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Raina R, Suchan A, Soundararajan A, Brown AM, Davenport A, Shih WV, Nada A, Irving SY, Mannemuddhu SS, Vitale VS, Crugnale AS, Keller GL, Berry KG, Zieg J, Alhasan K, Guzzo I, Lussier NH, Yap HK, Bunchman TE, Sethi SK. Nutrition in critically ill children with acute kidney injury on continuous kidney replacement therapy: a 2023 executive summary. Nutrition 2024; 119:112272. [PMID: 38118382 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nutrition plays a vital role in the outcome of critical illness in children, particularly those with acute kidney injury. Currently, there are no established guidelines for children with acute kidney injury treated with continuous kidney replacement therapy. Our objective was to create clinical practice points for nutritional assessment and management in critically ill children with acute kidney injury receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy. METHODS An electronic search using PubMed and an inclusive academic library search (including MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase databases) was conducted to find relevant English-language articles on nutrition therapy for children (<18 y of age) receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy. RESULTS The existing literature was reviewed by our work group, comprising pediatric nephrologists and experts in nutrition. The modified Delphi method was then used to develop a total of 45 clinical practice points. The best methods for nutritional assessment are discussed. Indirect calorimetry is the most reliable method of predicting resting energy expenditure in children on continuous kidney replacement therapy. Schofield equations can be used when indirect calorimetry is not available. The non-intentional calories contributed by continuous kidney replacement therapy should also be accounted for during caloric dosing. Protein supplementation should be increased to account for the proteins, peptides, and amino acids lost with continuous kidney replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Clinical practice points are provided on nutrition assessment, determining energy needs, and nutrient intake in children with acute kidney injury and on continuous kidney replacement therapy based on the existing literature and expert opinions of a multidisciplinary panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Raina
- Akron Nephrology Associates, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA; Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA.
| | - Andrew Suchan
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ann-Marie Brown
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; ECU Health, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Weiwen V Shih
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Arwa Nada
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sharon Y Irving
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sai Sudha Mannemuddhu
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, East Tennessee Children's Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Aylin S Crugnale
- Akron Nephrology Associates, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Katarina G Berry
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Khalid Alhasan
- Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Isabella Guzzo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hui Kim Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy E Bunchman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sidharth K Sethi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kidney Institute, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
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Raina R, Suchan A, Sethi SK, Soundararajan A, Vitale VS, Keller GL, Brown AM, Davenport A, Shih WV, Nada A, Irving SY, Mannemuddhu SS, Crugnale AS, Myneni A, Berry KG, Zieg J, Alhasan K, Guzzo I, Lussier NH, Yap HK, Bunchman TE. Nutrition in Critically Ill Children with AKI on Continuous RRT: Consensus Recommendations. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:285-309. [PMID: 38112754 PMCID: PMC10914214 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition plays a vital role in the outcome of critically ill children, particularly those with AKI. Currently, there are no established guidelines for children with AKI treated with continuous RRT (CRRT). A thorough understanding of the metabolic changes and nutritional challenges in AKI and CRRT is required. Our objective was to create clinical practice points for nutritional assessment and management in critically ill children with AKI receiving CRRT. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched for articles related to the topic. Expertise of the authors and a consensus of the workgroup were additional sources of data in the article. Available articles on nutrition therapy in pediatric patients receiving CRRT through January 2023. RESULTS On the basis of the literature review, the current evidence base was examined by a panel of experts in pediatric nephrology and nutrition. The panel used the literature review as well as their expertise to formulate clinical practice points. The modified Delphi method was used to identify and refine clinical practice points. CONCLUSIONS Forty-four clinical practice points are provided on nutrition assessment, determining energy needs, and nutrient intake in children with AKI and on CRRT on the basis of the existing literature and expert opinions of a multidisciplinary panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Raina
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio
- Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Andrew Suchan
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sidharth K. Sethi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Anvitha Soundararajan
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio
| | | | | | - Ann-Marie Brown
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- ECU Health, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weiwen V. Shih
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Arwa Nada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Le Bonheur Children's & St. Jude Children's Research Hospitals, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sharon Y. Irving
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sai Sudha Mannemuddhu
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, East Tennessee Children's Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Aylin S. Crugnale
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio
| | - Archana Myneni
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio
| | - Katarina G. Berry
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Khalid Alhasan
- Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Isabella Guzzo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hui Kim Yap
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy E. Bunchman
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Lovell AL, Gardiner B, Henry L, Bate JM, Brougham MFH, Iniesta RR. The evolution of nutritional care in children and young people with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a narrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024. [PMID: 38185902 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common paediatric malignancy in the world. Advances in treatment protocols have resulted in survival rates of >80% in most high-income countries (HIC); however, children and young people (CYP) with ALL continue to face significant nutrition-related challenges during treatment. METHODS This narrative review outlines the changing landscape of treatment and survivorship for CYP with ALL and the advances in nutrition knowledge that call for changes to clinical nutrition practice. RESULTS The incidence of ALL has remained stable in HIC; however, there have been significant advances in survival over the past 30 years. Overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in CYP with ALL at diagnosis, during treatment and in survivorship. Coupled with poor diet quality, high-energy and saturated fat intakes, altered eating behaviours and inactivity, this necessitates the need for a shift in nutrition intervention. Undernutrition remains a concern for CYP with high-risk treatment protocols where oral or enteral nutrition support remains a cornerstone of maintaining nutrition status. CONCLUSIONS With improved treatment protocols and high survival rates, a shift to focusing on diet quality, prevention of excessive weight gain and obesity during treatment and survivorship is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Lovell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
- Starship Blood and Cancer Centre, Starship Child Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Breeana Gardiner
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise Henry
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Jessica M Bate
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark F H Brougham
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raquel Revuelta Iniesta
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Huq S, Pareek R, Stowe A, Smith K, Mikhailov T. Association between goal nutrition and intubation in patients with bronchiolitis on noninvasive ventilation: A retrospective cohort study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2024; 48:100-107. [PMID: 37904605 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bronchiolitis causes many hospitalizations in children younger than 2 years. Early enteral nutrition is associated with improved outcomes in these patients. However, often nutrition is withheld when patients require noninvasive respiratory support because of the risk of aspiration worsening respiratory failure, possibly requiring intubation. We hypothesize that achieving goal energy intake is associated with a lower intubation rate in hospitalized children with bronchiolitis who require noninvasive ventilation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined the association between goal enteral nutrition (60% of dietary reference energy intake) and intubation rates. We grouped patients by severity of illness and compared intubation rates in those who met goal energy to those who did not. We use stratified analysis methods (for both level of respiratory support and feeding route) to evaluate progression to intubation. RESULTS Of the 272 patients, 215 met goal feeds. These groups had similar demographics, but the goal-feeds group started on higher respiratory support in the pediatric intensive care unit. We found that 4.65% of the patients who met goal feeds required intubation compared with 24.6% of patients who did not meet goal feeds (P < 0.0001), even after controlling for respiratory status at admission and time of feed initiation and feeding route. CONCLUSION We observed when adjusting for severity, feeding route, and respiratory support, achieving goal energy intake remained associated with a lower rate of intubation, without higher rates of aspiration. Confounding factors include practice variation and difference in severity of illness that objective scoring may have missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Huq
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital/Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajat Pareek
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital/Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Alicia Stowe
- Bioinformatics, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kayla Smith
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital/Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Theresa Mikhailov
- Pediatric Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Fields JB, Magee MK, Jones MT, Askow AT, Camic CL, Luedke J, Jagim AR. The accuracy of ten common resting metabolic rate prediction equations in men and women collegiate athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1973-1982. [PMID: 36168819 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict TDEE in the athletic populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of 10 commonly used RMR prediction equations (Cunningham, De Lorenzo, Freire, Harris-Benedict, Mifflin St. Jeor, Nelson, Owen, Tinsley, Watson, Schofield) in collegiate men and women athletes. One-hundred eighty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III men (n = 97) and women (n = 90) athletes were recruited to participate in one day of metabolic testing. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and body composition was analyzed using air displacement plethysmography. A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analyses was selected to determine mean differences between measured and predicted RMR. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the accuracy of each RMR prediction method (p<0.05). All prediction equations significantly underestimated RMR (p<0.001), although there was no difference between the De Lorenzo and Watson equations and measured RMR (p = 1.00) for women, only. In men, the Tinsley and Freire equations were the most agreeable formulas with the lowest root-mean-square prediction error value of 404 and 412 kcals, respectively. In women, the De Lorenzo and Watson equations were the most agreeable equations with the lowest root-mean-squared error value of 171 and 211 kcals, respectively. The results demonstrate that such RMR equations may underestimate actual energy requirements of athletes and thus, practitioners should interpret such values with caution.Highlights All prediction equations significantly underestimated RMR in men athletes.All prediction equations, except for the De Lorenzo and Watson equations, significantly underestimated RMR in women athletes.Although a significant underestimation of RMR in men athletes, the Freire and Tinsley equations were the most agreeable prediction equations.In women athletes, the De Lorenzo and Watson equations were the most agreeable prediction equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Meghan K Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL,, USA
| | - Clayton L Camic
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Borsani B, Biganzoli G, Penagini F, Bosetti A, Pendezza E, Perico V, Biganzoli E, Verduci E, Zuccotti GV. Resting energy expenditure in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: accuracy of available prediction formulas and development of population-specific methods. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1097152. [PMID: 37681200 PMCID: PMC10481865 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1097152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Energy requirements are difficult to estimate in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Resting energy expenditure (REE), necessary to implement personalized nutritional interventions, is most commonly estimated using prediction formulae since indirect calorimetry, the reference method, is not available in all nutrition units. The aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used REE prediction formulae developed for healthy children, in children with CP; (2) to assess the accuracy of the REE population-specific formula for CP children proposed in our preliminary report; (3) to develop new population-specific methods. Methods REE was measured by indirect calorimetry in 100 children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (SQCP) and estimated on the basis of predictive formulas selected by the clinicians [World Health Organization (WHO), Harris-Benedict, Schofield weight, Schofield weight & height, Oxford, Mifflin formulae and a population-specific formula for CP children developed in our preliminary report]. Results 100 children with SQCP (35 girls, 35%) classified as level V according to gross motor function classification system (GMFCS-V); 64% with oral nutrition, 29% total enteral nutrition (nasogastric tube feeding, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, percutaneous endoscopic transgastric jejunostomy) and 7% mixed nutrition. The median (IQR) REE was 41.96 (17.5) kcal/kg/day.Statistical analysis highlighted a proportional bias between the indirect calorimetry and all considered predictive formulae for REE determination. By studying the relationship between the bias and the mean values of REE, specific conversion equations were obtained. With a pre-specified model having as predictors the variable weight and the variable Triceps Skinfold (TSF) and, as response the variable REE measured by indirect calorimetry, a predictive nomogram was developed to estimate the REE in this population of children. Conclusions We suggest using predictive formulae for healthy children with caution, and where possible carrying out indirect calorimetry to assess REE in children with CP. However, we propose a new tool which could be developed to become an additional help for assessment of REE in the clinical practice.Future objectives will be to obtain a larger sample size, in a multicenter perspective study, to build a specific predictive model for the REE of the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borsani
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biganzoli
- Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Penagini
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Pendezza
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Perico
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health & DSRC, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Łuszczki E, Jagielski P, Bartosiewicz A, Dereń K, Matłosz P, Kuchciak M, Oleksy Ł, Stolarczyk A, Mazur A. Development and validation of new predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in physically active boys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4527. [PMID: 36941327 PMCID: PMC10027683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement or estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) should be the first step in determining energy demand in physically active boys. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate new equations for resting energy expenditure in male children and adolescents practicing soccer. The cross-sectional studywas carried out among 184 boys in the derivation group and 148 boys in the validation group (mean age 13.20 ± 2.16 years and 13.24 ± 1.75 years, respectively). The calorimeter and device for assessing body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were used. Model of multiple regression showed that REE can be predicted in this population with Eq. (1) (with height and weight data) or Eq. (2) (with age, height, and fat free mass data). Predictive Eq. (1) had an average error of 51 ± 199 kcal and predictive Eq. (2) - 39 ± 193 kcal. Cohen's d coefficient was 0.2, which confirms the small difference. The bias was 4.7% and 3.9%, respectively. The accuracy was 61.2% in the population for predictive Eq. (1) and 66.2% for predictive Eq. (2). Therefore, the new equations developed and validated in this study are recommended for the estimation of REE in physically active boys, when the use of IC is not feasible or available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łuszczki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bartosiewicz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dereń
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Piotr Matłosz
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuchciak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Oleksy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
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Helsel BC, Shook RP, Forseth B, Dreyer Gillette ML, Polfuss M, Miller B, Posson P, Steele R, Thyfault JP, Ptomey LT. Resting energy expenditure in adolescents with Down syndrome: a comparison of commonly used predictive equations. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2023; 67:112-122. [PMID: 36423896 PMCID: PMC9839564 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) are two to three times more likely to be obese than their typically developing peers. When preventing or treating obesity, it is useful for clinicians to understand an individual's energy intake needs. Predictive resting energy expenditure (REE) equations are often recommended for general use in energy intake recommendations; however, these predictive equations have not been validated in youth with DS. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of seven commonly used predictive equations for estimating REE in adolescents who are typically developing to REE measured by indirect calorimetry in adolescents with DS. METHODS Adolescents with DS participated in a 90-min laboratory visit before 10:00 a.m. after a 12-h overnight fast and a 48-h abstention from aerobic exercise. REE was measured via indirect calorimetry, and estimated REE was derived using the Institute of Medicine, Molnar, Muller and World Health Organization equations. Mean differences between the measured and predicted REE for each equation were evaluated with equivalency testing, and P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Holm method. RESULTS Forty-six adolescents with DS (age: 15.5 ± 1.7 years, 47.8% female, 73.9% non-Hispanic White) completed the REE assessment. Average measured REE was 1459.5 ± 267.8 kcal/day, and the Institute of Medicine equations provided the most accurate prediction of REE with a 1.7 ± 11.2% (13.9 ± 170.3 kcal/day) overestimation. This prediction was not statistically different from the measured REE [P-value = 0.582; 95% confidence interval (CI): -64.5, 36.7], and the difference between the measured and predicted REE was statistically equivalent to zero (P-value = 0.024; 90% CI: -56.1, 28.3). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the Institute of Medicine equation may be useful in predicting REE in adolescents with DS. Future research should confirm these results in a larger sample and determine the utility of the Institute of Medicine equation for energy intake recommendations during a weight management intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Helsel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robin P. Shook
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bethany Forseth
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Meredith L. Dreyer Gillette
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michele Polfuss
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee and Department of Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bryce Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paige Posson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John P. Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lauren T. Ptomey
- Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Traini I, Chan SY, Menzies J, Hughes J, Coffey MJ, Katz T, McKay IR, Ooi CY, Leach ST, Krishnan U. Evaluating the Dietary Intake of Children With Esophageal Atresia: A Prospective, Controlled, Observational Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 75:221-226. [PMID: 35653431 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with esophageal atresia (EA) often have feeding difficulties and dysphagia, which may compromise their nutritional status. This study aimed to compare dietary intake between children with EA and matched healthy controls (HC) and to investigate the relationship between dietary factors, growth, dysphagia, and feeding difficulties in the EA cohort. METHODS This cross-sectional cohort study recruited children with EA and HC aged 2-17 years from a tertiary pediatric hospital in Australia. Growth parameters were measured. Dietary intake was assessed using the validated Australian Child and Adolescent Eating Survey. Dysphagia and feeding difficulties were assessed using objective questionnaires. RESULTS Twenty-one children with EA were matched for age and sex with 21 HC. Compared to HC, children with EA had lower mean z scores for height-for-age, but mean weight-for-age and body mass index-for-age z scores were similar. Energy intake was similar between the groups. The diet of children with EA consisted of a higher proportion of fats and lower proportion of carbohydrates compared to matched HC. Dysphagia severity in children with EA positively correlated with proportion of energy from fats and saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS Children with EA have similar energy intake and growth parameters to HC, but their diet consists of a higher proportion of fats and lower proportion of carbohydrates compared to HC. Targeted dietary interventions and parental education are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Traini
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sin Yee Chan
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Menzies
- the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australiathe
| | - Jennifer Hughes
- the Department of Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Coffey
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamarah Katz
- the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australiathe
| | - Isabelle R McKay
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Chee Y Ooi
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- the Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven T Leach
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Usha Krishnan
- From the School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- the Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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10
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Lewis K, Khoury M, Cunningham C, Lavoie S, Conway J. Estimating nutritional needs in paediatric heart failure: beyond the equations. Cardiol Young 2022; 33:1-3. [PMID: 35135650 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951122000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition optimisation is imperative in paediatric patients with heart failure. Energy needs can be assessed using indirect calorimetry. METHODS Presented are two cases of children with clinical heart failure who benefited from indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Using indirect calorimetry, it was determined both cases were hypermetabolic. CONCLUSION These cases demonstrate the impact of heart failure on metabolic rate and growth. Energy requirements were up to two times higher than estimations from predictive equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Lewis
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Khoury
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chentel Cunningham
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lavoie
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Conway
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Resting Energy Expenditure and Related Factors in 6- to 9-Year-Old Southern African Children of Diverse Population Groups. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061983. [PMID: 34207655 PMCID: PMC8229942 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower resting energy expenditure (REE) may partially explain the disproportionate prevalence of overweight/obesity among black African women. As no previous studies have investigated the REE of Southern African (South. Afr.) children, we aimed to determine, by sex and population group, the REE of 6- to 9-year-old urban school children. In a cross-sectional study with quota sampling, REE was measured with indirect calorimetry (IC). Confounders considered were: body composition (BC) (fat-free mass (FFM), FFM index, fat mass (FM), FM index), assessed using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, and physical activity (PA) measured with a pedometer. Multivariate regression was used to calculate REE adjusted for phenotypes (BC, z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age, body mass index-for-age) and PA. Sex and population differences in REE were determined with two-way ANOVA. Ninety-four healthy children (59.6% girls; 52.1% black) with similar socioeconomic status and PA opportunities participated. Despite BC variations, sex differences in REE were not significant (41 kcal/day; P = 0.375). The REE of black participants was lower than of white (146 kcal/day; P = 0.002). When adjusted for FFM and HFA z-score, the differences in REE declined but remained clinically meaningful at 91 kcal/day (P = 0.039) and 82 kcal/day (P = 0.108), respectively. We recommend the development of population-specific REE prediction equations for South. Afr. children.
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12
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Łuszczki E, Bartosiewicz A, Dereń K, Kuchciak M, Oleksy Ł, Stolarczyk A, Mazur A. The Diagnostic-Measurement Method-Resting Energy Expenditure Assessment of Polish Children Practicing Football. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020340. [PMID: 33670785 PMCID: PMC7922541 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the amount of energy needed to cover the energy demand of children doing sport training and thus ensuring they achieve an even energy balance requires the resting energy expenditure (REE) to be estimated. One of the methods that measures REE is the indirect calorimetry method, which may be influenced by many factors, including body composition, gender, age, height or blood pressure. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between the resting energy expenditure of children regularly playing football and selected factors that influence the REE in this group. The study was conducted among 219 children aged 9 to 17 using a calorimeter, a device used to assess body composition by the electrical bioimpedance method by means of segment analyzer and a blood pressure monitor. The results of REE obtained by indirect calorimetry were compared with the results calculated using the ready-to-use formula, the Harris Benedict formula. The results showed a significant correlation of girls’ resting energy expenditure with muscle mass and body height, while boys’ resting energy expenditure was correlated with muscle mass and body water content. The value of the REE was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) than the value of the basal metabolic rate calculated by means of Harris Benedict formula. The obtained results can be a worthwhile suggestion for specialists dealing with energy demand planning in children, especially among those who are physically active to achieve optimal sporting successes ensuring proper functioning of their body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łuszczki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.B.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-851-68-11
| | - Anna Bartosiewicz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Dereń
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Maciej Kuchciak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Oleksy
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszaw, Poland; (Ł.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszaw, Poland; (Ł.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Artur Mazur
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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13
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Resting Energy Expenditure of Physically Active Boys in Southeastern Poland-The Accuracy and Validity of Predictive Equations. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120493. [PMID: 33271803 PMCID: PMC7760554 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of energy intake in the diet of young athletes is of primary importance. In addition to the energy expenditure associated with their body development, the demand resulting from intensive physical activity also increases. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of formulas commonly used for resting energy expenditure (REE) calculations with values obtained from measurements using indirect calorimetry among male children and adolescents practicing football. The study was conducted among 184 boys aged 9 to 17 using a calorimeter and a device for assessing body composition by means of electrical bioimpedance using a segment analyzer. The mean error ranged from −477 kcal/d by the Maffeis formula to −182 kcal/d for the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IMNA) formula. A statistically significant difference was found for all formulas in the calculated value in relation to the measured REE value (p < 0.0001). Most “ready-to-use” formulas underestimate REE, which can be a risk in determining the total energy demand in a group that requires more calories, especially when due to intensive growth and development and the expenditure associated with regular training and increased physical activity.
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14
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Wiedeman AM, Panagiotopoulos C, Devlin AM. Treatment-related weight gain and metabolic complications in children with mental health disorders: potential role for lifestyle interventions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:193-204. [PMID: 33226841 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 1 million Canadian children are estimated to have a mental health disorder, which are commonly treated with medications, such as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Estimates suggest that SGA prescriptions to children are increasing in Canada. Although these medications are important and lifesaving components of psychiatric treatment, they are not without side effects. For some children, SGA treatment is associated with adverse metabolic complications including rapid weight gain, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and risk for type 2 diabetes. It is not clear why these complications develop, but it is assumed that SGAs stimulate appetite and food intake, and reduce resting energy expenditure leading to weight gain and that the metabolic complications occur secondary to the weight gain. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these complications is key to being able to identify children at risk and prevent and optimize treatment. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the literature pertaining to the weight gain and metabolic complications in children treated with SGAs, highlighting the scope of the problem and the current limited research on how diet and physical activity can be used to prevent or lessen the severity of the metabolic complications and improve the long-term health trajectories of SGA-treated children. Novelty: Children are increasingly being treated with second-generation antipsychotics for mental health disorders. Dietary and physical activity assessments are not commonly considered in clinical settings. Randomized controlled trials of lifestyle interventions are needed to determine the effectiveness of mitigating the cardiometabolic complications in second-generation antipsychotic-treated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Wiedeman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Constadina Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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15
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El-Ganzoury MM, El-Farrash RA, Ahmed GF, Hassan SI, Barakat NM. Perioperative nutritional prehabilitation in malnourished children with congenital heart disease: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2020; 84:111027. [PMID: 33189483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The poor preoperative nutritional state of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is often exacerbated postoperatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perioperative 1- versus 2-wk nutritional prehabilitation programs on growth and surgical outcomes in malnourished children with CHD. METHODS Forty malnourished infants scheduled for elective CHD surgery were randomized to receive either 1 or 2 wk of a nutritional prehabilitation program. Pre- and postoperative anthropometric parameters and feeding characteristics, feeding tolerance, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and total hospital LOS were documented. RESULTS The 2-wk prehabilitation group showed higher weight-for-age z-score and body mass index than the 1-wk group both preoperatively postnutritional, and postoperatively with significantly higher weight gain postoperatively. The 2-wk prehabilitation group had a shorter duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, and total hospital LOS. CONCLUSION The 2-wk prehabilitation program was associated with better anthropometric measurements, shorter ICU LOS postoperatively, and shorter duration of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. The preoperative nutritional status of children with CHD had a negative effect on ICU LOS and duration of mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania A El-Farrash
- Pediatrics Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Noha M Barakat
- Pediatrics Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Energy Expenditure in Mechanically Ventilated Korean Children: Single-Center Evaluation of a New Estimation Equation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:e522-e529. [PMID: 32453925 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate assessments of energy expenditure are vital for determining optimal nutritional support, especially in critically ill children. We evaluated current methods for energy expenditure prediction, in comparison with indirect calorimetry, and developed a new estimation equation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill Korean children. DESIGN Single-center retrospective study. SETTING Fourteen-bed pediatric medical ICU in a tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS Pediatric patients admitted to the PICU between October 2017 and September 2019 with a measured energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total 95 pediatric patients (70 in derivation cohort for development of a new predictive equation and 25 in validation cohort) were included. Mean measured energy expenditure of group A was 66.20 ± 15.35 kcal/kg/d. All previously established predictive equations underestimated the predicted energy expenditure, compared with the measured energy expenditure, except the Food and Agriculture/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation. The Schofield-Height and Weight equation showed the best performance among the tested predictive equations for the entire cohort (least bias, -68.58 kcal/d; best percentage, 108.46% ± 33.60%) compared with the measured energy expenditure. It was also the best performing predictive equation in subgroup analysis by age, sex, nutritional status, and organ failure. Because some discrepancies remained between the measured energy expenditure and predicted energy expenditures, we developed a new estimation equation using multiple regression analysis and those variables significantly associated with our current measured energy expenditures: Energy expenditure = -321.264 + 72.152 × (body weight, kg)-1.396 × (body weight) + 5.668 × height (cm) + organ dysfunction* (*hematologic, 76.699; neurologic, -87.984). This new estimation equation showed the least bias and best percentage compared with previous predictive equations (least bias, 15.51 kcal/d; best percentage, 102.30% ± 28.10%). CONCLUSIONS There are significant disparities between measured and calculated energy expenditures. We developed a new estimation equation based on measured energy expenditure data that shows better performance in mechanically ventilated Korean children than other equations. This new estimation equation requires further prospective validation in pediatric series with a range in body habitus.
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Nikooyeh B, Shariatzadeh N, Kalayi A, Zahedirad M, Neyestani TR. Development of new predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Iranian healthy adults: negligible effect of sex. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:311-320. [PMID: 32654630 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have reported inaccuracy of predicting basal metabolic rate (BMR) by using common equations for Asian people. Thus, this study was undertaken to develop new predictive equations for the Iranian community and also to compare their accuracy with the commonly used formulas. Anthropometric measures and thyroid function were evaluated for 267 healthy subjects (18-60 y). Indirect calorimetry (InCal) was performed only for those participants with normal thyroid function tests (n = 252). Comparison of predicted RMR (both kcal/d and kcal.kg.wt-1.d-1) using current predictive formulas and measured RMR revealed that Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/UNU significantly over-estimated and Mifflin-St. Jeor significantly under-estimated RMR as compared to InCal measurements. In stepwise regression analysis for developing new equations, the highest r2 (=0.89) was from a model comprising sex, height and weight. However, further analyses revealed that unlike the subjects under 30 y, the association between age and the measured RMR in subjects 30 y and plus was negative (r = -0.241, p = 0.001). As a result, two separate equations were developed for these two age groups. Over 80 percent of variations were covered by the new equations. In conclusion, there were statistical significant under- and over-estimation of RMR using common predictive equations in our subjects. Using the new equations, the accuracy of the calculated RMR increased remarkably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nikooyeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Shariatzadeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kalayi
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Zahedirad
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tirang R Neyestani
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Estimation of RMR using prediction equations is the basis for calculating energy requirements. In the present study, RMR was predicted by Harris–Benedict, Schofield, Henry, Mifflin–St Jeor and Owen equations and measured by indirect calorimetry in 125 healthy adult women of varying BMI (17–44 kg/m2). Agreement between methods was assessed by Bland–Altman analyses and each equation was assessed for accuracy by calculating the percentage of individuals predicted within ± 10 % of measured RMR. Slopes and intercepts of bias as a function of average RMR (mean of predicted and measured RMR) were calculated by regression analyses. Predictors of equation bias were investigated using univariate and multivariate linear regression. At group level, bias (the difference between predicted and measured RMR) was not different from zero only for Mifflin–St Jeor (0 (sd 153) kcal/d (0 (sd 640) kJ/d)) and Henry (8 (sd 163) kcal/d (33 (sd 682) kJ/d)) equations. Mifflin–St Jeor and Henry equations were most accurate at the individual level and predicted RMR within 10 % of measured RMR in 71 and 66 % of participants, respectively. For all equations, limits of agreement were wide, slopes of bias were negative, and intercepts of bias were positive and significantly (P < 0⋅05) different from zero. Increasing age, height and BMI were associated with underestimation of RMR, but collectively these variables explained only 15 % of the variance in estimation bias. Overall accuracy of equations for prediction of RMR is low at the individual level, particularly in women with low and high RMR. The Mifflin–St Jeor equation was the most accurate for this dataset, but prediction errors were still observed in about one-third of participants.
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De Cosmi V, Mazzocchi A, Milani GP, Calderini E, Scaglioni S, Bettocchi S, D’Oria V, Langer T, Spolidoro GCI, Leone L, Battezzati A, Bertoli S, Leone A, De Amicis RS, Foppiani A, Agostoni C, Grossi E. Prediction of Resting Energy Expenditure in Children: May Artificial Neural Networks Improve Our Accuracy? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041026. [PMID: 32260581 PMCID: PMC7230279 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inaccuracy of resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction formulae to calculate energy metabolism in children may lead to either under- or overestimated real caloric needs with clinical consequences. The aim of this paper was to apply artificial neural networks algorithms (ANNs) to REE prediction. We enrolled 561 healthy children (2-17 years). Nutritional status was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 113 were obese. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry and estimated with WHO, Harris-Benedict, Schofield, and Oxford formulae. The ANNs considered specific anthropometric data to model REE. The mean absolute error (mean ± SD) of the prediction was 95.8 ± 80.8 and was strongly correlated with REE values (R2 = 0.88). The performance of ANNs was higher in the subgroup of obese children (101 ± 91.8) with a lower grade of imprecision (5.4%). ANNs as a novel approach may give valuable information regarding energy requirements and weight management in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Cosmi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (V.D.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Calderini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Donna-Bambino, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Silvia Scaglioni
- Fondazione De Marchi, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bettocchi
- Institute of Microbiology Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29100 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Veronica D’Oria
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (V.D.)
| | - Thomas Langer
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Donna-Bambino, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (T.L.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia C. I. Spolidoro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Ludovica Leone
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20131 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (S.B.); (A.L.); (R.S.D.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20131 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (S.B.); (A.L.); (R.S.D.A.); (A.F.)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20131 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (S.B.); (A.L.); (R.S.D.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Ramona Silvana De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20131 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (S.B.); (A.L.); (R.S.D.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20131 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (S.B.); (A.L.); (R.S.D.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (V.D.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.P.M.); (G.C.I.S.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +025-503-2452
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Autism Unit, 22038 Tavernerio (Como), Italy;
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Roebuck N, Fan CPS, Floh A, Harris ZL, Mazwi ML. A Comparative Analysis of Equations to Estimate Patient Energy Requirements Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Correction of Congenital Heart Disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:444-453. [PMID: 31209916 PMCID: PMC7078809 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background No consensus exists on the optimal method to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in critically ill children following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study assesses the accuracy of REE estimation equations in children with congenital heart disease following CPB and tests the feasibility of using allometric scaling as an alternative energy prediction equation. Methods A retrospective analysis of a pediatric cohort following CPB (n = 107; median age 5.2 months, median weight 5.65 kg) who underwent serial measures (median 5 measurements) of REE using indirect calorimetry for 72 hours following CPB. We estimated REE using common estimation methods (Dietary Reference Intake, Harris Benedict, Schofield, World Health Organization [WHO]) as well as novel allometric equations. We compared estimated with measured REE to determine accuracy of each equation using overall discrepancy, calculated as a time‐weighted average of the absolute deviation. Results All equations incorrectly estimated REE at all time points following CPB, with overestimation error predominating. WHO had the lowest discrepancy at 10.7 ± 8.4 kcal/kg/d. The allometric equation was inferior, with an overall discrepancy of 16.9 ± 10.4. There is a strong nonlinear relationship between body surface area and measured REE in this cohort, which is a key source of estimation error using linear equations. Conclusion In a cohort of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease following CPB, no currently utilized clinical estimation equation reliably estimated REE. Allometric scaling proved inferior in estimating REE in children following CPB. Indirect calorimetry remains the ideal method of determining REE after CPB until nonlinear methods can be derived due to overestimation using linear equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Roebuck
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chun-Po Steve Fan
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alejandro Floh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zena Leah Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mjaye L Mazwi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hsu SC, Bartz S, Pyle L, Fete M, Davis S, Ohman-Hanson R, Fete TJ, Motil KJ. Growth failure in focal dermal hypoplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:628-633. [PMID: 30693654 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the PORCN gene located on the X chromosome. Short stature was previously noted to be a common finding in FDH, however the etiology of this is unclear. The present study sought to elucidate specific causes for short stature by assessing growth charts, determining bone ages and auxologic measurements, examining laboratory data for the common causes of growth failure, assessing dietary intake, and performing a growth hormone stimulation test. Sixteen patients with FDH between the ages of 3 and 18 years of age consented to the study. While 11 out of 16 patients had short stature based on height less than 2 standard deviations below mid-parental target height percentile and bone age not suggestive of likely catch-up growth, only four had a BMI less than the 5th percentile for age. Laboratory studies did not support a gastrointestinal, allergy or autoimmune cause of growth failure. Three patients had results suggestive of possible growth hormone deficiency. Although short stature is a common feature in FDH, our data suggests that severe undernutrition is not common in this group and that there may be underlying treatable causes for this short stature in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hsu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Bartz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biostatistics and Informatics, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mary Fete
- National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Fairview Heights, Illinois
| | - Shanlee Davis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca Ohman-Hanson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Timothy J Fete
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kathleen J Motil
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Resting energy expenditure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia without respiratory support at time of neonatal hospital discharge. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:2100-2104. [PMID: 30244939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are at risk for growth failure because of inadequate caloric intake and high catabolic stress. There is limited data on resting energy expenditure (REE) in infants with CDH. AIMS To assess REE via indirect calorimetry (IC) in term infants with CDH who are no longer on respiratory support and nearing hospital discharge with advancing post-conceptional age and to assess measured-to-predicted REE using predictive equations. METHODS A prospective cohort study of term infants with CDH who were no longer on respiratory support and nearing hospital discharge was conducted to assess REE via IC and caloric intake. Baseline characteristics and hospital course data were collected. Three day average caloric intake around time of IC testing was calculated. Change in REE with advancing post-conceptional age and advancing post-natal age was assessed. The average measured-to-predicted REE was calculated for the cohort using predictive equations [22]. RESULTS Eighteen infants with CDH underwent IC. REE in infants with CDH increased with advancing postconceptional age (r2 = 0.3, p < 0.02). The mean REE for the entire group was 53.2 +/- 10.9 kcal/kg/day while the mean caloric intake was 101.2 +/- 17.4 kcal/kg/day. The mean measured-to-predicted ratio for the cohort was in the normal metabolic range (1.10 +/- 0.17) with 50% of infants considered hypermetabolic and 11% of infants considered hypo-metabolic. CONCLUSIONS Infant survivors of CDH repair who are without respiratory support at time of neonatal hospital discharge have REE, as measured by indirect calorimetry, that increases with advancing post-conceptional age and that is within the normal metabolic range when compared to predictive equations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Zhang J, Cui Y, Ma, MD Z, Luo Y, Chen X, Li J. Energy and Protein Requirements in Children Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery: Current Problems and Future Direction. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:54-62. [PMID: 30070710 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Clinical Physiology Research Laboratory Capital Institute of Pediatrics Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Qin Cui
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangdong Province China
| | - Ze‐Ming Ma, MD
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics Beijing China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics Beijing China
| | - Xin‐Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangdong Province China
| | - Jia Li
- Clinical Physiology Research Laboratory Capital Institute of Pediatrics Beijing China
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Smith C, McCabe H, Macdonald S, Morrison L, Prigg R, Trace S, Livingstone J, Callan J, Cotton J, Hubbard G, Stratton RJ. Improved growth, tolerance and intake with an extensively hydrolysed peptide feed in infants with complex disease. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1005-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Penagini F, Borsani B, Bosetti A, Mameli C, Dilillo D, Ramponi G, Motta F, Bedogni G, Zuccotti GV. Resting energy expenditure in children with cerebral palsy: Accuracy of available prediction formulae and development of a population-specific formula. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25:44-49. [PMID: 29779817 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Energy requirements are difficult to estimate in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Resting energy expenditure (REE), necessary for personalized nutritional intervention, is most commonly estimated using prediction formulae because the reference method, i.e. indirect calorimetry (IC), is not available in all Nutrition Units. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used REE prediction formulae in children with CP. The secondary aim was to develop a new population-specific formula for the estimation of REE in children with CP. METHODS REE was measured by IC in 54 children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (SQCP) and estimated from the five most commonly used prediction formulae, i.e. the World Health Organization (WHO), Harris-Benedict, Schofield weight, Schofield weight & height, and Oxford formulae. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation, SD) difference between the estimated and measured REE was 64 (238) kcal/day for the WHO formula, 79 (226) kcal/day for the Schofield weight formula, 79 (223) kcal/day for the Schofield weight and height formula, 55 (226) kcal/day for the Oxford formula, 37 (224) kcal/day for the Harris-Benedict formula and 0 (213) kcal/day for the purposely developed population-specific formula. Owing to the large SD of the bias, none of these formulae can be reliably applied at the individual level to estimate REE. CONCLUSIONS The most commonly used REE prediction formulas are inaccurate at both the population and individual level in children with SQCP. A purposely developed population-specific formula, despite being accurate at the population level, does not perform better than the most commonly used REE formulae at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Penagini
- Department of Pediatrics, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Borsani
- Pediatric Nutrition Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Pediatric Nutrition Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Dilillo
- Department of Pediatrics, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramponi
- Department of Pediatrics, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Motta
- Pediatric Orthopedic Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Building Q, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34012, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
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Evaluating the predictive factors of resting energy expenditure and validating predictive equations for Chinese obese children. World J Pediatr 2018. [PMID: 29516391 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-017-0111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the predictive factors of resting energy expenditure (REE) and evaluate the accuracy of predicted equations with indirect calorimeter (IC) in Chinese school-age children, particularly for the obese population. METHODS Recruited children were from the department of child healthcare in Nanjing children's hospital during July 2014-September 2015. Anthropometric parameters and body composition were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Measured REE was assessed by IC. Predicted REE was estimated using ten published equations. RESULTS 248 children aged 7-13 years were recruited, including 148 obese [body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) = 2.48 ± 0.91] and 100 non-obese (BMISDS = - 0.96 ± 1.08). The unit mass of REE (REE/kg) in obese group (29.06 ± 5.74) was lower than that in non-obese group (37.51 ± 6.56). The stepwise regression showed that age, BMISDS and fat-free mass (FFM) had a major impact on REE/kg as the regression equation: Y = 54.41 - 1.36 × X1 - 2.25 × X2 - 0.16 × X3 (Y REE/kg, X1 age, X2 BMISDS, X3 FFM; R = 0.633, R2 = 0.401, P < 0.01). The accuracy of predicted REE in obese subjects was 62.16% by the new predictive equations. CONCLUSIONS The REE/kg in obese children was lower and closely correlated with age, BMISDS and FFM. It is necessary to validate the new predictive equation in a larger sample to estimate energy requirements, particularly for children with obesity.
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Batra A, Beattie RM. Infants on Parenteral Nutrition: Getting the Calories Right. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42:268-269. [PMID: 29443396 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Batra
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Beattie
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Severe pediatric burns require a multidisciplinary team approach at a specialized pediatric burn center. Special attention must be paid to estimations of total body surface area, fluid resuscitation and metabolic demands, and adequate analgesia and sedation. Long-term effects involve scar management and psychosocial support to the child and their family. Compassionate comprehensive burn care is accomplished by a multidisciplinary team offering healing in the acute setting and preparing the child and family for long-term treatment and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita R Shah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Lillian F Liao
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Ringwald-Smith K, Hobar A, Flowers C, Badgett K, Williams-Hooker R, Roach RR, Sykes A, Lu Z, Mackert P, Mandrell BN. Comparison of Resting Energy Expenditure Assessment in Pediatric Oncology Patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:224-231. [PMID: 29393551 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of energy requirements is an important part of the nutrition assessment of pediatric oncology patients. Adequate provision of energy in this population is of extreme importance because of the prevalence of malnutrition and its effect on growth, development, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Numerous methods are used in clinical practice for estimating the resting energy expenditures (REE), specifically indirect calorimetry and predictive equations. A relatively new instrument used to assess REE is the hand-held indirect calorimeter. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to compare the accuracy of REE measurements taken by a hand-held indirect calorimeter and predictive equations to that of a standard indirect calorimeter metabolic cart. METHODS Patients receiving therapy for pediatric cancer, aged 7-18 years, and having a weight ≥15 kg and scheduled for a REE nutrition assessment were eligible. Sequentially, the patient's REE was assessed with the cart and the hand-held indirect calorimeter along with the predictive equation calculation. RESULTS Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that all 3 methods were significantly different from one another (P < .0001). When compared with the cart, the portable hand-held calorimeter was found to underestimate REE by 11.9%, whereas predictive equations overestimated REE by 12.4%. CONCLUSION Our quality improvement project suggests that the hand-held indirect calorimeter underestimated REE, and predictive equations overestimated REE in pediatric oncology nutrition assessment. Therefore, we recommend that these limitations in assessment be considered when assessing REE using a hand-held indirect calorimeter or predictive equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ringwald-Smith
- Clinical Nutrition Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashley Hobar
- LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Nutrition Services, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Casey Flowers
- Tennova Hospital, Clinical Nutrition, Clarksville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katie Badgett
- Clinical Nutrition Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Robin R Roach
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - April Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhaohua Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul Mackert
- Cardiopulmonary Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Belinda N Mandrell
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Division of Nursing Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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O'Sullivan A, Henrick B, Dixon B, Barile D, Zivkovic A, Smilowitz J, Lemay D, Martin W, German JB, Schaefer SE. 21st century toolkit for optimizing population health through precision nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:3004-3015. [PMID: 28678528 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1348335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Scientific, technological, and economic progress over the last 100 years all but eradicated problems of widespread food shortage and nutrient deficiency in developed nations. But now society is faced with a new set of nutrition problems related to energy imbalance and metabolic disease, which require new kinds of solutions. Recent developments in the area of new analytical tools enable us to systematically study large quantities of detailed and multidimensional metabolic and health data, providing the opportunity to address current nutrition problems through an approach called Precision Nutrition. This approach integrates different kinds of "big data" to expand our understanding of the complexity and diversity of human metabolism in response to diet. With these tools, we can more fully elucidate each individual's unique phenotype, or the current state of health, as determined by the interactions among biology, environment, and behavior. The tools of precision nutrition include genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, phenotyping, high-throughput analytical chemistry techniques, longitudinal tracking with body sensors, informatics, data science, and sophisticated educational and behavioral interventions. These tools are enabling the development of more personalized and predictive dietary guidance and interventions that have the potential to transform how the public makes food choices and greatly improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany Henrick
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Bonnie Dixon
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- c Food Science and Technology , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Angela Zivkovic
- d Department of Nutrition , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Jennifer Smilowitz
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA.,e USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center , Davis , USA
| | - Danielle Lemay
- f Nutritional Biology , University of California , Davis , USA
| | | | - J Bruce German
- h Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California , Davis , USA
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Sethi SK, Maxvold N, Bunchman T, Jha P, Kher V, Raina R. Nutritional management in the critically ill child with acute kidney injury: a review. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:589-601. [PMID: 27324472 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children is frequently a component of the multiple organ failure syndrome. It occurs within the framework of the severe catabolic phase determined by critical illness and is intensified by metabolic derangements. Nutritional support is a must for these children to improve outcomes. Meeting the special nutritional needs of these children often requires nutritional supplementation by either the enteral or the parenteral route. Since critically ill children with AKI comprise a heterogeneous group of subjects with varying nutrient needs, nutritional requirements should be frequently reassessed, individualized and carefully integrated with renal replacement therapy. This article is a state-of-the-art review of nutrition in critically ill children with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Kumar Sethi
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Norma Maxvold
- Children's Hospital of Richmond, VCU School of Medicine, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Timothy Bunchman
- Children's Hospital of Richmond, VCU School of Medicine, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Pranaw Jha
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Vijay Kher
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.
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Accuracy of Prediction Formulae for the Assessment of Resting Energy Expenditure in Hospitalized Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:708-712. [PMID: 27050053 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The resting energy expenditure (REE) of ill children is commonly estimated from prediction formulae developed in healthy children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of commonly employed REE prediction formulae versus indirect calorimetry in hospitalized children. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 236 infants, children, and adolescents consecutively admitted to the Intermediate Care, Nephrology, Intensive Care, Emergency, and Cystic Fibrosis Units of the De Marchi Pediatric Hospital (Milan, Italy) between September 2013 and March 2015. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and estimated using the World Health Organization (WHO), Harris-Benedict, Schofield, and Oxford formulae. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) difference between the estimated and measured REE was: -1 (234) kcal/day for the WHO formula; 82 (286) kcal/day for the Harris-Benedict formula; 2 (215) kcal/day for the Schofield-weight formula; -2 (214) kcal/day for the Schofield-weight and height formula; and -5 (221) kcal/day for the Oxford formula. Even though the WHO, Schofield, and Oxford formulae gave accurate estimates of REE at the population level (small mean bias), all the formulae were not accurate enough to be employed at the individual level (large SD of bias). CONCLUSIONS The WHO, Harris-Benedict, Schofield, and Oxford formulae should not be used to estimate REE in hospitalized children.
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Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, García-Silva M, Martín-Hernández E, Quijada-Fraile P, Marín-Peiró M, Campos P, Arenas J, Lucía A, Martín M, Morán M. Assessment of resting energy expenditure in pediatric mitochondrial diseases with indirect calorimetry. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1484-1489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Carpenter A, Ng VL, Chapman K, Ling SC, Mouzaki M. Predictive Equations Are Inaccurate in the Estimation of the Resting Energy Expenditure of Children With End-Stage Liver Disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115597666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vicky Lee Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SickKids Transplant Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Chapman
- Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon C. Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marialena Mouzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Martincevic I, Mouzaki M. Resting Energy Expenditure of Children and Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1195-1201. [PMID: 27406940 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116658761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mainstay of treatment for pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is lifestyle modification, which includes dietary changes that lead to slow but sustained weight loss or weight stabilization in growing children. Accurate estimation of energy requirements is necessary to achieve this goal. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the most commonly used equations in predicting the resting energy expenditure (REE) of children with NAFLD. METHODS This was a retrospective study performed in a single institution. The predictive accuracy of various equations was assessed by comparing their estimates against the measured REE obtained with indirect calorimetry. Accuracy was defined as an estimate within 10% of measured REE. RESULTS Fifty-six children (70% male; 52% white and 36% Asian) with a median age of 13 years were included. The median measured REE was 1829 kcal/d. Of the equations studied, the Schofield had the smallest average bias (-32 kcal/d; confidence interval, -121 to 56). The Schofield and Molnar equations were the most accurate, providing REE estimates within 10% of measured in 59% of cases. The remaining equations had lower and variable predictive accuracy. The use of adjusted body weight in predictive equations did not improve the predictive accuracy. CONCLUSION In a cohort of children and adolescents with NAFLD, the Schofield and Molnar equations performed best in predicting energy expenditure. However, predictive equations were often inaccurate, suggesting that clinicians should interpret their results with caution and consider using indirect calorimetry when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Martincevic
- 1 Department of Clinical Dietetics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marialena Mouzaki
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nutritional Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Growth of Infants Following Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62:474-8. [PMID: 26465794 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The pathophysiology of failure to thrive in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has not been fully elucidated, and the nutritional care of these infants is hindered by paucity of data on the optimal calorie requirements for growth. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the energy intake required for infants with CDH to grow optimally at the time of first hospital discharge. The secondary objectives were to assess their measured resting energy expenditure in infancy, and their long-term growth outcomes. METHODS Nutritional intake, anthropometrics, indirect calorimetry results, and respiratory status of infants with CDH from 2011 to 2014 were collected retrospectively. Data on confounders (gastroesophageal reflux disease and feeding intolerance, respiratory rate and pulmonary hypertension) were also collected. Analyses were performed using Stata (College Station, TX). RESULTS Of the 72 infants diagnosed with CDH during that period of time, 43 met the inclusion criteria. A caloric intake of 125.0 ± 20 kcal · kg · day was required to meet discharge weight gain criteria (25-35 g · kg · day). In a subset of 17 patients, measured resting energy expenditure was higher than predicted resting energy expenditure (58.0 ± 18 vs 46.6 ± 3 kcal · kg · day, P < 0.05), and 59% of infants were hypermetabolic (measured resting energy expenditure >110% of predicted resting energy expenditure) in early infancy. Failure to thrive prevalence at discharge was 16.2% compared to 3.6% and 4.2% at 12- and 24-months of age, respectively (P = 0.03; P = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Optimal weight gain can be achieved with higher than predicted calorie provision. Most infants with CDH are hypermetabolic. Despite this, failure to thrive prevalence can improve during the first year of life.
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Mouzaki M, Schwartz SM, Mtaweh H, La Rotta G, Mah K, Herridge J, Van Arsdell G, Parshuram CS, Floh AA. Can Vco 2-Based Estimates of Resting Energy Expenditure Replace the Need for Indirect Calorimetry in Critically Ill Children? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:619-624. [PMID: 26950946 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115627143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal energy provision, guided by measured resting energy expenditure (REE), is fundamental in the care of critically ill children. REE should be determined by indirect calorimetry (IC), which has limited availability. Recently, a novel equation was developed for estimating REE derived from carbon dioxide production (Vco2). The aim of this study was to validate the accuracy of this equation in a population of critically ill children following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS This is an ancillary study to a larger trial of children undergoing CPB. Respiratory mass spectrometry was used measure oxygen consumption (Vo2) and Vco2. REE was then calculated according to the established Weir equation (REEW) and the modified, Vco2-based equation (REECO2). The agreement between the 2 measurements was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and mixed-model regressions accounting for repeated measures. RESULTS Data from 104 patients, which included 575 paired measurements, were included. The agreement between REEW and REECO2 was biased during the 72-hour observation period post CPB, with a mean percentage error between measurements of 11% (±7%). The most important determinant of the bias with the Vco2-based equation was the respiratory quotient (RQ). The percentage error between REEW and REECO2 dropped to 4.4% (±2.4%) in those with an RQ between 0.8 and 1. The within-subject variability for RQ in this cohort was wide (11%). CONCLUSIONS IC remains the most accurate method to determine the REE of critically ill patients. Widespread availability of Vco2 data renders Vco2-based approaches to measurement of REE attractive; however, further research is needed to ensure that REE is estimated accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialena Mouzaki
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven M Schwartz
- 2 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haifa Mtaweh
- 2 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gustavo La Rotta
- 3 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kandice Mah
- 4 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joann Herridge
- 5 Department of Dietetics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen Van Arsdell
- 6 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher S Parshuram
- 7 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Senior Scientist Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alejandro A Floh
- 2 Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Haliburton B, Mouzaki M, Chiang M, Scaini V, Marcon M, Moraes TJ, Chiu PP. Long-term nutritional morbidity for congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors: Failure to thrive extends well into childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:734-8. [PMID: 25783378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to thrive (FTT) is well documented among congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors ≤3years of age, but its etiology, severity, and persistence beyond this age require further elucidation. METHODS We conducted a single-center, retrospective study assessing anthropometrics, measured energy expenditure, and feeding tube (FT) use of 5-17 year olds in our multidisciplinary CDH clinic since January 2001. We stratified clinic visits based on age A: 5.0-6.9, B: 7.0-9.9, C: 10.0-14.9, and D: 15-17.9years. RESULTS One hundred sixteen patients with 376 outpatient visits were reviewed. Anthropometric z-scores were below zero and did not vary across age cohorts. FTT and growth stunting each occurred in 14% of clinic visits. FTs inserted during infancy occurred in 25% of patients, and 60% remained by age 7years. In cohort A, those with FTs were lighter and shorter than those without (p<0.05) but had similar BMIs. FTT incidence was higher in the FT group (p=0.020), but FTs were present in only 30% of those with FTT. Indirect calorimetry revealed increased energy expenditure in 58% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Failure to thrive continues in long-term CDH survivors, FTs may not improve incidence of FTT. Increased energy expenditure may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Haliburton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Marialena Mouzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Monping Chiang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Vikki Scaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Margaret Marcon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Priscilla P Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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