z.Z., J.A., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Ling Guo
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Xiang Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology (S.B.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Deborah Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Xiang-An Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Z.Z., J.A., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.Z., J.A., L.G., X.Y., D.H., A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
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Kim SY, Yeo A, Noh H, Ji YW, Song JS, Kim HC, Kim LK, Lee HK. Downregulation of IL-7 and IL-7R Reduces Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 in Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 Keratocyte. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:5693-5703. [PMID: 30489629 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is caused by a point mutation (R124H) in the TGF-β-induced gene (TGFBI). However, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of TGF-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) are poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the signaling cascade affecting the expression of TGFBIp using patient-derived cells. Methods Keratocyte primary cultures were prepared from corneas from the eye bank or from heterozygous or homozygous patients with GCD2 after penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty. GCD2 diagnoses were based on the results of a DNA analysis for the R124H TGFβI mutation. Keratocytes were treated with various cytokines and then analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) array, qPCR, flow cytometry, ELISA, and Western blotting. Results TGFBI expression was counterregulated by IL-7 in corneal fibroblasts. IL-7 expression was significantly reduced in corneal fibroblasts from patients with GCD2. TGF-β and TGFBI expression were reduced on IL-7 treatment in corneal fibroblasts. Interestingly, the interplay between TGF-β and IL-7 was regulated by the RANKL/RANK signaling cascade. Also, IL-7 regulates the expression of a membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP), which plays a crucial role in migration and neovascularization in the cornea. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that impaired IL-7 expression in patients with GCD2 affects disease pathogenesis via a failure to control TGF-β expression. The RANKL/RANK axis regulates TGF-β and TGFBI expression via IL-7-mediated MT-MMP regulation in corneal fibroblasts. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Areum Yeo
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Noh
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Woo Ji
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project to Medical Sciences, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shi Y, Wu W, Chai Q, Li Q, Hou Y, Xia H, Ren B, Xu H, Guo X, Jin C, Lv M, Wang Z, Fu YX, Zhu M. LTβR controls thymic portal endothelial cells for haematopoietic progenitor cell homing and T-cell regeneration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12369. [PMID: 27493002 PMCID: PMC4980457 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous thymic homing of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) via the blood is critical for normal T-cell development. However, the nature and the differentiation programme of specialized thymic endothelial cells (ECs) controlling this process remain poorly understood. Here using conditional gene-deficient mice, we find that lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) directly controls thymic ECs to guide HPC homing. Interestingly, T-cell deficiency or conditional ablation of T-cell-engaged LTβR signalling results in a defect in thymic HPC homing, suggesting the feedback regulation of thymic progenitor homing by thymic products. Furthermore, we identify and characterize a special thymic portal EC population with features that guide HPC homing. LTβR is essential for the differentiation and homeostasis of these thymic portal ECs. Finally, we show that LTβR is required for T-cell regeneration on irradiation-induced thymic injury. Together, these results uncover a cellular and molecular pathway that governs thymic EC differentiation for HPC homing. Lymphoid progenitors migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus to give rise to T and NK cell lineages. Here the authors characterize a lymphotoxin receptor beta-dependent population of thymic endothelial cells that guide lymphoid progenitor homing in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Chai
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boyang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hairong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Caiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengjie Lv
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9072, USA
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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7
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Song Y, Su M, Zhu J, Di W, Liu Y, Hu R, Rood D, Lai L. FOXN1 recombinant protein enhances T-cell regeneration after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1518-28. [PMID: 27125859 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A prolonged period of T-cell recovery is the major challenge in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the major component of the thymic microenvironment for T-cell generation. However, TECs undergo degeneration over time. FOXN1 plays a critical role in TEC development and is required to maintain adult TECs for thymopoiesis. To investigate the potential application of FOXN1, we have cloned and expressed recombinant FOXN1 protein (rFOXN1) that was fused with cell-penetrating peptides. We show here that the rFOXN1 protein can translocate from the cell surface into the cytoplasm and nucleus. Administration of rFOXN1 into both congenic and allogeneic HSCT recipient mice increased the number of TECs, resulting in enhanced thymopoiesis that led to an increased number of functional T cells in the periphery. The increased number of TECs is due to the enhanced survival and proliferation of TECs. Our results suggest that rFOXN1 has the potential to be used in enhancing T-cell regeneration in patients following HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Debra Rood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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8
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Li Y, Xu L. Evaluation of TCR repertoire diversity in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:17. [PMID: 27358885 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analyses have been widely used to identify T cell populations of interest in cancer and autoimmunity and for characterizing immune repertoire reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Several decades of development and progress have led to the use of techniques for evaluating TCR repertoires in a more comprehensive, unbiased and fast manner, and the mechanisms of T cell immune reconstitution after HSCT and the new approaches used for recovering T cell repertoire diversity post HSCT have been more exhaustively documented to some degree. To better understand and characterize this progress, here we review recent studies on TCR repertoire diversity recovery in patients with leukemia and autoimmune disease who have received HSCT, impact factors and improvements in approaches for TCR repertoire recovery after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqiu Li
- 1 Institute of Hematology, Medical College, 2 Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, 3 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Xu
- 1 Institute of Hematology, Medical College, 2 Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, 3 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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9
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Nascimento-Brito S, Paulo Zukurov J, Maricato JT, Volpini AC, Salim ACM, Araújo FMG, Coimbra RS, Oliveira GC, Antoneli F, Janini LMR. HIV-1 Tropism Determines Different Mutation Profiles in Proviral DNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139037. [PMID: 26413773 PMCID: PMC4587555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to establish new infections HIV-1 particles need to attach to receptors expressed on the cellular surface. HIV-1 particles interact with a cell membrane receptor known as CD4 and subsequently with another cell membrane molecule known as a co-receptor. Two major different co-receptors have been identified: C-C chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5) and C-X-C chemokine Receptor type 4 (CXCR4) Previous reports have demonstrated cellular modifications upon HIV-1 binding to its co-receptors including gene expression modulations. Here we investigated the effect of viral binding to either CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors on viral diversity after a single round of reverse transcription. CCR5 and CXCR4 pseudotyped viruses were used to infect non-stimulated and stimulated PBMCs and purified CD4 positive cells. We adopted the SOLiD methodology to sequence virtually the entire proviral DNA from all experimental infections. Infections with CCR5 and CXCR4 pseudotyped virus resulted in different patterns of genetic diversification. CCR5 virus infections produced extensive proviral diversity while in CXCR4 infections a more localized substitution process was observed. In addition, we present pioneering results of a recently developed method for the analysis of SOLiD generated sequencing data applicable to the study of viral quasi-species. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of viral quasi-species evaluation by NGS methodologies. We presented for the first time strong evidence for a host cell driving mechanism acting on the HIV-1 genetic variability under the control of co-receptor stimulation. Additional investigations are needed to further clarify this question, which is relevant to viral diversification process and consequent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieberth Nascimento-Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana T. Maricato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela C. Volpini
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Research Center René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna Christina M. Salim
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Research Center René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio M. G. Araújo
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Research Center René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roney S. Coimbra
- Biosystems Informatics Group, CPqRR, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Oliveira
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Research Center René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antoneli
- Departamento de Informática em Saúde, EPM, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biocomplexidade e Genômica Evolutiva, EPM, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mário R. Janini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, EPM, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Lee KH, Lee HW, Choi HJ, Min HJ, Baek SY, Yoon S. Expression and Characterization of Genes by Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis in the Rat Thymus during Regeneration following Acute Thymic Involution Induced by Cyclophosphamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.11637/kjpa.2014.27.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Hee-Woo Lee
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Hye-jin Min
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Baek
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Korea
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11
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Lai L, Zhang M, Song Y, Rood D. Recombinant IL-7/HGFβ hybrid cytokine enhances T cell recovery in mice following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82998. [PMID: 24349415 PMCID: PMC3861470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunodeficiency is a major complication of bone marrow (BM) transplantation (BMT). Therefore, approaches to enhance T cell reconstitution after BMT are required. We have purified a hybrid cytokine, consisting of IL-7 and the β-chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGFβ) (IL-7/HGFβ), from a unique long-term BM culture system. We have cloned and expressed the IL-7/HGFβ gene in which the IL-7 and HGFβ genes are connected by a flexible linker to generate rIL-7/HGFβ protein. Here, we show that rIL-7/HGFβ treatment enhances thymopoiesis after allogeneic BMT. Although rIL-7 treatment also enhances the number of thymocytes, rIL-7/HGFβ hybrid cytokine was more effective than was rIL-7 and the mechanisms by which rIL-7 and rIL-7/HGFβ increase the numbers of thymocytes are different. rIL-7 enhances the survival of double negative (DN), CD4 and CD8 single positive (SP) thymocytes. In contrast, rIL-7/HGFβ enhances the proliferation of the DN, SP thymocytes, as well as the survival of CD4 and CD8 double positive (DP) thymocytes. rIL-7/HGFβ treatment also increases the numbers of early thymocyte progenitors (ETPs) and thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The enhanced thymic reconstitution in the rIL-7/HGFβ-treated allogeneic BMT recipients results in increased number and functional activities of peripheral T cells. Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is not induced in the rIL-7/HGFβ-treated BMT mice. Therefore, rIL-7/HGFβ may offer a new tool for the prevention and/or treatment of T cell immunodeficiency following BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Debra Rood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Farley AM, Morris LX, Vroegindeweij E, Depreter MLG, Vaidya H, Stenhouse FH, Tomlinson SR, Anderson RA, Cupedo T, Cornelissen JJ, Blackburn CC. Dynamics of thymus organogenesis and colonization in early human development. Development 2013; 140:2015-26. [PMID: 23571219 PMCID: PMC3631974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is the central site of T-cell development and thus is of fundamental importance to the immune system, but little information exists regarding molecular regulation of thymus development in humans. Here we demonstrate, via spatial and temporal expression analyses, that the genetic mechanisms known to regulate mouse thymus organogenesis are conserved in humans. In addition, we provide molecular evidence that the human thymic epithelium derives solely from the third pharyngeal pouch, as in the mouse, in contrast to previous suggestions. Finally, we define the timing of onset of hematopoietic cell colonization and epithelial cell differentiation in the human thymic primordium, showing, unexpectedly, that the first colonizing hematopoietic cells are CD45(+)CD34(int/-). Collectively, our data provide essential information for translation of principles established in the mouse to the human, and are of particular relevance to development of improved strategies for enhancing immune reconstitution in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Farley
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, CRM Building, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh
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13
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Russell SE, Walsh PT. Sterile inflammation - do innate lymphoid cell subsets play a role? Front Immunol 2012; 3:246. [PMID: 22891068 PMCID: PMC3413015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of several novel innate lymphoid cell (iLC) subsets has increased our understanding of the mechanisms which link the innate and adaptive immune systems. While the contribution of these subsets toward the pathogenesis of human disease remains largely to be determined, it seems likely that they will play a particularly important role in sterile inflammatory settings where the innate response is seen as a critical mediator of inflammation. Several recent studies have highlighted the role of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns such as IL-33, IL-1α, and IL-1β in promoting lymphoid cell responses. This review discusses the influence of such endogenous danger signals on novel iLCs such as lymphoid tissue-inducer cells, innate type 2 helper cells, and γδ T cells and explores how these responses may contribute to the development of an inflammatory response in a sterile setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Russell
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Tang F, Wu Q, Ikenoue T, Guan KL, Liu Y, Zheng P. A critical role for Rictor in T lymphopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1850-7. [PMID: 22815285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apart from a critical role for Notch and pre-TCR, the signaling pathway required for T lymphopoiesis is largely unknown. Given the potential link between Notch and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in cancer cells, we used mice with conditional deletion of either Raptor or Rictor genes to determine potential contribution of the mTOR complex I and II in T lymphopoiesis. Our data demonstrated that targeted mutation of Rictor in the thymocytes drastically reduced the thymic cellularity, primarily by reducing proliferation of the immature thymocytes. Rictor deficiency caused a partial block of thymocyte development at the double-negative 3 stage. The effect of Rictor deficiency is selective for the T cell lineage, as the development of B cells, erythrocytes, and myeloid cells is largely unaffected. Analysis of bone marrow chimera generated from a mixture of wild-type and Rictor-deficient hematopoietic stem cells demonstrated that the function of Rictor is cell intrinsic. These data revealed a critical function of mTOR complex 2 in T lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells play a role in regenerating the thymus and restoring T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Cachat A, Villaudy J, Rigal D, Gazzolo L, Duc Dodon M. [Mice are not Men and yet… how humanized mice inform us about human infectious diseases]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:63-8. [PMID: 22289832 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012281018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human pathologies is often limited by the absence of animal models which are robust, cost-effective and reproduce the hallmarks of human infections. While mice have been frequently employed to study human diseases, many of important pathogens display unique human tropism. These last two decades the graft of human progenitor cells or tissues into -immunodeficient mice has allowed the elaboration of so called humanized mice. Humanized mouse technology has made rapid progress, and it is now possible to achieve high levels of human chimerism in various organs and tissues, particularly the immune system and the liver. The review briefly summarizes the different models of humanized mice available for in vivo experiments. With a focus on lymphotropic, monocytotropic and hepatotropic viruses, we here discuss the current status and future prospects of these models for studying the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Furthermore, they provide a powerful tool for the development of innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cachat
- Virologie humaine, INSERM-U758, École Normale Supérieure, France
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17
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Gemetzi C, Mavroudi I, Koutala H, Velegraki M, Choulaki C, Damianaki A, Pontikoglou C, Papadaki HA. Lymphopenia in patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia is associated with decreased number of T-lymphocytes containing T-cell receptor excision circles. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:210-23. [PMID: 22092365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is a disorder of granulopoiesis characterized by the presence of activated T-lymphocytes that induce/sustain apoptosis of bone marrow (BM) granulocytic progenitors. T-cell lymphopenia is commonly found in CIN. The aim of the study is to probe the mechanisms underlying T-cell lymphopenia in CIN. METHODS We investigated parameters of T-cell homeostasis namely the proliferation/apoptotic rate of naïve and memory T cells, the T-cell senescence by telomere measurement, the recent thymic T-cell production through quantification of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs), and the production of interleukin (IL)-7. RESULTS Patients with CIN (n = 44) displayed lower proportion of naïve CD45RA(+) cells within the CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells compared with controls (n = 15). The proportion of apoptotic cells within the CD8(+) fraction was higher in patients compared with controls and was correlated with the percentage of Ki-67(+) cells, indicating an activation-induced accelerated CD8(+) cell death. The TREC content of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was lower in patients compared with controls and was correlated with the proportion of CD45RA(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and with the levels of serum and BM IL-7, which were significantly decreased in the patients. The mean relative telomere length of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was significantly lower in patients with CIN compared with age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The aberrant T-cell expansions associated with the pathogenesis of CIN result in increased proliferation/apoptosis and possibly exhaustion of peripheral blood T cells which, in association with the inadequate compensatory thymic export of new TREC expressing T cells partially because of IL-7 deficiency, may contribute to lymphopenia in CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gemetzi
- Department of Haematology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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18
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Möröy T, Khandanpour C. Growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1) as a regulator of lymphocyte development and activation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:368-78. [PMID: 21920773 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T- and B-lymphocytes are important elements in the immune defense repertoire of higher organisms. The development and function of lymphoid cells is regulated at many levels one being the control of gene expression by transcription factors. The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Gfi1 has emerged as a factor that is critically implicated in the commitment of precursor cells for the lymphoid lineage. In addition, Gfi1 controls distinct stages of early T- or B-lymphoid development and is also critical for their maturation, activation and effector function. From many years of work, a picture emerges in which Gfi1 is part of a complicated, but well orchestrated network of interdependent regulators, most of which impinge on lymphoid development and activation by transcriptional regulation. Biochemical studies show that Gfi1 is part of a large DNA binding multi-protein complex that enables histone modifications, but may also control alternative pre mRNA splicing. Many insights into the biological role of Gfi1 have been gained through the study of gene deficient mice that have defects in B- and T-cell differentiation, in T-cell selection and polarization processes and in the response of mature B- and T-cells towards antigen. Most importantly, the defects seen in Gfi1 deficient mice also point to roles of Gfi1 in diseases of the immune system that involve auto-immune responses and acute lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Möröy
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal - IRCM, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
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Dudakov JA, van den Brink MRM. Greater than the sum of their parts: combination strategies for immune regeneration following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:467-76. [PMID: 21925100 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoreductive conditioning regimes designed to allow for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) paradoxically are also detrimental to recovery of the immune system in general but lymphopoiesis in particular. Post-transplant immune depletion is particularly striking within the T cell compartment which is exquisitely sensitive to negative regulation, evidenced by the profound decline in thymic function with age. As a consequence, regeneration of the immune system remains a significant unmet clinical need. Over the past decade studies have revealed several promising therapeutic strategies to address ineffective lymphopoiesis and post-transplant immune deficiency. These include the use of cytokines such as IL-7, IL-12 and IL-15; growth factors and hormones like keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and growth hormone (GH); adoptive transfer of ex vivo-generated precursor T cells (pre-T) and sex steroid ablation (SSA). Moreover, recently several novel approaches have been proposed to generate whole thymii ex vivo using stem cell technologies and bioscaffolds. Increasingly, however, when transferred to the clinic, these strategies alone are not sufficient to restore thymopoiesis in all patients leading to the potential of combination strategies as a way to reign in non-responders. Synergistic enhancement in combination may be due to differential targets may therefore be effective in improving clinical outcomes in the transplant settings as well as in other lymphopenic states induced by high dose chemotherapy/radiation therapy or HIV, and may also be useful in improving responses to vaccination and augmenting anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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