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Yang L, Hui Y, Thymann T, Nielsen DS, Jiang PP, Sangild PT. Bovine colostrum prevents formula-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis in preterm pigs. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03379-x. [PMID: 38977796 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth and formula feeding increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gut inflammatory disease known to be associated with gut microbiota (GM) changes in infants. Supplemental bovine colostrum may protect against formula-induced NEC via GM changes. We hypothesised that feeding colostrum before, after, or during formula feeding affects NEC sensitivity via changes to GM. METHODS Colonic GM (profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing) was compared in preterm pigs fed colostrum for 4 days, either before, after, or together with formula feeding for 4 days. Correlations between GM and gut parameters were assessed on day 5 or 9. RESULTS Both exclusive and partial colostrum feeding induced higher GM diversity, lower Enterococcus abundance, and improved intestinal maturation parameters (villus structure, digestive enzyme activities, permeability), relative to exclusive formula feeding (all p < 0.05). Across feeding regimens, Enterococcus abundance was inversely correlated with intestinal maturation parameters. Conversely, there was no correlation between GM changes and early NEC lesions. CONCLUSION Bovine colostrum inhibits formula-induced Enterococcus overgrowth and gut dysfunctions just after preterm birth but these effects are not causally linked. Optimising diet-related host responses, not GM, may be critical to prevent NEC in preterm newborn pigs and infants. IMPACT Supplement of bovine colostrum to formula feeding modified the gut microbiota by increasing species diversity and reducing Enterococcus abundance, while concurrently improving intestinal functions in preterm pigs. Diet-related changes to the gut microbiota were not clearly associated with development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm pigs, suggesting that diet-related gut microbiota effects are not critical for diet-related NEC protection. The study highlights the potential to use bovine colostrum as a supplement to formula feeding for preterm infants lacking human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Sangild PT. Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants. Nutrients 2024; 16:1676. [PMID: 38892610 PMCID: PMC11174769 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk bioactivity refers to the specific health effects of milk components beyond nutrition. The science of milk bioactivity involves the systematic study of these components and their health effects, as verified by empirical data, controlled experiments, and logical arguments. Conversely, 'faith in milk bioactivity' can be defined as personal opinion, meaning, value, trust, and hope for health effects that are beyond investigation by natural, social, or human sciences. Faith can be strictly secular, but also influenced by spirituality or religion. The aim of this paper is to show that scientific knowledge is frequently supplemented with faith convictions to establish personal and public understanding of milk bioactivity. Mammalian milk is an immensely complex fluid containing myriad proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and micronutrients with multiple functions across species, genetics, ages, environments, and cultures. Human health includes not only physical health, but also social, mental, and spiritual health, requiring widely different fields of science to prove the relevance, safety, and efficacy of milk interventions. These complex relationships between milk feeding and health outcomes prevent firm conclusions based on science and logic alone. Current beliefs in and understanding of the value of breast milk, colostrum, infant formula, or isolated milk proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and growth factors) show that both science and faith contribute to understand, stimulate, or restrict the use of milk bioactivity. The benefits of breastfeeding for infants are beyond doubt, but the strong beliefs in its health effects rely not only on science, and mechanisms are unclear. Likewise, fear of, or trust in, infant formula may rely on both science and faith. Knowledge from science safeguards individuals and society against 'milk bioactivity superstition'. Conversely, wisdom from faith-based convictions may protect science from unrealistic 'milk bioactivity scientism'. Honesty and transparency about the potentials and limitations of both scientific knowledge and faith convictions are important when informing individuals and society about the nutritious and bioactive qualities of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per T. Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Cross-Faculty Center for Science and Faith, Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Luo F, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhou P. Nutritional and health effects of bovine colostrum in neonates. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad145. [PMID: 38052234 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of immunoglobulins, bioactive peptides, and growth factors are found in bovine colostrum (BC), the milk produced by cows in the first few days after parturition. Various biological functions make it increasingly used to provide nutritional support and immune protection to the offspring of many species, including humans. These biological functions include cell growth stimulation, anti-infection, and immunomodulation. The primary components and biological functions of colostrum were reviewed in the literature, and the authors also looked at its latent effects on the growth and development of neonates as well as on conditions such as infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, and feeding intolerance. The importance of BC in neonatal nutrition, immune support, growth and development, and gut health has been demonstrated in a number of experimental and animal studies. BC has also been shown to be safe at low doses without adverse effects in newborns. BC supplementation has been shown to be efficient in preventing several disorders, including rotavirus diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in animal models of prematurity and some newborn studies. Therefore, BC supplementation should be considered in cases where maternal milk is insufficient or donor milk is unavailable. The optimal age, timing, dosage, and form of BC administration still require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Luo
- Department of Neonatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Yan X, Pan X, Ding L, Dai Y, Chen J, Yang Y, Li Y, Hao H, Qiu H, Ye Z, Shen RL, Li Y, Ritz C, Peng Y, Zhou P, Gao F, Jiang PP, Lin HC, Zachariassen G, Sangild PT, Wu B. Bovine colostrum to supplement the first feeding of very preterm infants: The PreColos randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1408-1417. [PMID: 37437359 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gut immaturity leads to feeding difficulties in very preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation at birth). Maternal milk (MM) is the optimal diet but often absent or insufficient. We hypothesized that bovine colostrum (BC), rich in protein and bioactive components, improves enteral feeding progression, relative to preterm formula (PF), when supplemented to MM. Aim of the study is to determine whether BC supplementation to MM during the first 14 days of life shortens the time to full enteral feeding (120 mL/kg/d, TFF120). METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial at seven hospitals in South China without access to human donor milk and with slow feeding progression. Infants were randomly assigned to receive BC or PF when MM was insufficient. Volume of BC was restricted by recommended protein intake (4-4.5 g/kg/d). Primary outcome was TFF120. Feeding intolerance, growth, morbidities and blood parameters were recorded to assess safety. RESULTS A total of 350 infants were recruited. BC supplementation had no effect on TFF120 in intention-to-treat analysis [n (BC) = 171, n (PF) = 179; adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 0.82 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.06); P = 0.13]. Body growth and morbidities did not differ, but more cases of periventricular leukomalacia were detected in the infants fed BC (5/155 vs. 0/181, P = 0.06). Blood chemistry and hematology data were similar between the intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS BC supplementation during the first two weeks of life did not reduce TFF120 and had only marginal effects on clinical variables. Clinical effects of BC supplementation on very preterm infants in the first weeks of life may depend on feeding regimen and remaining milk diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT03085277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Department of Neonatology, Foshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguang, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Luohu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hu Hao
- Department of Neonatology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Qiu
- Department of Neonatology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenzhi Ye
- Department of Neonatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - René Liang Shen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; NBCD A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yueming Peng
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Women and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hung-Chih Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Benqing Wu
- Department of Neonatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Linehan K, Ross RP, Stanton C. Bovine Colostrum for Veterinary and Human Health Applications: A Critical Review. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2023; 14:387-410. [PMID: 36972163 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-060721-014650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum harbors a diverse array of bioactive components suitable for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals with veterinary and human health applications. Bovine colostrum has a strong safety profile with applications across all age groups for health promotion and the amelioration of a variety of disease states. Increased worldwide milk production and novel processing technologies have resulted in substantial growth of the market for colostrum-based products. This review provides a synopsis of the bioactive components in bovine colostrum, the processing techniques used to produce high-value colostrum-based products, and recent studies utilizing bovine colostrum for veterinary and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Linehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, County Cork, Ireland
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Bergner EM, Taylor SN, Gollins LA, Hair AB. Human Milk Fortification: A Practical Analysis of Current Evidence. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:447-460. [PMID: 35659096 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) with appropriate fortification is the recommended nutrition for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Fortification provides additional nutrients, vitamins, and minerals to support the growing preterm infant during critical periods of development. This article discusses the variability of HM including differences between maternal and pasteurized donor human milk (DHM), fortification of HM through the use of single- and multi-nutrient fortifiers, and clinical controversies including the timing of fortification, volume of feedings, and future innovations in HM fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erynn M Bergner
- Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 North Everett Drive, ETNP 7504 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. https://twitter.com/ErynnBergner
| | - Sarah N Taylor
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208064 New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Laura A Gollins
- Neonatal Nutrition Program, Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Suite WT6104, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy B Hair
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Suite WT6104, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Effectiveness of visible - Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with simulated annealing partial least squares analysis to predict immunoglobulins G, A, and M concentration in bovine colostrum. Food Chem 2022; 371:131189. [PMID: 34600367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visible - near infrared spectroscopy coupled with variable selection using simulated annealing PLS regression was tested to predict immunoglobulin fractions (g/L) of bovine colostrum, namely IgG, IgA and IgM. Immunoglobulins were quantified in 678 samples using the gold standard radial immunodiffusion. Samples were divided in calibration (50%) and validation (50%) datasets. Maximum number of selected variables were limited to 200 and root mean squared error in cross validation (RMSECV) was used as loss function. Performance of the final model developed using the calibration dataset was assessed on the validation dataset. Overall, simulated annealing PLS improved validation RMSECV compared to ordinary PLS regression by 3% to 17%. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of the calibration model for accurate quantification of IgG, the most abundant immunoglobulin of bovine colostrum (RMSECV = 13.28 g/L; R2 = 0.83). These outcomes could be useful to assess colostrum quality intended for animal and human usage.
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Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030659. [PMID: 35277018 PMCID: PMC8840100 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial mammary secretion after parturition, which is nature’s bountiful source consisting of nutritional and bioactive components present in a highly concentrated low-volume format. All mammalian newborns require colostrum to enhance physiological processes such as lifelong immunity, gastrointestinal development, and resistance to microbial infections. The genetic, environmental, and processing methods can all have an impact on the biochemical contents of BC and its supplements. BC and its derivatives have been intensively researched for their potential use in functional foods, medicines, and animal feed. Evidence from clinical studies suggests that BC products are well-tolerated, nontoxic, and safe for human ingestion. Functional foods, feed, and pharmaceutical formulations based on bovine colostrum are playing noteworthy roles in the development of innovative products for promoting health and the prevention of chronic illnesses. This systematic review sheds light on recent research on (a) the effects of processing techniques on BC components, (b) emerging techniques used in the isolation and identification of novel components, (c) BC-based functional foods for human consumption and animal feed supplements, and (d) the role of BC in current drug delivery, as well as future recommendations.
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9
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Kaplan M, Arslan A, Duman H, Karyelioğlu M, Baydemir B, Günar BB, Alkan M, Bayraktar A, Tosun Hİ, Ertürk M, Eskici G, Duar RM, Henrick BM, Frese SA, Karav S. Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796824. [PMID: 35046820 PMCID: PMC8762312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains all essential nutrients for the neonate during the first days of life, with impacts that continue far beyond these first days. Bovine colostrum has been used for human consumption due to the high concentrations of bioactive proteins, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, as well as free and conjugated oligosaccharides. Processes involved in the preparation of bovine colostrum for human consumption play a pivotal role in preserving and maintaining the activity of the bioactive molecules. As bovine colostrum is a multifunctional food that offers a myriad of benefits for human health, assessing the main processes used in preparing it with both advantages and disadvantages is a crucial point to discuss. We discuss major processes effects for colostrum production on the nutritional value, some advanced technologies to preserve processed bovine colostrum and the end-product forms consumed by humans whether as dairy products or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Melda Karyelioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Bilgetekin Burak Günar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Alkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bayraktar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | | | - Günay Eskici
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc., Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steven A. Frese
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Weeks CL, Marino LV, Johnson MJ. A systematic review of the definitions and prevalence of feeding intolerance in preterm infants. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5576-5586. [PMID: 34656954 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Feeding intolerance (FI) is a common phenomenon experienced in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units, as well as being a focus of many research studies into feeding methods, particularly in relation to comorbidities. There is no widely accepted definition of FI. This systematic review aimed to explore the range of definitions used for FI and provide an estimate of the prevalence amongst preterm infants. METHODS Searches were completed on MEDLINE (includes the Cochrane library), Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, NHS Evidence and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria; preterm infants in neonatal units, a clear definition of FI, >10 patients and be available in English language. Case reports were excluded. RESULTS One hundred studies were included. Definitions of FI were inconsistent. Studies were grouped according to definition used into: Group A - measuring gastric residual volume (GRV) only; group B - GRV and abdominal distension (AD); group C - GRV, AD and gastrointestinal symptoms (GI) which included any of vomiting, bilious vomiting and blood in stool; group D- GRV and GI; group E - AD and GI; group F - GI only and group G - any other elements used. Meta-analysis demonstrated that prevalence of FI between groups varied from 15 to 30% with an overall prevalence of 27% (95% confidence interval 23-31%). Group A had the highest prevalence. Review of time to full enteral feed was performed (37 studies) which demonstrated a range of 11.3-18.3 days depending on which FI definition used. DISCUSSION Definitions of FI in research are inconsistent, a similar finding to that seen in studies in both paediatric and adult critical care populations. The difficulty of defining FI in the preterm population is the concern regarding necrotising enterocolitis, with some studies using an overlap in their definitions, despite differing pathophysiology and management. Due to the heterogeneity of data obtained in this review regarding definitions used, further robust research is required in order to conclude which elements which should be used to define FI in this population. PROSPERO NUMBER CRD42019155596. Registered November 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Weeks
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Luise V Marino
- Department of Dietetics/SLT, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark J Johnson
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Neonatal Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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11
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Ismail RIH, Awad HA, Imam SS, Gad GI, Aboushady NM, Abdou RM, Eissa DS, Azzam NT, Barakat MM, Yassin MM, Barakat NM. Gut priming with bovine colostrum and T regulatory cells in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:650-656. [PMID: 33446924 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and neonatal sepsis are still considered major problems, especially in formula-fed preterm neonates. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bovine colostrum on T regulatory cells, NEC, and late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates ≤34 weeks. METHODS This prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 preterm infants who were randomly assigned to either the bovine colostrum group (n = 32) or control group (n = 48). T lymphocytes and their subsets, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis (LOS) and its severity, feeding tolerance, growth, length of hospital stay, and mortality were documented. RESULTS The bovine colostrum group showed higher follow-up levels of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T lymphocyte % (FOXP3 Tregs). FOXP3 Tregs and its difference in change levels between baseline and follow-up were considered as the most related factors to the bovine colostrum. Bovine colostrum group showed positive trends for reduction of sepsis severity and mortality with no significant difference in the incidence of NEC, LOS, and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS Preterm neonates who received bovine colostrum showed a higher FOXP3 Treg level. IMPACT Bovine colostrum has no significant effect on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. FOXP3 T regulatory cells and their increased level between baseline and follow-up is considered as the most influencing factors related to the bovine colostrum. Positive trends were noted for reduction of sepsis severity and concomitant mortality, but the study lacked the power to assess these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania I H Ismail
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Awad
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa S Imam
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada I Gad
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy M Aboushady
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdou
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Deena S Eissa
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesmahar T Azzam
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Noha M Barakat
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Sangild PT, Strunk T, Currie AJ, Nguyen DN. Editorial: Immunity in Compromised Newborns. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732332. [PMID: 34381463 PMCID: PMC8350506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per T. Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Western, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Currie
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Western, Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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13
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Sangild PT, Vonderohe C, Melendez Hebib V, Burrin DG. Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082551. [PMID: 34444709 PMCID: PMC8402036 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk produced from cows after parturition, is increasingly used as a nutritional supplement to promote gut function and health in other species, including humans. The high levels of whey and casein proteins, immunoglobulins (Igs), and other milk bioactives in BC are adapted to meet the needs of newborn calves. However, BC supplementation may improve health outcomes across other species, especially when immune and gut functions are immature in early life. We provide a review of BC composition and its effects in infants and children in health and selected diseases (diarrhea, infection, growth-failure, preterm birth, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), short-bowel syndrome, and mucositis). Human trials and animal studies (mainly in piglets) are reviewed to assess the scientific evidence of whether BC is a safe and effective antimicrobial and immunomodulatory nutritional supplement that reduces clinical complications related to preterm birth, infections, and gut disorders. Studies in infants and animals suggest that BC should be supplemented at an optimal age, time, and level to be both safe and effective. Exclusive BC feeding is not recommended for infants because of nutritional imbalances relative to human milk. On the other hand, adverse effects, including allergies and intolerance, appear unlikely when BC is provided as a supplement within normal nutrition guidelines for infants and children. Larger clinical trials in infant populations are needed to provide more evidence of health benefits when patients are supplemented with BC in addition to human milk or formula. Igs and other bioactive factors in BC may work in synergy, making it critical to preserve bioactivity with gentle processing and pasteurization methods. BC has the potential to become a safe and effective nutritional supplement for several pediatric subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Valeria Melendez Hebib
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-7049
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14
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Bovine Colostrum Applications in Sick and Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072194. [PMID: 34202206 PMCID: PMC8308243 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the first secretion of mammalian glands during the early period after birth giving. Its components are biologically active and have beneficial effects on new-born growth and well-being. Bovine colostrum has the highest concentration of these substances and its supplementation or application may provide health benefits. This systematic review was conducted to update current knowledge on bovine colostrum effects including all administration routes on healthy and sick subjects. Full texts or abstracts of twenty-eight papers as reports of systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and case series were included after searches in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Cinahl databases. The full texts of selected studies were assessed for quality using validated tools and their results were summarized in different categories. Studies were highly heterogeneous as regards to population, intervention, outcome and risk of bias. Bovine colostrum topical application was shown effective on vaginal dryness related symptoms limitation. Its use as food supplement showed interesting effects preventing upper respiratory illness in sportsmen, modulating immune system response and reducing intestinal permeability in healthy and sick subjects. Conflicting results were provided in pediatric population and little evidence is available on its use with older adults. Further studies are mandatory to better understand all factors influencing its activity.
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15
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Arévalo Sureda E, Pierzynowska K, Weström B, Sangild PT, Thymann T. Exocrine Pancreatic Maturation in Pre-term and Term Piglets Supplemented With Bovine Colostrum. Front Nutr 2021; 8:687056. [PMID: 34249996 PMCID: PMC8264203 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.687056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-term infants have an immature digestive system predisposing to short- and long-term complications including feeding intolerance, maldigestion and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Optimal feeding strategies are required to promote maturation of the gut including the exocrine pancreas. Little is known about age- and diet-related development of pancreatic exocrine enzymes following pre-term birth. Currently, bovine colostrum supplementation is investigated in clinical trials on pre-term infants. Using pigs as models for infants, we hypothesized that pancreatic enzyme content is (1) immature following pre-term birth, (2) stimulated by early colostrum supplementation, and (3) stimulated by later colostrum fortification. Thus, using piglets as models for infants, we measured trypsin, amylase, lipase and total protein in pancreatic tissue collected from piglets delivered by cesarean section either pre-term (90% gestation) or close to term. Experiment 1:Pre-term and term pigs were compared at birth and 11 days. Experiment 2: Pre-term and term pigs were either enterally supplemented with bovine colostrum or fed total parenteral nutrition for 5 days, followed by exclusive milk feeding until day 26. Experiment 3: Pre-term pigs were fed bovine's milk with or without colostrum fortification until 19 days. The results showed that pancreatic trypsin, amylase and total protein contents were reduced in pre-term vs. term pigs. Trypsin mainly increased with advancing post-conceptional age (2-fold), while amylase was affected predominantly by advancing post-natal age, and mostly in pre-term pigs from birth to 11 or 26 days. Colostrum feeding in both term and pre-term piglets decreased trypsin and increased amylase contents. Lipase activity decreased with advancing gestational age at birth and post-natal age, with no consistent responses to colostrum feeding, with lipase activities decreasing relative to total pancreatic protein content. In summary, key pancreatic enzymes, amylase and trypsin, are immature following pre-term birth, potentially contributing to reduced digestive capacity in pre-term neonates. Rapid post-natal increases occurs within few weeks of pre-term birth, partly stimulated by enteral colostrum intake, reflecting a marked adaptation capacity. Alternatively, lipase is less affected by pre-/post-natal age and feeding. Thus, there is a highly enzyme-specific and asymmetric perinatal development of the exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Arévalo Sureda
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition/TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Biotech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Functional Zoology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Functional Zoology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Björn Weström
- Functional Zoology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Jiang PP, Muk T, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Khakimov B, Li Y, Juhl SM, Greisen G, Sangild PT. Gut colonization in preterm infants supplemented with bovine colostrum in the first week of life: An explorative pilot study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 46:592-599. [PMID: 33988859 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first weeks after birth, enteral feeding and bacterial colonization interact to influence gut maturation in preterm infants. Bovine colostrum (BC) has been suggested as a relevant supplementary diet when own mother's milk (MM) is insufficient or absent. This pilot trial tests whether the supplement type, BC or donor human milk (DM), affects gut colonization in preterm infants during the first week of life. METHODS On day 7, fecal samples were collected from preterm infants (n = 24) fed BC or DM as a supplement to MM. The gut microbiome (GM) was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Correlations between the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa and blood chemistry variables, including amino acids, were explored. RESULTS BC-supplemented infants showed a lower relative abundance of the families Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcaceae than DM infants. Planococcaceae were more abundant in infants delivered by cesarean birth vs vaginally. The relative abundance of bacterial families, specifically Enterobacteriaceae, correlated negatively with plasma levels of multiple essential and nonessential amino acids (valine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, and arginine). CONCLUSION The nature of nutrition supplements (BC or DM) just after birth may affect GM development and nutrient metabolism in the neonatal period of preterm infants. The exploratory nature of our study calls for confirmation of these results and their possible long-term clinical implications for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Jiang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tik Muk
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Gorm Greisen
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Chatterton DEW, Aagaard S, Hesselballe Hansen T, Nguyen DN, De Gobba C, Lametsch R, Sangild PT. Bioactive proteins in bovine colostrum and effects of heating, drying and irradiation. Food Funct 2021; 11:2309-2327. [PMID: 32108849 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) contains bioactive proteins, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LP). BC was subjected to low-temperature, long-time pasteurization (LTLT, 63 °C, 30 min) or high-temperature, short-time pasteurization (HTST, 72 °C, 15 s) and spray-drying (SD), with or without γ-irradiation (GI, ∼14 kGy) to remove microbial contamination. Relative to unpasteurized liquid BC, SD plus GI increased protein denaturation by 6 and 11%, respectively, increasing to 19 and 27% after LTLT and to 48% after HTST, with no further effects after GI (all P < 0.05). LTLT, without or with GI, resulted in 15 or 29% denaturation of IgG, compared with non-pasteurized BC, and 34 or 58% for HTST treatment (all P < 0.05, except LTLT without GI). For IgG, only GI, not SD or LTLT, increased denaturation (30-38%, P < 0.05) but HTST increased denaturation to 40%, with further increases after GI (60%, P < 0.05). LTLT and HTST reduced LP levels (56 and 81% respectively) and LTLT reduced LF levels (21%), especially together with GI (47%, P < 0.05). Denaturation of BSA, β-LgA, β-LgB and α-La were similar to IgG. Methionine, a protective amino acid against free oxygen radicals, was oxidised by LTLT + GI (P < 0.05) while LTLT and HTST had no effect. Many anti-inflammatory proteins, including serpin anti-proteinases were highly sensitive to HTST and GI but preserved after LTLT pasteurization. LTLT, followed by SD is an optimal processing technique preserving bioactive proteins when powdered BC is used as a diet supplement for sensitive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Aagaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark. and Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | | | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | - Cristian De Gobba
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - René Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
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18
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ZHANG F, BAI T, WU F. Effects of newborn intraoral pressure on colostrum intake. REV NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202134e200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To explore the effects of intraoral pressure on colostrum intake. Methods Healthy women with full-term infants were admitted in the study after birth. Intraoral pressure was detected before and after the mothers’ onset of lactation by a pressure sensor during a breastfeeding session. Colostrum intake was measured by weighting the infant before and after breastfeeding. The onset of lactation was confirmed by the mothers’ perceptions of sudden breast fullness. Results The newborns’ peak sucking pressure was 19.89±7.67kPa before the onset of lactation, dropping to 11.54±4.49kPa after mothers’ onset of lactation (p<0.01). The colostrum intake was 4.02±4.26g before the onset of lactation, and 11.09±9.43g after the onset of lactation. Sucking pressure was correlated with the amount of colostrum intake before and after the onset of lactation after adjusting the confounding factors. Conclusions The newborns’ intraoral pressure at early stage played a predominant role in colostrum intake. It is recommended to initiate breastfeeding immediately after the birth to take advantages of the active and robust sucking response. It is valuable to understand the importance that the sucking pressure plays in the colostrum intake and active immunity achievement during the first several days after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fan WU
- Nantong University, China
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19
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Gao X, Li Y, Olin AB, Nguyen DN. Fortification With Bovine Colostrum Enhances Antibacterial Activity of Human Milk. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 45:1417-1424. [PMID: 33305396 PMCID: PMC8647157 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Human milk (HM) is the optimal diet for neonates, but it does not provide enough nutrients for preterm infants. HM fortifiers based on highly processed mature bovine milk (BMFs) are routinely used for preterm infants despite risks of causing gut dysfunction and systemic infection. Gently‐processed bovine colostrum as a fortifier (BCF) may better protect against infection and inflammation. We hypothesized that BCF‐fortified HM has enhanced antimicrobial activity against pathogens that commonly cause neonatal sepsis, relative to BMF‐fortified HM. Methods Holder‐pasteurized HM samples (10 mothers) were aliquoted into 3 fractions: unfortified HM and HM fortified with either BMF or BCF. The samples were analyzed for pH, lactoferrin concentrations, and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results HM+BCF had a lower pH and higher lactoferrin levels than HM+BMF, with HM being intermediate. Relative to infant formula, HM decreased the growth of S epidermidis, E coli, and E faecalis, with no difference between preterm and term HM. Addition of BMF abolished the antimicrobial effect of HM against S epidermidis and E faecalis but not E coli. By contrast, addition of BCF into HM enhanced antimicrobial activity against S epidermidis and E coli, relative to unfortified HM. HM+BCF was superior to HM+BMF in inhibiting growth of all tested bacteria. Conclusion BMF fortification decreased whereas BCF fortification enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activity of HM. This effect may partly be derived from the high levels of antimicrobial factors found in BCF, including lactoferrin. BCF may be a better fortifier than BMF for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,Department of Neonatology, Foshan Maternity Child Healthcare Hospital, Foshan, China.,Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Bille Olin
- National Human Milk Bank, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Enteral Bioactive Factor Supplementation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102916. [PMID: 32987621 PMCID: PMC7598610 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding preterm infants with mother’s own milk is associated with a reduction in postnatal complications and an improved neurocognitive outcome. Therefore, the bioactive factor composition of human milk has been used as a tool for the development of nutritional supplements with a potential prophylactic or therapeutic effect. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview on bioactive factors which have been studied as supplement to enteral nutrition in randomized controlled trials, and to provide an overview of ongoing trials. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and clinical trial registers were searched. Studies on the antimicrobial protein lactoferrin were excluded as these were summarized very recently in three separate systematic reviews. Studies on vitamins D, K and iron were also excluded as they are already incorporated in most international guidelines. We identified 17 different bioactive factors, which were investigated in 26 studies. Despite the encouraging potential effects of several bioactive factors, more high-quality studies with a sufficient number of preterm infants are required before a certain factor may be implemented into clinical practice. Three large trials (n > 500) that investigate the effects of either enteral insulin or vitamin A are currently ongoing and could provide more definite answers on these specific supplements.
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21
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Bæk O, Brunse A, Nguyen DN, Moodley A, Thymann T, Sangild PT. Diet Modulates the High Sensitivity to Systemic Infection in Newborn Preterm Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1019. [PMID: 32536925 PMCID: PMC7267211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preterm infants are born with an immature immune system, limited passive immunity, and are at risk of developing bacteremia and sepsis in the postnatal period. We hypothesized that enteral feeding, with or without added immunoglobulins, improves the clinical response to systemic infection by coagulase negative staphylococci. Methods: Using preterm cesarean delivered pigs as models for preterm infants, we infused live Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE, 5 × 109 colony forming units per kg) systemically 0–3 days after birth across five different experiments. SE infection responses were assessed following different gestational age at birth (preterm vs. term), enteral milk diets (bovine colostrum, infant formula with or without added porcine plasma) and with/without systemic immunoglobulins. Pigs infected with SE were assessed 12–48 h for clinical variables, blood bacteriology, chemistry, hematology, and gut dysfunction (intestinal permeability, necrotizing enterocolitis lesions). Results: Adverse clinical responses and increased mortality were observed in preterm vs. term pigs, when infected with SE just after birth. Feeding bovine colostrum just after birth improved blood SE clearance and clinical status (improved physical activity and intestinal structure, fewer bone marrow bacteria), relative to pigs fed infant formula. A few days later, clinical responses to SE bacteremia (hematology, neutrophil phagocytic capacity, T cell subsets) were less severe, and less affected by different milk diets, with or without added immunoglobulins. Conclusion: Prematurity increases the sensitivity of newborn pigs to SE bacteremia, potentially causing sepsis. Sensitivity to systemic SE infection decreases rapidly in the days after preterm birth. Both age and diet (parenteral nutrition, colostrum, milk, formula) may influence gut inflammation, bacterial translocation and systemic immune development in the days after birth in preterm newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bæk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Absorption of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Is Related to IgG Blood Levels of Neonatal Pigs during the First 48 Hours Postpartum. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3813250. [PMID: 32090128 PMCID: PMC7026738 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3813250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study is aimed at highlighting the impact of enterally or parenterally applied immunoglobulins (Igs) on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) absorption in newborn pigs. Piglets were chosen as the appropriate model since they are born agammaglobulinemic and any effects of Ig addition can thus be easily monitored. Twenty-one, new born piglets were used in the study. Plasma levels of PUFAs, ARA, DHA, and EPA dropped (similarly to that seen in human infants) by between 40 and 50% in newborn, unsuckled piglets fed an infant formula for 48 h. However, piglets fed the same infant formula but supplied with immunoglobulins (Igs) either orally, by feeding piglets with swine or bovine colostrum, or intravenously, by i.u.a. (intraumbilical artery) infusion of swine or human Ig preparations or swine serum, demonstrated improved growth and PUFA levels similar to those observed at birth. The significant positive correlation was found between the body weight gain, as well as levels of ARA and EPA, and plasma immunoglobulins concentration. These results indicate the importance of the presence of Ig in the blood for appropriate absorption of dietary PUFAs and probably other nutrients in newborn piglets. This may have an impact on the dietary guidelines for human neonates, especially those born prematurely with low plasma Ig levels, since PUFAs are important factors for brain development in early life.
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23
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Li Y, Pan X, Nguyen DN, Ren S, Moodley A, Sangild PT. Bovine Colostrum Before or After Formula Feeding Improves Systemic Immune Protection and Gut Function in Newborn Preterm Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3062. [PMID: 32082298 PMCID: PMC7002359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Maternal milk is often absent or in limited supply just after preterm birth. Many preterm infants are therefore fed infant formula as their first enteral feed despite an increased risk of feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and infection. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that bovine colostrum given before or after formula feeding would alleviate formula-induced detrimental effects during the first days after preterm birth. Methods: A total of 74 preterm pigs received gradually increasing volumes of formula (F) or bovine colostrum (C) until day 5, when they were euthanized or transitioned to either C or F for another 4 days, resulting in six groups: C or F until day 5 (C5, F5, n = 11 each), C or F until day 9 (CC, FF n = 12–13 each), C followed by F (CF, n = 14), and F followed by C (FC, n = 13). Results: Systemically, colostrum feeding stimulated circulating neutrophil recruitment on day 5 (C5 vs. F5, P < 0.05). Relative to initial formula feeding, initial colostrum feeding promoted the development of systemic immune protection as indicated by a decreased T-helper cell population and an increased regulatory T-cell population (CC + CF vs. FC + FF, P < 0.01). In the gut, colostrum feeding improved intestinal parameters such as villus heights, enzymes, hexose absorption, colonic goblet cell density, and decreased the incidence of severe NEC (27 vs. 64%), diarrhea (16 vs. 49%), and gut permeability on day 5, coupled with lowered expression of LBP, MYD88, IL8, HIF1A, and CASP3 (C5 vs. F5, all P < 0.05). On day 9, the incidence of severe NEC was similarly low across groups (15–21%), but diarrhea resistance and intestinal parameters were further improved by colostrum feeding, relative to exclusive formula feeding (CC, CF, or FC vs. FF, respectively, all P < 0.05). The expression of MYD88 and CASP3 remained downregulated by exclusive colostrum feeding (CC vs. FF, P < 0.01) and colostrum before or after formula feeding down regulated HIF1A and CASP3 expression marginally. Conclusion: Colostrum feeding ameliorated detrimental effects of formula feeding on systemic immunity and gut health in preterm newborns, especially when given immediately after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuqiang Ren
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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24
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Panchal H, Athalye-Jape G, Patole S. Oropharyngeal Colostrum for Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:1152-1162. [PMID: 31147686 PMCID: PMC6855966 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) is safe, feasible, and potentially beneficial in preterm infants. We aimed to assess the effects of OPC in preterm infants. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of OPC administration in preterm infants was conducted. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed and Ovid, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Emcare databases, abstracts of Pediatric Academic Societies meetings, and gray literature in April 2018. Six RCTs (n = 269) and 4 non-RCTs (n = 737) were included. One RCT (n = 40) focused on enteral bovine colostrum and hence was excluded from our review. Five of the 6 RCTs had unclear risk of bias in many domains of assessment. Meta-analysis (random effects model) of RCT data showed no significant difference in ≥stage 2 necrotizing enterocolitis (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.75; P = 0.62), late-onset sepsis (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.22; P = 0.28), all-cause mortality (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.27, 2.06; P = 0.56); duration of hospital stay (mean difference [MD]: -1.65 d; 95% CI: -10.09, 6.80; P = 0.70), and time to full feeds (MD: -2.86 d; 95% CI: -6.49, 0.77; P = 0.12). Meta-analysis of data from non-RCTs also showed no benefit for any of these outcomes. OPC increased secretory IgA and lactoferrin concentrations (4 RCTs), and had only a transient effect on the oral microbiome (1 RCT). There were no adverse effects (e.g., aspiration) of OPC. The overall quality of evidence (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation analysis) was very low. Adequately powered RCTs are needed to confirm the nutritional and immunomodulatory benefits of OPC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Panchal
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia,Neonatal Directorate, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Gayatri Athalye-Jape
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia,Neonatal Directorate, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,Address correspondence to SP (e-mail: )
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25
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Ren S, Hui Y, Goericke-Pesch S, Pankratova S, Kot W, Pan X, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Nguyen DN. Gut and immune effects of bioactive milk factors in preterm pigs exposed to prenatal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G67-G77. [PMID: 31091150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00042.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal inflammation may predispose to preterm birth and postnatal inflammatory disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Bioactive milk ingredients may help to support gut maturation in such neonates, but mother's milk is often insufficient after preterm birth. We hypothesized that supplementation with bioactive ingredients from bovine milk [osteopontin (OPN), caseinoglycomacropeptide (CGMP), colostrum (COL)] supports gut, immunity, and NEC resistance in neonates born preterm after gram-negative infection before birth. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, fetal pigs were given intraamniotic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/fetus) and delivered 3 days later (90% gestation). For 5 days, groups of LPS-exposed pigs were fed formula (FOR), bovine colostrum (COL), or formula enriched with OPN or CGMP. LPS induced intraamniotic inflammation and postnatal systemic inflammation but limited effects on postnatal gut parameters and NEC. Relative to FOR, COL feeding to LPS-exposed pigs showed less diarrhea, NEC severity, reduced gut IL-1β and IL-8 levels, greater gut goblet cell density and digestive enzyme activities, and blood helper T-cell fraction. CGMP improved neonatal arousal and gut lactase activities and reduced LPS-induced IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. Finally, OPN tended to reduce diarrhea and stimulated IEC proliferation in vitro. No effects on villus morphology, circulating cytokines, or colonic microbiota were observed among groups. In conclusion, bioactive milk ingredients exerted only modest effects on gut and systemic immune parameters in preterm pigs exposed to prenatal inflammation. Short-term, prenatal exposure to inflammation may render the gut less sensitive to immune-modulatory milk effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prenatal inflammation is a risk factor for preterm birth and postnatal complications including infections. However, from clinical studies, it is difficult to separate the effects of only prenatal inflammation from preterm birth. Using cesarean-delivered preterm pigs with prenatal inflammation, we documented some beneficial gut effects of bioactive milk diets relative to formula, but prenatal inflammation appeared to decrease the sensitivity of enteral feeding. Special treatments and diets may be required for this neonatal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Ren
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Nguyen DN, Currie AJ, Ren S, Bering SB, Sangild PT. Heat treatment and irradiation reduce anti-bacterial and immune-modulatory properties of bovine colostrum. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Ahnfeldt AM, Hyldig N, Li Y, Kappel SS, Aunsholdt L, Sangild PT, Zachariassen G. FortiColos - a multicentre study using bovine colostrum as a fortifier to human milk in very preterm infants: study protocol for a randomised controlled pilot trial. Trials 2019; 20:279. [PMID: 31118098 PMCID: PMC6530095 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very preterm infants (< 32 weeks gestation) have a relatively high nutrient requirement for growth and development. The composition of human milk is often inadequate to ensure optimal growth so it is common to fortify human milk for very preterm infants with nutrient fortifiers based on bovine milk. However, there are concerns that bovine milk-based fortifiers may increase the risk of feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis. We hypothesize that a bovine colostrum-based product is a suitable alternative to bovine milk-based products when used as a fortifier to human milk in very preterm infants. METHODS/DESIGN In an open-label multicentre randomised controlled pilot trial, 200 very preterm infants (26 + 0 to 30 + 6 weeks gestation at birth) will be randomly allocated to a bovine colostrum-based or a bovine milk-based fortifier added to mother's own milk and/or human donor milk. Outcomes are growth rate, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis, a series of paraclinical endpoints, and practical feasibility of using the novel fortifier for very preterm infants. DISCUSSION The optimal enteral diet and feeding regimen for very preterm infants remain debated; this clinical trial will document the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of using bovine colostrum, rich in nutrients and bioactive factors, as a novel fortifier for human milk to very preterm infants. Data on infant growth, metabolism, gut function and immunity will be assessed from clinical data as well as blood and stool samples. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered retrospectively 25 May 2018 at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03537365 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnethe M. Ahnfeldt
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, IVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nana Hyldig
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, IVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanne Soendergaard Kappel
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, IVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aunsholdt
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T. Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, IVH, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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28
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Thiel A, Glávits R, Murbach TS, Endres JR, Reddeman R, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Szakonyiné IP. Toxicological evaluations of colostrum ultrafiltrate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:39-49. [PMID: 30831157 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum has been consumed safely for many years as a food collected directly from cows. More recently, an ultrafiltrated bovine colostrum product has been developed; however, its safety in toxicology studies has not been extensively evaluated. To assess the safety of bovine colostrum ultrafiltrate, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, the genotoxic potential was investigated in a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. No mutagenicity or genotoxic activity was observed in these three tests. A 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Hsd.Han Wistar rats was conducted at doses of 0, 1050, 2100, and 4200 mg/kg bw/day by gavage. After 90 days of continuous exposure, no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects were observed, and no target organs were identified. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 4200 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Thiel
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt, Magyar Jakobinusok Tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Robin Reddeman
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt, Magyar Jakobinusok Tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt, Magyar Jakobinusok Tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt, Magyar Jakobinusok Tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Abstract
Enteral feeding and composition play a chief role in the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In the face of decades of research on this fatal disease, the exact mechanism of disease is still poorly understood. There is established evidence that providing mother's own breast milk and standardization of feeding regimens leads to a decreased risk for NEC. More recent studies have focused on the provision of donor human milk or an exclusive human milk diet in the endeavor to prevent NEC while still maintaining adequate nutrition to the premature infant. There is growing literature on the provision of specific human milk components and its effect on the incidence of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diomel de la Cruz
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Catalina Bazacliu
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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30
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de Waard M, Li Y, Zhu Y, Ayede AI, Berrington J, Bloomfield FH, Busari OO, Cormack BE, Embleton ND, van Goudoever JB, Greisen G, He Z, Huang Y, Li X, Lin HC, Mei J, Meier PP, Nie C, Patel AL, Ritz C, Sangild PT, Skeath T, Simmer K, Tongo OO, Uhlenfeldt SS, Ye S, Ye X, Zhang C, Zhou P. Time to Full Enteral Feeding for Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants Varies Markedly Among Hospitals Worldwide But May Not Be Associated With Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: The NEOMUNE-NeoNutriNet Cohort Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:658-667. [PMID: 30465333 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transition to enteral feeding is difficult for very low-birth-weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g) infants, and optimal nutrition is important for clinical outcomes. METHOD Data on feeding practices and short-term clinical outcomes (growth, necrotizing enterocolitis [NEC], mortality) in VLBW infants were collected from 13 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in 5 continents (n = 2947). Specifically, 5 NICUs in Guangdong province in China (GD), mainly using formula feeding and slow feeding advancement (n = 1366), were compared with the remaining NICUs (non-GD, n = 1581, Oceania, Europe, United States, Taiwan, Africa) using mainly human milk with faster advancement rates. RESULTS Across NICUs, large differences were observed for time to reach full enteral feeding (TFF; 8-33 days), weight gain (5.0-14.6 g/kg/day), ∆z-scores (-0.54 to -1.64), incidence of NEC (1%-13%), and mortality (1%-18%). Adjusted for gestational age, GD units had longer TFF (26 vs 11 days), lower weight gain (8.7 vs 10.9 g/kg/day), and more days on antibiotics (17 vs 11 days; all P < .001) than non-GD units, but NEC incidence and mortality were similar. CONCLUSION Feeding practices for VLBW infants vary markedly around the world. Use of formula and long TFF in South China was associated with more use of antibiotics and slower weight gain, but apparently not with more NEC or higher mortality. Both infant- and hospital-related factors influence feeding practices for preterm infants. Multicenter, randomized controlled trials are required to identify the optimal feeding strategy during the first weeks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita de Waard
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanna Zhu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Adejumoke I Ayede
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Janet Berrington
- Department of Neonatology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland and Newborn Service, National Women's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Olubunmi O Busari
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Barbara E Cormack
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland and Newborn Service, National Women's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Embleton
- Department of Neonatology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gorm Greisen
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhongqian He
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hung-Chih Lin
- China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiaping Mei
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paula P Meier
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chuan Nie
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aloka L Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Skeath
- Department of Neonatology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Olukemi O Tongo
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Sufen Ye
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuqiang Ye
- Foshan Woman and Children's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Ren S, Hui Y, Obelitz-Ryom K, Brandt AB, Kot W, Nielsen DS, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Nguyen DN. Neonatal gut and immune maturation is determined more by postnatal age than by postconceptional age in moderately preterm pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G855-G867. [PMID: 30118350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00169.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants have immature organ functions that predispose them to gut and immune disorders. Developmental delays at preterm birth may affect various organs differently at term-corrected age. We hypothesized that gut and immune maturation in moderately preterm neonates depends more on birth and postnatal factors than on advancing postconceptional age (PCA). Using preterm pigs as models, we investigated how gut and immune parameters develop until term-corrected age and how these differ from those in term counterparts. Preterm ( n = 43, 106 days of gestation) and term pigs ( n = 41, 116 days of gestation) were delivered by caesarean section and euthanized at birth ( day 1) or postnatal day 11 (term-corrected age for preterm pigs) using identical rearing conditions. Relative to term pigs, preterm pigs had lower blood oxygenation, glucose, and cortisol levels, lower gut lactase activity, villus height, and goblet cell density, and lower blood neutrophil, helper T, and cytotoxic T cell numbers at birth. Despite slower growth in preterm pigs, most intestinal and immune parameters increased markedly after birth in both groups. However, some parameters remained negatively affected by preterm birth until postnatal day 11 (goblet cells, gut permeability, and cytotoxic T cells). The colon microbiota showed limited differences between preterm and term pigs at this time. At the same PCA, preterm 11-day-old pigs had higher blood leukocyte numbers and gut enzyme activities but lower villus height and blood cytotoxic T cell numbers relative to newborn term pigs. Birth and postnatal factors, not advancing PCA, are key determinants of gut and immune maturation in moderately preterm neonates. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Postnatally, preterm infants are often considered to reach a physiological maturation similar to that in term infants when they reach term-corrected postconceptional age (PCA). Using preterm pigs as models, we show that PCA may be a poor measure of gut and immune maturation because environmental triggers (regardless of PCA at birth) are critical. Possibly, PCA is only relevant to evaluate physiological maturation of organs that develop relatively independent of the external environment (e.g., the brain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Ren
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anne B Brandt
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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32
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Hambali IU, Bhutto KR, Jesse FFA, Lawan A, Odhah MN, Wahid AH, Azmi MLM, Zakaria Z, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Jefri MN. Clinical responses in cows vaccinated with a developed prototype killed Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:101-105. [PMID: 30114463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the udder that occurs as a result of the release of leucocytes into the udder in a response to bacterial invasion. The major causes of mastitis are an array of gram positive and negative bacteria, however, algae, virus, fungi, mechanical or thermal injury to the gland have also been identified as possible causes. Mastitis vaccines are yet to be developed using Malaysian local isolate of bacteria. The objective of the present experimental trial was to develop a monovalent vaccine against mastitis using S. aureus of Malaysian isolate and to evaluate the clinical responses such as temperature, respiratory rates and heart rates in vaccinated cows. S. aureus is a major causative bacteria in clinical and subclinical types of mastitis in cows. Four concentrations of the bacterin (106, 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml of the local isolate of S. aureus) were prepared using Aluminium potassium sulfate adjuvant. Thirty cows were grouped into four treatment groups (B, C, D and E) with a fifth group as control (A). These groups were vaccinated intramuscularly(IM) with the prepared monovalent vaccine and its influence on the vital signs were intermittently measured. The mean of rectal temperature was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at 0hr Post Vaccination [1]" in groups D and E (39.5 ± 0.15 °C and 39.4 ± 0.15 °C respectively) and at 3 h PV in groups C, D and E (39.8 ± 0.14 °C, 39.9 ± 0.14 °C and 40.3 ± 0.14 °C respectively) compared to the control group. This indicated a sharp increased rectal temperatures between 0hr and 3 h PV in groups C, D and E which later declined at 24 h PV. The mean of rectal temperature of group E was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at weeks 1 and 2 PV (39.87 ± 0.19 °C and 39.80 ± 0.18 °C respectively) compared to the control group. The mean of heart rate was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 1 PV in groups D and E (83.0 ± 3.8 beats/minute and 80.0 ± 3.8 °C respectively) compared to control. A trending decrease was however observed in heart rates of group E from weeks through 4 PV and in group D from weeks 1 through 3 PV. The mean of respiratory rates was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 3 PV in group B and D (31.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute and 28.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute) compared to control. In conclusion, this study highlights responses of these vital signs due to vaccination against S. aureus causing mastitis in cows. To the best of our knowledge the findings of this study adds value to the shallow literature on vital signs alterations in cows vaccinated against mastitis as elevated levels of temperature and heart rates of group D and E indicated obvious response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Hambali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public health and Preventive Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria.
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Veterinary Research and Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, 70050, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Ruminant Disease, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, 39, Yemen
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Animal Health, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, 87300, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Science Lahore, 54500, Pakistan
| | - M N Jefri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sadeghirad B, Morgan RL, Zeraatkar D, Zea AM, Couban R, Johnston BC, Florez ID. Human and Bovine Colostrum for Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-0767. [PMID: 29991526 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Human and bovine colostrum (HBC) administration has been linked to beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness and safety of HBC for reducing NEC, mortality, sepsis, time to full-feed and feeding intolerance in preterm infants. DATA SOURCES We conducted searches through Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials comparing human or bovine colostrum to placebo. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently did screening, review, and extraction. RESULTS Eight studies (385 infants) proved eligible. In comparison with placebo, HBC revealed no effect on the incidence of severe NEC (relative risk [RR]: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48 to 2.02, I2 = 2.2%; moderate certainty of evidence), all-cause mortality (RR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.39 to 1.82, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty), culture-proven sepsis (RR: 0.78; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.14, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty), and feed intolerance (RR: 0.97; 95% CI 0.37 to 2.56, I2 = 55%; low certainty). HBC revealed a significant effect on reducing the mean days to reach full enteral feed (mean difference: -3.55; 95% CI 0.33 to 6.77, I2 = 41.1%; moderate certainty). The indirect comparison of bovine versus human colostrum revealed no difference in any outcome. LIMITATIONS The number of patients was modest, whereas the number of NEC-related events was low. CONCLUSIONS Bovine or human colostrum has no effect on severe NEC, mortality, culture-proven sepsis, feed intolerance, or length of stay. Additional research focused on the impact on enteral feeding may be needed to confirm the findings on this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sadeghirad
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and.,The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Dena Zeraatkar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and
| | - Adriana M Zea
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; and
| | - Rachel Couban
- The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Bradley C Johnston
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and.,Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ivan D Florez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and .,Department of Pediatrics and
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Sun J, Li Y, Pan X, Nguyen DN, Brunse A, Bojesen AM, Rudloff S, Mortensen MS, Burrin DG, Sangild PT. Human Milk Fortification with Bovine Colostrum Is Superior to Formula-Based Fortifiers to Prevent Gut Dysfunction, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and Systemic Infection in Preterm Pigs. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:252-262. [PMID: 29992630 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fortification of donor human milk (DHM) is required for optimal growth of very preterm infants, but there are concerns of more gut dysfunction and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) when using formula-based fortifiers (FFs), especially soon after birth. Intact bovine colostrum (BC) is rich in nutrients and bioactive factors, and protects against NEC in preterm pigs. We hypothesized that fortification of DHM with BC is superior to FFs to prevent gut dysfunction and infections when provided shortly after preterm birth. METHODS Two FF products, Enfamil (ENF; intact protein, vegetable oil) and PreNAN+Nutrilon (NAN; extensively hydrolyzed protein, maltodextrin), were compared with BC as fortifier to DHM fed to preterm pigs for 5 days. RESULTS Relative to the DHM+BC group, DHM+FF groups had higher diarrhea score and lower hexose uptake and lactase activity, and specifically the DHM+NAN group showed higher gut permeability, NEC score, more mucosa-adherent bacteria with altered gut microbiota structure (ie, lower diversity, increased Enterococcus, decreased Staphylococcus abundance). Both DHM+FF groups showed higher expression of intestinal cytokine and inflammation-related genes, more gut-derived bacteria in the bone marrow, lower density of mucin-containing goblet cells, and slightly higher colon lactate, stomach pH and acetate, and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte levels than the DHM+BC group. CONCLUSIONS Used as a fortifier to DHM, BC is superior to FFs to support gut function, nutrient absorption, and bacterial defense mechanisms in preterm pigs. It is important to optimize the composition of nutrient fortifiers for preterm infants fed human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pan X, Gong D, Gao F, Sangild PT. Diet-dependent changes in the intestinal DNA methylome after introduction of enteral feeding in preterm pigs. Epigenomics 2018; 10:395-408. [PMID: 29587528 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine how enteral feeding affects the intestinal epigenome and gene expression just after preterm birth. MATERIALS & METHODS Intestinal tissue from preterm pigs, modeling preterm infants, was collected at birth and 5 days after gradual introduction of infant formula or bovine colostrum. The intestinal tissue was analyzed by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and real-time qPCR. RESULTS Relative to colostrum, formula increased bacterial epithelial adherence and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) expression, which was regulated by promoter methylation. Diet-dependent changes in DNA methylation and/or mRNA expression were related to innate immune response, hypoxia, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways (e.g., TTC38, IL8, C3, HIF1A and VEGFR1). CONCLUSION Epigenetic changes may mediate important effects of the first feeding on intestinal development in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Desheng Gong
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, PR China
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
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