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Wańczura P, Aebisher D, Iwański MA, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Bartusik-Aebisher D. The Essence of Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Health and Diseases Treated by Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:961. [PMID: 38790923 PMCID: PMC11117957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids, together with lipoprotein particles, are the cause of atherosclerosis, which is a pathology of the cardiovascular system. In addition, it affects inflammatory processes and affects the vessels and heart. In pharmaceutical answer to this, statins are considered a first-stage treatment method to block cholesterol synthesis. Many times, additional drugs are also used with this method to lower lipid concentrations in order to achieve certain values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a new cancer treatment have gained the therapy much attention as a minimally invasive and highly selective method. Photodynamic therapy has been proven more effective than chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy alone in numerous studies. Consequently, photodynamic therapy research has expanded in many fields of medicine due to its increased therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Currently, PDT is the most commonly used therapy for treating age-related macular degeneration, as well as inflammatory diseases, and skin infections. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy against a number of pathogens has also been demonstrated in various studies. Also, PDT has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hyperplasia of the arterial intima. This review evaluates the effectiveness and usefulness of photodynamic therapy in cardiovascular diseases. According to the analysis, photodynamic therapy is a promising approach for treating cardiovascular diseases and may lead to new clinical trials and management standards. Our review addresses the used therapeutic strategies and also describes new therapeutic strategies to reduce the cardiovascular burden that is induced by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wańczura
- Department of Cardiology, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mateusz A Iwański
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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2
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Kim K, Ginsberg HN, Choi SH. New, Novel Lipid-Lowering Agents for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Statins. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:517-532. [PMID: 35929170 PMCID: PMC9353557 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, even under optimal statin therapy, a significant residual ASCVD risk remains. Therefore, there has been an unmet clinical need for novel lipid-lowering agents that can target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other atherogenic particles. During the past decade, several drugs have been developed for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Inclisiran, a small interfering RNA that targets proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), shows comparable effects to that of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies. Bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, is a valuable treatment option for the patients with statin intolerance. Pemafibrate, the first selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, showed a favorable benefit-risk balance in phase 2 trial, but the large clinical phase 3 trial (PROMINENT) was recently stopped for futility based on a late interim analysis. High dose icosapent ethyl, a modified eicosapentaenoic acid preparation, shows cardiovascular benefits. Evinacumab, an angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) monoclonal antibody, reduces plasma LDL-C levels in patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia. Novel antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3), ANGPTL3, and lipoprotein(a) have significantly attenuated the levels of their target molecules with beneficial effects on associated dyslipidemias. Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is considered as a potential treatment to exploit the athero-protective effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), but solid clinical evidence is necessary. In this review, we discuss the mode of action and clinical outcomes of these novel lipid-lowering agents beyond statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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3
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Zheng KH, Kaiser Y, van Olden CC, Santos RD, Dasseux JL, Genest J, Gaudet D, Westerink J, Keyserling C, Verberne HJ, Leitersdorf E, Hegele RA, Descamps OS, Hopkins P, Nederveen AJ, Stroes ES. No benefit of HDL mimetic CER-001 on carotid atherosclerosis in patients with genetically determined very low HDL levels. Atherosclerosis 2020; 311:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vigne J, Cabella C, Dézsi L, Rustique E, Couffin AC, Aid R, Anizan N, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D, Le Guludec D, Rouzet F, Hyafil F, Mészáros T, Fülöp T, Szebeni J, Cordaro A, Oliva P, Mourier V, Texier I. Nanostructured lipid carriers accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE -/- mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 25:102157. [PMID: 31982616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) might represent an interesting approach for the identification and targeting of rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, we evaluated the biodistribution, targeting ability and safety of 64Cu-fonctionalized NLC in atherosclerotic mice. 64Cu-chelating-NLC (51.8±3.1 nm diameter) with low dispersity index (0.066±0.016) were produced by high pressure homogenization at tens-of-grams scale. 24 h after injection of 64Cu-chelated particles in ApoE-/- mice, focal regions of the aorta showed accumulation of particles on autoradiography that colocalized with Oil Red O lipid mapping. Signal intensity was significantly greater in aortas isolated from ApoE-/- mice compared to wild type (WT) control (8.95 [7.58, 10.16]×108 vs 4.59 [3.11, 5.03]×108 QL/mm2, P < 0.05). Moreover, NLC seemed safe in relevant biocompatibility studies. NLC could constitute an interesting platform with high clinical translation potential for targeted delivery and imaging purposes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Vigne
- Université de Paris, LVTS, INSERM U1148, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department, X. Bichat Hospital, APHP and DHU FIRE, Paris, France; Université de Paris, UMS34 FRIM, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Cabella
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging SpA, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - László Dézsi
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Rachida Aid
- Université de Paris, UMS34 FRIM, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Dominique Le Guludec
- Université de Paris, LVTS, INSERM U1148, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department, X. Bichat Hospital, APHP and DHU FIRE, Paris, France; Université de Paris, UMS34 FRIM, Paris, France
| | - François Rouzet
- Université de Paris, LVTS, INSERM U1148, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department, X. Bichat Hospital, APHP and DHU FIRE, Paris, France; Université de Paris, UMS34 FRIM, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Hyafil
- Université de Paris, LVTS, INSERM U1148, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department, X. Bichat Hospital, APHP and DHU FIRE, Paris, France; Université de Paris, UMS34 FRIM, Paris, France
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fülöp
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alessia Cordaro
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging SpA, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Paolo Oliva
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging SpA, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
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Yalcinkaya M, Kerksiek A, Gebert K, Annema W, Sibler R, Radosavljevic S, Lütjohann D, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. HDL inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in vitro by activation of Smoothened. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:492-504. [PMID: 31907205 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function as a result of sustained ER stress is a core step in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. The complex control of β-cells and insulin production involves hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways as well as cholesterol-mediated effects. In fact, data from studies in humans and animal models suggest that HDL protects against the development of diabetes through inhibition of ER stress and β-cell apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism by which HDL inhibits ER stress and apoptosis induced by thapsigargin, a sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, in β-cells of a rat insulinoma cell line, INS1e. We further explored effects on the Hh signaling receptor Smoothened (SMO) with pharmacologic agonists and inhibitors. Interference with sterol synthesis or efflux enhanced β-cell apoptosis and abrogated the anti-apoptotic activity of HDL. During ER stress, HDL facilitated the efflux of specific oxysterols, including 24-hydroxycholesterol (OHC). Supplementation of reconstituted HDL with 24-OHC enhanced and, in cells lacking ABCG1 or the 24-OHC synthesizing enzyme CYP46A1, restored the protective activity of HDL. Inhibition of SMO countered the beneficial effects of HDL and also LDL, and SMO agonists decreased β-cell apoptosis in the absence of ABCG1 or CYP46A1. The translocation of the SMO-activated transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene GLI-1 was inhibited by ER stress but restored by both HDL and 24-OHC. In conclusion, the protective effect of HDL to counter ER stress and β-cell death involves the transport, generation, and mobilization of oxysterols for activation of the Hh signaling receptor SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Gebert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Sibler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Several new or emerging drugs for dyslipidemia owe their existence, in part, to human genetic evidence, such as observations in families with rare genetic disorders or in Mendelian randomization studies. Much effort has been directed to agents that reduce LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, triglyceride, and Lp[a] (lipoprotein[a]), with some sustained programs on agents to raise HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Lomitapide, mipomersen, AAV8.TBG.hLDLR, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, and gemcabene primarily target LDL cholesterol. Alipogene tiparvovec, pradigastat, and volanesorsen primarily target elevated triglycerides, whereas evinacumab and IONIS-ANGPTL3-LRx target both LDL cholesterol and triglyceride. IONIS-APO(a)-LRx targets Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, Vascular Medicine Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T.)
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Rader DJ. Apolipoprotein A-I Infusion Therapies for Coronary Disease: Two Outs in the Ninth Inning and Swinging for the Fences. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 3:799-801. [PMID: 30046821 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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8
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Biodistribution of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Mice Atherosclerotic Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193499. [PMID: 31561608 PMCID: PMC6803849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular disease worldwide, that could benefit from innovative nanomedicine imaging tools and treatments. In this perspective, we here studied, by fluorescence imaging in ApoE-/- mice, the biodistribution of non-functionalized and RXP470.1-targeted nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with DiD dye. RXP470.1 specifically binds to MMP12, a metalloprotease that is over-expressed by macrophages residing in atherosclerotic plaques. Physico-chemical characterizations showed that RXP-NLC (about 105 RXP470.1 moieties/particle) displayed similar features as non-functionalized NLC in terms of particle diameter (about 60-65 nm), surface charge (about −5 — −10 mV), and colloidal stability. In vitro inhibition assays demonstrated that RXP-NLC conserved a selectivity and affinity profile, which favored MMP-12. In vivo data indicated that NLC and RXP-NLC presented prolonged blood circulation and accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions in a few hours. Twenty-four hours after injection, particle uptake in atherosclerotic plaques of the brachiocephalic artery was similar for both nanoparticles, as assessed by ex vivo imaging. This suggests that the RXP470.1 coating did not significantly induce an active targeting of the nanoparticles within the plaques. Overall, NLCs appeared to be very promising nanovectors to efficiently and specifically deliver imaging agents or drugs in atherosclerotic lesions, opening avenues for new nanomedicine strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP. Lipids: a personal view of the past decade. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:461-478. [PMID: 30229482 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed considerable progress in the field of lipids. New drugs have been "rapidly" developed and some of these drugs have already been evaluated in event-based large trials. This evidence has led to the guidelines recommending new, more aggressive treatment goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Although LDL-C remains the principal goal for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction, there has also been considerable interest in other lipid variables, such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein(a). Statin intolerance is now considered a very important topic in daily clinical practice. This has resulted in more attention focusing on non-statin drugs [e.g., ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors] and statin-related side effects. The latter mainly involve muscles, but there is also a need to consider other adverse effects associated with statin use (e.g., new onset diabetes). New specific areas of statin use have attracted interest. For example, statin-loading before procedures (e.g., coronary stenting), the prevention of stroke, and the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Statins will remain the most widely used drugs to treat dyslipidaemia and decrease CVD risk. However, we also need to briefly consider some other lipid-lowering drugs, including those that may become available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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11
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Chalmers AD, Bursill CA, Myerscough MR. Nonlinear dynamics of early atherosclerotic plaque formation may determine the efficacy of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in plaque regression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187674. [PMID: 29161303 PMCID: PMC5697811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We use a computational model to explore the effect of foam cell accumulation on plaque regression following an increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) influx into the plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is the outcome of cellular and cytokine responses to low density lipoproteins (LDL) that penetrate the artery wall following an injury to the endothelium and become modified. We modelled the cells and cytokines that are most important in plaque formation using partial differential equations. The model includes monocytes and macrophages, foam cells, macrophage chemoattractants, endothelium-stimulating cytokines, modified low density lipoproteins (mod LDL) and HDL. We included interactions both at the endothelium surface and inside the artery wall. The model predicts that when HDL influx into a well-established plaque with large numbers of foam cells is increased, the plaque may not regress but may continue to grow at a slower rate. If HDL influx is increased when a model plaque is recently established and has fewer foam cells, then the plaque does regress. If modLDL influx into the plaque is lowered at the same time that HDL influx increased or the capacity of the HDL to remove cholesterol from foam cells is increased, then the plaque is more likely to regress. The predictions of the model are in qualitative agreement with experimental studies in mice and rabbits. The results suggest that the intrinsic dynamics of reverse cholesterol transport by HDL are important in determining the success of HDL raising in promoting plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Chalmers
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary R. Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Johansson P, Almqvist EG, Bjerke M, Wallin A, Johansson JO, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Svensson J. Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Apolipoprotein A-I in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1017-1026. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Johansson
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Falköping, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik G. Almqvist
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Ove Johansson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Johan Svensson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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13
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Lipid Metabolism and Emerging Targets for Lipid-Lowering Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:872-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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