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Liu J, Yuan Z, Wang Q. Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Strategies to Treat Acute Liver Failure: Current Status and Future Directions. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:692-699. [PMID: 36062278 PMCID: PMC9396313 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease has long been a heavy health and economic burden worldwide. Once the disease is out of control and progresses to end-stage or acute organ failure, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only therapeutic alternative, and it requires appropriate donors and aggressive administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and bioartificial livers (BALs) have been proposed as effective treatments for acute liver failure (ALF) in clinics. Although human primary hepatocytes (PHs) are an ideal cell source to support these methods, the large demand and superior viability of PH is needed, which restrains its wide usage. Thus, a finding alternative to meet the quantity and quality of hepatocytes is urgent. In this context, human pluripotent stem cells (PSC), which have unlimited proliferative and differential potential, derived hepatocytes are a promising renewable cell source. Recent studies of the differentiation of PSC into hepatocytes has provided evidence that supports their clinical application. In this review, we discuss the recent status and future directions of the potential use of PSC-derived hepatocytes in treating ALF. We also discuss opportunities and challenges of how to promote such strategies in the common applications in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Jingfeng Liu, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-0572, Tel: +86-755-86392288, E-mail: ; Qingwen Wang, Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Rd, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China. Tel: +86-755-83923333, E-mail:
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Jingfeng Liu, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-0572, Tel: +86-755-86392288, E-mail: ; Qingwen Wang, Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Rd, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China. Tel: +86-755-83923333, E-mail:
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Chaker D, Mouawad C, Azar A, Quilliot D, Achkar I, Fajloun Z, Makdissy N. Inhibition of the RhoGTPase Cdc42 by ML141 enhances hepatocyte differentiation from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the Wnt5a/PI3K/miR-122 pathway: impact of the age of the donor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:167. [PMID: 29921325 PMCID: PMC6009972 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) are promising cells that may promote hepatocyte differentiation (Hep-Dif) and improve liver function, but the involvement of Cdc42, a key small RhoGTPase which plays a crucial role in aging, is still not well established. We hypothesized that the inhibition of Cdc42 may rescue the hepatogenic potential of hADSCs derived from aged donors. Methods hADSCs isolated from 61 women of different ages were cultured for evaluation of the proliferation of cells, adherence, apoptosis, immunomodulation, immunophenotyping, multipotency, gene expression, and cell function during Hep-Dif. Inhibition of Cdc42 by ML141 was realized during two phases: initiation (days –2 to 14 (D–2/14)) from undifferentiated to hepatoblast-like cells, or maturation (days 14 to 28 (D14/28)) from undifferentiated to hepatocyte-like cells. Mechanistic insights of the Wnt(s)/MAPK/PI3K/miR-122 pathways were studied. Results Cdc42 activity in undifferentiated hADSCs showed an age-dependent significant increase in Cdc42-GTP correlated to a decrease in Cdc42GAP; the low potentials of cell proliferation, doubling, adherence, and immunomodulatory ability (proinflammatory over anti-inflammatory) contrary to the apoptotic index of the aged group were significantly reversed by ML141. Aged donor cells showed a decreased potential for Hep-Dif which was rescued by ML141 treatment, giving rise to mature and functional hepatocyte-like cells as assessed by hepatic gene expression, cytochrome activity, urea and albumin production, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and glycogen storage. ML141-induced Hep-Dif showed an improvement in mesenchymal-epithelial transition, a switch from Wtn-3a/β-catenin to Wnt5a signaling, involvement of PI3K/PKB but not the MAPK (ERK/JNK/p38) pathway, induction of miR-122 expression, reinforcing the exosomes release and the production of albumin, and epigenetic changes. Inhibition of PI3K and miR-122 abolished completely the effects of ML141 indicating that inhibition of Cdc42 promotes the Hep-Dif through a Wnt5a/PI3K/miR-122/HNF4α/albumin/E-cadherin-positive action. The ML141(D–2/14) protocol had more pronounced effects when compared with ML141(D14/28); inhibition of DNA methylation in combination with ML141(D–2/14) showed more efficacy in rescuing the Hep-Dif of aged hADSCs. In addition to Hep-Dif, the multipotency of aged hADSC-treated ML141 was observed by rescuing the adipocyte and neural differentiation by inducing PPARγ/FABP4 and NeuN/O4 but inhibiting Pref-1 and GFAP, respectively. Conclusion ML141 has the potential to reverse the age-related aberrations in aged stem cells and promotes their hepatogenic differentiation. Selective inhibition of Cdc42 could be a potential target of drug therapy for aging and may give new insights on the improvement of Hep-Dif. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0910-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chaker
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon.,Paris Saclay University, Doctoral School, Therapeutical Innovation, Inserm UMR935, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Albert Azar
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Diabetologia-Endocrinology & Nutrition, CHRU Nancy, INSERM 954, University Henri Poincaré de Lorraine, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Ziad Fajloun
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Department of Biology, Kobbe, Lebanon
| | - Nehman Makdissy
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon. .,Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Department of Biology, Kobbe, Lebanon.
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Raafat N, Abdel Aal SM, Abdo FK, El Ghonaimy NM. Mesenchymal stem cells: In vivo therapeutic application ameliorates carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis in rats. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:109-18. [PMID: 26369870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the world with infection rate up to 60%, for which liver fibrosis or hepatic carcinoma is the final outcome. Stem cell therapy provides a new hope for hepatic repair instead of traditional treatment, liver transplantation, as it is safer, gives long term engraftment and avoid expensive immunosuppressive drugs and unexpected hazardous effects. AIM This work aimed at determining the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in hepatic repair as a new line of therapy for liver fibrosis. METHODS 33 female albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I: 10 rats injected subcutaneously with olive oil, Group II: 13 rats injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and Group III: 10 rats injected with CCl4 then bone marrow derived MSC from male rats. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken from all rats for biochemical and histological study. RESULTS Liver functions for group II rats showed significant deterioration in response to CCl4 in addition to significant histological changes in liver lobules and portal areas. Those parameters tend to be normal in MSC-treated group. Group III rats revealed normalized liver function and histological picture. Meanwhile, most of the pathological lesions were still detected in rats of second group. CONCLUSION Undifferentiated MSCs have the ability to ameliorate CCl4 induced liver injury in albino rats in terms of liver functions and histological features. So, stem cell therapy can be considered clinically to offer a hope for patients suffering from liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Raafat
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Sara M Abdel Aal
- Histology & Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Fadia K Abdo
- Histology & Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Nabila M El Ghonaimy
- Histology & Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Ishkitiev N, Yaegaki K, Imai T, Tanaka T, Fushimi N, Mitev V, Okada M, Tominaga N, Ono S, Ishikawa H. Novel management of acute or secondary biliary liver conditions using hepatically differentiated human dental pulp cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:586-93. [PMID: 25234861 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current definitive treatment for acute or chronic liver condition, that is, cirrhosis, is liver transplantation from a limited number of donors, which might cause complications after donation. Hence, bone marrow stem cell transplantation has been developed, but the risk of carcinogenesis remains. We have recently developed a protocol for hepatic differentiation of CD117(+) stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). In the present study, we examine whether SHED hepatically differentiated (hd) in vitro could be used to treat acute liver injury (ALI) and secondary biliary cirrhosis. The CD117(+) cell fraction was magnetically separated from SHED and then differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. The cells were transplanted into rats with either ALI or induced secondary biliary cirrhosis. Engraftment of human liver cells was determined immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization. Recovery of liver function was examined by means of histochemical and serological tests. Livers of transplanted animals were strongly positive for human immunohistochemical factors, and in situ hybridization confirmed engraftment of human hepatocytes. The tests for recovery of liver function confirmed the presence of human hepatic markers in the animals' blood serum and lack of fibrosis and functional integration of transplanted human cells into livers. No evidence of malignancy was found. We show that in vitro hdSHED engraft morphologically and functionally into the livers of rats having acute injury or secondary biliary cirrhosis. SHED are readily accessible adult stem cells, capable of proliferating in large numbers before differentiating in vitro. This makes SHED an appropriate and safe stem cell source for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Ishkitiev
- 1 Department of Oral Health, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
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Sun L, Fan X, Zhang L, Shi G, Aili M, Lu X, Jiang T, Zhang Y. Bone mesenchymal stem cell transplantation via four routes for the treatment of acute liver failure in rats. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:987-96. [PMID: 25110277 PMCID: PMC4152144 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the efficiency of four BMSC transplantation methods as a therapy for liver failure. A rat model (80 Sprague-Dawley rats) of D-galactosamine (D-gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) was established and the rats were divided into 5 groups: a hepatic artery injection group, a portal vein injection group, a vena caudalis injection group, an intraperitoneal injection group and a control group (16 per group). Following transplantation, the liver tissue and blood samples were collected on days 1, 3 and 7, we detected the EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine)-labeled cells homing to the liver tissue and assessed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cysteine-containing aspartate-specific protease (caspase)-3 expression in the liver tissue and detected the levels of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the liver tissues. Compared with the control group, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and damage to the liver tissue in the hepatic artery group, the portal vein group and the vena caudalis group improved in vivo. The expression of PCNA and HGF in the liver was higher and caspase-3 expression was lower in the hepatic artery injection group, the portal vein injection group and the vena caudalis injection group than that in the intraperitoneal injection and control groups. The EdU-labeled BMSCs were only observed homing to the liver tissue in these three groups. However, no significant differences were observed between these three groups. Liver function in the rats with ALF was improved following BMSC transplantation via 3 endovascular implantation methods (through the hepatic artery, portal vein and vena caudalis). These 3 methods were effective in transplanting BMSCs for the treatment of ALF. However, the selection of blood vessel in the implantation pathway does not affect the transplantation outcome. Transplantation via intraperitoneal injection showed no therapeutic effect in our animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Maimaiti Aili
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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Bone marrow cells enhance liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1484-9. [PMID: 24452841 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that transplanted autologous bone marrow cells (BMCs) can be converted into functional liver cells. BMC therapy can improve hepatic function and increase the potential for liver regeneration in patients with serious liver damage. We investigated whether BMC therapy influenced liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy in mice. METHODS Male C57/BL6 mice underwent 70 % hepatectomy, followed by injection of BMCs via the portal vein (PV group), BMCs via the tail vein (IV group), or saline via the portal vein (control group). Analysis of serum enzyme levels and liver histology was performed on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 5. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the rate of liver regeneration on POD 3 and 5 was significantly higher in the PV group, but not in the IV group. Examination of the mitotic index and Ki-67 labeling index revealed that the increased liver regeneration resulted from stimulation of DNA synthesis. On POD 3, the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were significantly higher and the expression of IL-6 and HGF mRNA in the remnant liver tended to be higher in the PV group than in the control group. Histological examination showed BMCs in the liver of the PV group, as well as conversion of BMCs into liver cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the injection of BMCs via the portal vein, but not the injection of BMCs via the tail, enhances liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy in mice.
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Liu WH, Ren LN, Chen T, You N, Liu LY, Wang T, Yan HT, Luo H, Tang LJ. Unbalanced distribution of materials: the art of giving rise to hepatocytes from liver stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:1-14. [PMID: 24286303 PMCID: PMC3916112 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) are able to duplicate themselves and differentiate into each type of cells in the liver, including mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Understanding how to accurately control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a challenge in many fields from preclinical to clinical treatments. This review summarizes the recent advances made to control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs over the last few decades. The hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a gradual process consisting of three main steps: initiation, progression and accomplishment. The unbalanced distribution of the affecting materials in each step results in the hepatic maturation of LSPCs. As the innovative and creative works for generating hepatocytes with full functions from LSPCs are gradually accumulated, LSPC therapies will soon be a new choice for treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- General Surgery Center of PLA, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Liu WH, Ren LN, Chen T, Liu LY, Tang LJ. Stages based molecular mechanisms for generating cholangiocytes from liver stem/progenitor cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7032-7041. [PMID: 24222945 PMCID: PMC3819537 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Except for the most organized mature hepatocytes, liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) can differentiate into many other types of cells in the liver including cholangiocytes. In addition, LSPCs are demonstrated to be able to give birth to other kinds of extra-hepatic cell types such as insulin-producing cells. Even more, under some bad conditions, these LSPCs could generate liver cancer stem like cells (LCSCs) through malignant transformation. In this review, we mainly concentrate on the molecular mechanisms for controlling cell fates of LSPCs, especially differentiation of cholangiocytes, insulin-producing cells and LCSCs. First of all, to certificate the cell fates of LSPCs, the following three features need to be taken into account to perform accurate phenotyping: (1) morphological properties; (2) specific markers; and (3) functional assessment including in vivo transplantation. Secondly, to promote LSPCs differentiation, systematical attention should be paid to inductive materials (such as growth factors and chemical stimulators), progressive materials including intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways, and implementary materials (such as liver enriched transcriptive factors). Accordingly, some recommendations were proposed to standardize, optimize, and enrich the effective production of cholangiocyte-like cells out of LSPCs. At the end, the potential regulating mechanisms for generation of cholangiocytes by LSPCs were carefully analyzed. The differentiation of LSPCs is a gradually progressing process, which consists of three main steps: initiation, progression and accomplishment. It’s the unbalanced distribution of affecting materials in each step decides the cell fates of LSPCs.
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Human adipose tissue derived stem cells promote liver regeneration in a rat model of toxic injury. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:534263. [PMID: 24312129 PMCID: PMC3839126 DOI: 10.1155/2013/534263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of the persisting lack of donor organs and the risks of allotransplantations, the possibility of liver regeneration with autologous stem cells from adipose tissue (ADSC) is an intriguing alternative. Using a model of a toxic liver damage in Sprague Dawley rats, generated by repetitive intraperitoneal application of retrorsine and allyl alcohol, the ability of human ADSC to support the restoration of liver function was investigated. A two-thirds hepatectomy was performed, and human ADSC were injected into one remaining liver lobe in group 1 (n = 20). Injection of cell culture medium performed in group 2 (n = 20) served as control. Cyclosporine was applied to achieve immunotolerance. Blood samples were drawn weekly after surgery to determine liver-correlated blood values. Six and twelve weeks after surgery, animals were sacrificed and histological sections were analyzed. ADSC significantly raised postoperative albumin (P < 0.017), total protein (P < 0.031), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (P < 0.001), and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.04) levels compared to injection of cell culture medium alone. Transplanted cells could be found up to twelve weeks after surgery in histological sections. This study points towards ADSC being a promising alternative to hepatocyte or liver organ transplantation in patients with severe liver failure.
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Yu J, Yin S, Zhang W, Gao F, Liu Y, Chen Z, Zhang M, He J, Zheng S. Hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote liver regeneration in a rat massive hepatectomy model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:83. [PMID: 23856418 PMCID: PMC3854783 DOI: 10.1186/scrt234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have been reported to facilitate liver regeneration after toxic injuries. However, the effect of BMMSCs on liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy is barely studied. Here we explored whether infusion of BMMSCs promotes liver regeneration in a rat massive hepatectomy model. Methods Hypoxia preconditioning was achieved by culturing BMMSCs under a hypoxia environment. Then 85% hepatectomy was performed and hypoxia or normoxia preconditioned BMMSCs were infused into the portal vein. A group of rats received vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibody perioperatively, and underwent 85% hepatectomy and a subsequent infusion of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs to verify the role of VEGF in the effects of BMMSCs on liver regeneration. Liver samples were collected and liver regeneration was evaluated postoperatively. Results Hypoxia preconditioning enhanced the expression of VEGF in BMMSCs in vitro. Infusion of BMMSCs promoted proliferation of hepatocytes, reflected by elevated cyclin D1 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes. However, BMMSC infusion did not improve the serum albumin level, liver weight/body weight ratio, and survival after operation. Infusion of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs significantly elevated cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes, liver weight/body weight ratio, and survival compared with normoxia preconditioned BMMSCs, accompanied by an increased serum albumin level. The level of VEGF in liver homogenate was much higher in hypoxia preconditioned BMMSC-treated animals than in other groups. In addition, the perioperative injection of VEGF neutralizing antibody significantly blocked the therapeutic effects of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs on liver injury and regeneration in this model. Conclusion Hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs enhanced liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy in rats, possibly by upregulating the level of VEGF.
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The generation of hepatocytes from mesenchymal stem cells and engraftment into the liver. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 16:69-75. [PMID: 21150616 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283424f5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Liver transplantation is the ultimate therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage liver diseases, which, however, is restricted by the shortage of donor organs. Instead hepatocyte transplantation seemed to be a way out, but again marginal donor livers for the isolation of primary human hepatocytes are scarce. The hepatocyte differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells might open a new cell resource to generate hepatocyte-like cells for therapeutical use. RECENT FINDINGS Apart from their potency of hepatocyte differentiation mesenchymal stem cells display pleiotropic biological features including modulation of immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic as well as pro-proliferative impact at the site of tissue or organ lesions. They are mobilized from the bone marrow and migrate to the liver along chemoattractive gradients thus contributing to the humoral and cellular response in tissue repair. The cause of different liver diseases is varying depending on, for example, viral, toxic, nutritional, neoplastic challenges. As known from animal studies mesenchymal stem cells seem to have a beneficial impact on liver regeneration and tissue repair under a variety of liver disease conditions. SUMMARY Their versatile biological features render mesenchymal stem cells an alternate cell resource for the treatment of liver diseases. It is important to know the mechanisms of integration of transplanted cells into the recipient tissue and to understand the communication between donor cells and the host tissue on the molecular level in order to support efficacy of cell transplantation and thus optimize the therapeutical outcome.
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Li DL, He XH, Zhang SA, Fang J, Chen FS, Fan JJ. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Pathobiology 2013; 80:228-34. [PMID: 23614968 DOI: 10.1159/000346796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to study the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to stimulate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. METHODS MSCs were isolated from bone marrow and cultured in vitro. Their characteristics were analyzed by flow cytometry. After 70% partial hepatectomy, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group that was injected with saline, animals that received bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) by tail vein injection (the BM-MSC-TV group) and animals that received BM-MSCs by portal vein injection (the BM-MSC-PV group). The injected BM-MSCs were traced by labeling with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and cell proliferations were determined by immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. RESULTS After the third passage, the cultured BM-MSCs had a fibroblast-like morphology and expressed high levels of stem cell markers CD29 and CD90. The levels of albumin rose significantly in the BM-MSC-TV and BM-MSC-PV groups compared with the control group. The number of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive liver cells in the BM-MSC-PV group was significantly higher than in the BM-MSC-TV group. The levels of Ki-67 and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine were significantly higher in the BM-MSC-TV and the BM-MSC-PV groups than in the controls. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that BM-MSC injections enhance liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Liang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China.
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Booth C, Soker T, Baptista P, Ross CL, Soker S, Farooq U, Stratta RJ, Orlando G. Liver bioengineering: Current status and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6926-34. [PMID: 23322990 PMCID: PMC3531676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to illustrate the strategies that are being implemented to regenerate or bioengineer livers for clinical purposes. There are two general pathways to liver bioengineering and regeneration. The first consists of creating a supporting scaffold, either synthetically or by decellularization of human or animal organs, and seeding cells on the scaffold, where they will mature either in bioreactors or in vivo. This strategy seems to offer the quickest route to clinical translation, as demonstrated by the development of liver organoids from rodent livers which were repopulated with organ specific cells of animal and/or human origin. Liver bioengineering has potential for transplantation and for toxicity testing during preclinical drug development. The second possibility is to induce liver regeneration of dead or resected tissue by manipulating cell pathways. In fact, it is well known that the liver has peculiar regenerative potential which allows hepatocyte hyperplasia after amputation of liver volume. Infusion of autologous bone marrow cells, which aids in liver regeneration, into patients was shown to be safe and to improve their clinical condition, but the specific cells responsible for liver regeneration have not yet been determined and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. A complete understanding of the cell pathways and dynamics and of the functioning of liver stem cell niche is necessary for the clinical translation of regenerative medicine strategies. As well, it will be crucial to elucidate the mechanisms through which cells interact with the extracellular matrix, and how this latter supports and drives cell fate.
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Chan CC, Cheng LY, Lu J, Huang YH, Chiou SH, Tsai PH, Huo TI, Lin HC, Lee FY. The role of interferon-γ inducible protein-10 in a mouse model of acute liver injury post induced pluripotent stem cells transplantation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50577. [PMID: 23227188 PMCID: PMC3515611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver injuries are important medical problems that require effective therapy. Stem cell or hepatocyte transplantation has the potential to restore function of the damaged liver and ameliorate injury. However, the regulatory factors crucial for the repair and regeneration after cell transplantation have not been fully characterized. Our study investigated the effects and the expression of the regulatory factors in mouse models of acute liver injury either transplanted with the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or the hepatocytes that differentiated from iPS cells (iHL). Methods/Principal Findings Mice received CCl4 injection and were randomized to receive vehicle, iPS, or iHL transfusions vial tail veins and were observed for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The group of mice with iPS transplantation performed better than the group of mice receiving iHL in reducing the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver necrosis areas at 24 hours after CCl4 injury. Moreover, iPS significantly increased the numbers of proliferating hepatocytes at 48 hours. Cytokine array identified that chemokine IP-10 could be the potential regulatory factor that ameliorates liver injury. Further studies revealed that iPS secreted IP-10 in vitro and transfusion of iPS increased IP-10 protein and mRNA expressions in the injured livers in vivo. The primary hepatocytes and non-parenchyma cells were isolated from normal and injured livers. Hepatocytes from injured livers that received iPS treatment expressed more IP-10 mRNA than their non-hepatocyte counter-parts. In addition, animal studies revealed that administration of recombinant IP-10 (rIP-10) effectively reduced liver injuries while IP-10-neutralizing antibody attenuated the protective effects of iPS and decreased hepatocyte proliferation. Both iPS and rIP-10 significantly reduced the 72-hour mortality rate in mice that received multiple CCl4-injuries. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggested that IP-10 may have an important regulatory role in facilitating the repair and regeneration of injured liver after iPS transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chang Chan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jean Lu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (SC)
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (SC)
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Li YS, Harn HJ, Hsieh DK, Wen TC, Subeq YM, Sun LY, Lin SZ, Chiou TW. Cells and materials for liver tissue engineering. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:685-700. [PMID: 23127824 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the most efficacious treatment for end-stage liver diseases. However, one main problem with liver transplantation is the limited number of donor organs that are available. Therefore, liver tissue engineering based on cell transplantation that combines materials to mimic the liver is under investigation with the goal of restoring normal liver functions. Tissue engineering aims to mimic the interactions among cells with a scaffold. Particular materials or a matrix serve as a scaffold and provide a three-dimensional environment for cell proliferation and interaction. Moreover, the scaffold plays a role in regulating cell maturation and function via these interactions. In cultures of hepatic lineage cells, regulation of cell proliferation and specific function using biocompatible synthetic, biodegradable bioderived matrices, protein-coated materials, surface-modified nanofibers, and decellularized biomatrix has been demonstrated. Furthermore, beneficial effects of addition of growth factor cocktails to a flow bioreactor or coculture system on cell viability and function have been observed. In addition, a system for growing stem cells, liver progenitor cells, and primary hepatocytes for transplantation into animal models was developed, which produces hepatic lineage cells that are functional and that show long-term proliferation following transplantation. The major limitation of cells proliferated with matrix-based transplantation systems is the high initial cell loss and dysfunction, which may be due to the absence of blood flow and the changes in nutrients. Thus, the development of vascular-like scaffold structures, the formation of functional bile ducts, and the maintenance of complex metabolic functions remain as major problems in hepatic tissue engineering and will need to be addressed to enable further advances toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Li
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Kaibori M, Adachi Y, Shimo T, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, Tanaka Y, Ohishi M, Araki Y, Okumura T, Nishizawa M, Kwon AH. Stimulation of liver regeneration after hepatectomy in mice by injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the portal vein. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1107-9. [PMID: 22564637 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMC) stimulate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. METHODS Isolated BMCs were purified by density gradient centrifugation. We performed a 70% hepatectomy in male BALB/c mice followed by injection of BMCs into the portal vein (PV-BMC group), or the tail vein (IV-BMC group), or of saline into the portal vein (control group). RESULTS The wet weight of the liver remnant increased significantly in the PV-BMC group at 3 and 5 days after hepatectomy compared with the IV-BMC and control groups. The Ki-67 labeling index revealed that the increase to result from stimulation of DNA synthesis. The constitutive interleukin-6 and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs in the remnant liver tended to increase in the PV-BMC group at 3 days after hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that BMC injection into the portal vein enhanced liver growth after partial hepatectomy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaibori
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Tan Y, Xiao EH, Xiao LZ, Yuan YH, Ma C, Shang QL, Bian DJ, Li YH, Chen Z, Chang Q. VEGF(165) expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into hepatocytes under HGF and EGF induction in vitro. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:635-47. [PMID: 22476563 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A short half-life and low levels of growth factors in an injured microenvironment necessitates the sustainable delivery of growth factors and stem cells to augment the regeneration of injured tissues. Our aim was to investigate the ability of VEGF(165) expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to differentiate into hepatocytes when cultured with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in vitro. We isolated, cultured and identified rabbit BMMSCs, then electroporated the BMMSCs with VEGF(165)-pCMV6-AC-GFP plasmid. G418 was used to select transfected cells and the efficiency was up to 70%. The groups were then divided as follows: Group A was electroporated with pCMV6-AC-GFP plasmid + HGF + EGF and Group B was electroporated with VEGF(165)-pCMV6-AC-GFP plasmid +HGF + EGF. After 14 days, BMMSCs were induced into short spindle and polygonal cells. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was positive and albumin (ALB) was negative in Group A, while both AFP and ALB were positive in group B on day 10. AFP and ALB in both groups were positive on day 20, but the quantity of AFP in group B decreased with prolonged time and was about 43.5% less than group A. The quantity of the ALB gene was increased with prolonged time in both groups. However, there was no significant difference between group A and B on day 10 and 20. Our results demonstrated that VEGF(165)-pCMV6-AC-GFP plasmid modified BMMSCs still had the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes. The VEGF(165) gene promoted BMMSCs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells under the induction of HGF and EGF, and reduced the differentiation time. These results have implications for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
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18
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Christ B, Brückner S. Rodent animal models for surrogate analysis of cell therapy in acute liver failure. Front Physiol 2012; 3:78. [PMID: 22485094 PMCID: PMC3317270 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Without therapeutic intervention acute liver failure (ALF) is the consequence of a progredient destruction of the liver parenchyma due to metabolic exhaustion of the hepatocytes. Perivenous hepatocytes are responsible for the detoxification of noxious compounds via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Liver transplantation is the only remaining therapeutic option in the end-stage of the disease. Assuming that metabolic capacity could be provided by healthy hepatocytes and thus substitute for the genuine parenchymal cells hepatocyte transplantation since quite some time is considered to be an alternative to whole liver transplantation. While this hypothesis achieved proof-of-concept in animal trials clinical breakthrough is still awaiting success, the reasons of which are ongoing matter of debate. In recent times mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) came into focus as a transplantable cell source to treat ALF. Interestingly, as demonstrated in various rodent animal models their mode of action is rather based on trophic support of hepatocytes remaining in the damaged host parenchyma rather than substitution of tissue loss. Mechanistically, either direct or indirect paracrine effects from the transplanted cells acting pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory seem to trigger the regenerative response of the residual healthy hepatocytes in the otherwise lethally injured liver parenchyma. Thus, allogeneic MSC may be the best choice for the treatment of ALF taking advantage of their short-term benefit to sustain the critical phase of the acute insult avoiding long-term immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Cell therapies, which include bioartificial liver support and hepatocyte transplantation, have emerged as potential treatments for a variety of liver diseases. Acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and inherited metabolic liver diseases are examples of liver diseases that have been successfully treated with cell therapies at centers around the world. Cell therapies also have the potential to be widely applied to other liver diseases, including noninherited liver diseases and liver cancer, and to improve the success of liver transplantation. Here we briefly summarize current concepts of cell therapy for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - James E. Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Brian Rodysill
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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20
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Zhang M, Zhong Y, Chen J. Model systems and clinical applications of hepatic stem cells for liver regeneration. Hepatol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Treatment of newborn G6pc(-/-) mice with bone marrow-derived myelomonocytes induces liver repair. J Hepatol 2011; 55:1263-71. [PMID: 21703205 PMCID: PMC6541203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several studies have shown that bone marrow-derived committed myelomonocytic cells can repopulate diseased livers by fusing with host hepatocytes and can restore normal liver function. These data suggest that myelomonocyte transplantation could be a promising approach for targeted and well-tolerated cell therapy aimed at liver regeneration. We sought to determine whether bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells could be effective for liver reconstitution in newborn mice knock-out for glucose-6-phosphatase-α. METHODS Bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells obtained from adult wild type mice were transplanted in newborn knock-out mice. Tissues of control and treated mice were frozen for histochemical analysis, or paraffin-embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination or analyzed by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS Histological sections of livers of treated knock-out mice revealed areas of regenerating tissue consisting of hepatocytes of normal appearance and partial recovery of normal architecture as early as 1 week after myelomonocytic cells transplant. FISH analysis with X and Y chromosome paints indicated fusion between infused cells and host hepatocytes. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was detected in treated mice with improved profiles of liver functional parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cell transplant may represent an effective way to achieve liver reconstitution of highly degenerated livers in newborn animals.
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22
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Castilho-Fernandes A, de Almeida DC, Fontes AM, Melo FUF, Picanço-Castro V, Freitas MC, Orellana MD, Palma PVB, Hackett PB, Friedman SL, Covas DT. Human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) exhibits characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:664-72. [PMID: 21930125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The LX-2 cell line has characteristics of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are considered pericytes of the hepatic microcirculatory system. Recent studies have suggested that HSCs might have mesenchymal origin. We have performed an extensive characterization of the LX-2 cells and have compared their features with those of mesenchymal cells. Our data show that LX-2 cells have a phenotype resembling activated HSCs as well as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Our immunophenotypic analysis showed that LX-2 cells are positive for activated HSC markers (αSMA, GFAP, nestin and CD271) and classical mesenchymal makers (CD105, CD44, CD29, CD13, CD90, HLA class-I, CD73, CD49e, CD166 and CD146) but negative for the endothelial marker CD31 and endothelial progenitor cell marker CD133 as well as hematopoietic markers (CD45 and CD34). LX-2 cells also express the same transcripts found in immortalized and primary BM-MSCs (vimentin, annexin 5, collagen 1A, NG2 and CD140b), although at different levels. We show that LX-2 cells are capable to differentiate into multilineage mesenchymal cells in vitro and can stimulate new blood vessel formation in vivo. LX-2 cells appear not to possess tumorigenic potential. Thus, the LX-2 cell line behaves as a multipotent cell line with similarity to BM-MSCs. This line should be useful for further studies to elucidate liver regeneration mechanisms and be the foundation for development of hepatic cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrielle Castilho-Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (6° andar do HC) Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, Brazil.
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23
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Ezzat TM, Dhar DK, Newsome PN, Malagó M, Olde Damink SWM. Use of hepatocyte and stem cells for treatment of post-resectional liver failure: are we there yet? Liver Int 2011; 31:773-84. [PMID: 21645208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-operative liver failure following extensive resections for liver tumours is a rare but significant complication. The only effective treatment is liver transplantation (LT); however, there is a debate about its use given the high mortality compared with the outcomes of LT for chronic liver diseases. Cell therapy has emerged as a possible alternative to LT especially as endogenous hepatocyte proliferation is likely inhibited in the setting of prior chemo/radiotherapy. Both hepatocyte and stem cell transplantations have shown promising results in the experimental setting; however, there are few reports on their clinical application. This review identifies the potential stem cell sources in the body, and highlights the triggering factors that lead to their mobilization and integration in liver regeneration following major liver resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Ezzat
- HPB and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, Pond Street, London, UK
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24
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Krishna KA, Krishna KS, Berrocal R, Tummala A, Rao K, Rao KS. A review on the therapeutic potential of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells in hepatic repair. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2011; 2:141-4. [PMID: 22346225 PMCID: PMC3276003 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.92314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the liver being proliferatively quiescent, it maintains balance between cell gain and cell loss, invokes a rapid regenerative response following hepatocyte loss, and restores liver mass. Human liver has immense regenerative capacity. Liver comprises many cell types with specialized functions. Of these cell types, hepatocytes play several key roles, but are most vulnerable to damage. Recent studies suggest that the extrahepatic stem cell pool contributes to liver regeneration. Stem cell therapies have the potential to enhance hepatic regeneration. Both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells could be a suitable source to regenerate hepatocytes. In the present review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of stem cells in hepatic repair and focus on the clinical applications of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ananda Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - K. Sai Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ruben Berrocal
- Institute for Scientific Research and Technology Services, National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation, Clayton City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama
| | - Alekya Tummala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Columbus College of Medicine, Republic of Panama
| | - K.S. Rao
- Institute for Scientific Research and Technology Services, National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation, Clayton City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama
| | - K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
- Institute for Scientific Research and Technology Services, National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation, Clayton City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama
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25
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Trebol Lopez J, Georgiev Hristov T, García-Arranz M, García-Olmo D. Stem Cell Therapy for Digestive Tract Diseases: Current State and Future Perspectives. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1113-29. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Trebol Lopez
- General and Digestive Tract Surgery Department, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Investigation Institute IdiPAZ, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tihomir Georgiev Hristov
- General and Digestive Tract Surgery Department, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Investigation Institute IdiPAZ, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Investigation Institute IdiPAZ, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- General and Digestive Tract Surgery Department, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Investigation Institute IdiPAZ, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Nussler AK, Zeilinger K, Schyschka L, Ehnert S, Gerlach JC, Yan X, Lee SML, Ilowski M, Thasler WE, Weiss TS. Cell therapeutic options in liver diseases: cell types, medical devices and regulatory issues. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1087-1099. [PMID: 21461918 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the field of orthotopic liver transplantation, cell-based therapies seem to be a promising alternative to whole-organ transplantation. The reasons are manifold but organ shortage is the main cause for this approach. However, many problems such as the question which cell type should be used or which application site is best for transplantation have been raised. In addition, some clinicians have had success by cultivating liver cells in bioreactors for temporary life support. Besides answering the question which cell type, which injection site or even which culture form should be used for liver support recent international harmonization of legal requirements is needed to be addressed by clinicians, scientists and companies dealing with cellular therapies. We here briefly summarize the possible cell types used to partially or temporarily correct liver diseases, the most recent development of bioreactor technology and important regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, MRI, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Oren-Suissa M, Podbilewicz B. Evolution of programmed cell fusion: common mechanisms and distinct functions. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1515-28. [PMID: 20419783 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved diverged mechanisms to merge cells. Here, we discuss three types of cell fusion: (1) Non-self-fusion, cells with different genetic contents fuse to start a new organism and fusion between enveloped viruses and host cells; (2) Self-fusion, genetically identical cells fuse to form a multinucleated cell; and (3) Auto-fusion, a single cell fuses with itself by bringing specialized cell membrane domains into contact and transforming itself into a ring-shaped cell. This is a new type of selfish fusion discovered in C. elegans. We divide cell fusion into three stages: (1) Specification of the cell-fusion fate; (2) Cell attraction, attachment, and recognition; (3) Execution of plasma membrane fusion, cytoplasmic mixing and cytoskeletal rearrangements. We analyze cell fusion in diverse biological systems in development and disease emphasizing the mechanistic contributions of C. elegans to the understanding of programmed cell fusion, a genetically encoded pathway to merge specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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28
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Anzalone R, Iacono ML, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G. New Emerging Potentials for Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunological Features and Hepatocyte-Like Differentiative Capacity. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:423-38. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Lo Iacono
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Corrao
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Loria
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
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Han Y, Chen JD, Liu ZM, Zhou Y, Xia JH, Du XL, Jin MW. Functional ion channels in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1109-17. [PMID: 20130208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00207.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac c-kit(+) cells are generally believed to be the major population of stem/progenitor cells in the heart and can be used as a cell source for cardiomyoplasty; however, the cellular electrophysiological properties are not understood in this type of cells. The present study was designed to investigate functional ion channels in undifferentiated mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells using approaches of whole cell patch voltage clamp, RT-PCR, and cell proliferation assay. It was found that three types of ionic currents were present in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells, including a delayed rectifier K(+) current (IK(DR)) inhibited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an inward rectifier K(+) current (I(Kir)) decreased by Ba(2+), and a volume-sensitive chloride current (I(Cl.vol)) inhibited by 5-nitro-1-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB). RT-PCR revealed that the corresponding ion channel genes, Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.6 (for IK(DR)), Kir.1.1, Kir2.1, and Kir2.2 (likely responsible for I(Kir)), and Clcn3 (for I(Cl.vol)), were significant in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. The inhibition of I(Cl.vol) with NPPB and niflumic acid, but not IK(DR) with 4-AP and tetraethylammonium, reduced cell proliferation and accumulated the cell progression at G(0)/G(1) phase in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells. Our results demonstrate that three types of functional ion channel currents (i.e., IK(DR), I(Kir), and I(Cl.vol)) are present in mouse cardiac c-kit(+) cells, and I(Cl.vol) participates in regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Stutchfield BM, Rashid S, Forbes SJ, Wigmore SJ. Practical Barriers to Delivering Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy as an Adjunct to Liver Resection. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:155-62. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Stutchfield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sameena Rashid
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wigmore
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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