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Padawer D, Qadan A, Karameh M, Darawshy F, Laor A, Banker S, Fridlender ZG. Breath of Health: spectroscopy-based breath test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:376-383. [PMID: 38424673 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2313020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. These tests require professional manpower and equipment, long processing and swab sampling which is unpleasant to the patients. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified in the breath of COVID-19 patients. Detection of these VOCs using a breath test could help rapidly identify COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE Assess the accuracy of 'Breath of Health' (BOH) COVID-19 Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy-based breath test. METHODS Breath samples from patients with or without symptoms suggestive for COVID-19 who had NAAT results were collected using Tedlar bags and were blindly analysed using BOH FTIR spectroscopy. BOH Measures several VOCs simultaneously and differentiating positive and negative results. BOH results were compared to NAAT results as gold standard. RESULTS Breath samples from 531 patients were analysed. The sensitivity of BOH breath test was found to be 79.5% and specificity was 87.2%. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 74.7% and negative predictive value (NPV) 90.0%. Calculated accuracy rate was 84.8% and area under the curve 0.834. Subgroup analysis revealed that the NPV of patients without respiratory symptoms was superior over the NPV of symptomatic patients (94.7% vs 80.7%, P-value < 0.0001) and PPV of patients with respiratory symptoms outranks the PPV of individuals without symptoms (85.3% vs 69.2%, P-value 0.0196). CONCLUSION We found BOH COVID-19 breath test to be a patient-friendly, rapid, non-invasive diagnostic test with high accuracy rate and NPV that could efficiently rule out COVID-19 especially among individuals with low pre-test probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Padawer
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Qadan
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mutaz Karameh
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Heart Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fares Darawshy
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arie Laor
- Breath of Health Ltd, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Danialifar TF, Chumpitazi BP, Mehta DI, Di Lorenzo C. Genetic and acquired sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: A clinical review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:774-782. [PMID: 38327254 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (GSID) is an inherited deficiency in the ability to digest sucrose and potentially starch due to mutations in the sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene. Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency is historically considered to be a rare condition affecting infants with chronic diarrhea as exposure to dietary sucrose begins. Growing evidence suggests that individuals with SI variants may present later in life, with symptoms overlapping with those of irritable bowel syndrome. The presence of SI genetic variants may, either alone or in combination, affect enzyme activity and lead to symptoms of different severity. As such, a more appropriate term for this inherited condition is GSID, with a recognition of a spectrum of severity and onset of presentation. Currently, disaccharidase assay on duodenal mucosal tissue homogenates is the gold standard in diagnosing SI deficiency. A deficiency in the SI enzyme can be present at birth (genetic) or acquired later, often in association with damage to the enteric brush-border membrane. Other noninvasive diagnostic alternatives such as sucrose breath tests may be useful but require further validation. Management of GSID is based on sucrose and potentially starch restriction tailored to the individual patients' tolerance and symptoms. As this approach may be challenging, additional treatment with commercially available sacrosidase is available. However, some patients may require continued starch restriction. Further research is needed to clarify the true prevalence of SI deficiency, the pathobiology of single SI heterozygous mutations, and to define optimal diagnostic and treatment algorithms in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaz Farzan Danialifar
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruno P Chumpitazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devendra I Mehta
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Carlo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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3
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Price TK, Realegeno S, Azad K, Shier KL. Validation of the PyloPlus Urea Breath Test System in pediatric patients. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0318223. [PMID: 38051054 PMCID: PMC10783039 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03182-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE For the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of H. pylori infection, non-invasive testing methodologies improve patient comfort, particularly for children. Previously, only the BreathTek UBT had FDA approval for use in pediatric patients and required an adjustment calculation based on age, height, and weight of the patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the PyloPlus UBT assay in a pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamran Azad
- Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, California, USA
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4
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Zingone F, Bertin L, Maniero D, Palo M, Lorenzon G, Barberio B, Ciacci C, Savarino EV. Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4969. [PMID: 38068827 PMCID: PMC10708184 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of common food intolerances, giving clinicians a guide on diagnosing and treating these cases. We performed a narrative review of the latest evidence on the widespread food intolerances reported by our patients, giving indications on the clinical presentations, possible tests, and dietary suggestions, and underlining the myths and reality. While lactose intolerance and hereditary fructose intolerance are based on well-defined mechanisms and have validated diagnostic tests, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) intolerance are mainly based on patients' reports. Others, like non-hereditary fructose, sorbitol, and histamine intolerance, still need more evidence and often cause unnecessary dietary restrictions. Finally, the main outcome of the present review is that the medical community should work to reduce the spread of unvalidated tests, the leading cause of the problematic management of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Zingone
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Luisa Bertin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Daria Maniero
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Michela Palo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Greta Lorenzon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Brigida Barberio
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (E.V.S.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
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Schnedl WJ, Schenk M, Michaelis S, Enko D, Mangge H. Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders in Children May Be Associated with Food Intolerance/Malabsorption. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1444. [PMID: 37761406 PMCID: PMC10529315 DOI: 10.3390/children10091444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are among the most common types of chronic pain disorders in children. FAPD symptoms are characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changed bowel movements. The pathophysiology of FAPDs in children is unknown, but these conditions may have an imprecise clinical overlap to food intolerance/malabsorption. We report on 51 consecutive children (23/28 males/females; median age 15.3 years) with investigated FAPDs from 2017 to 2022 in this retrospective pilot study. Small intestinal biopsies in children demonstrated the association of lactase and diamine oxidase (DAO), which prompted us to perform hydrogen (H2) breath tests for lactose intolerance (LIT) and determine serum DAO for the evaluation of histamine intolerance (HIT) in pediatric patients with FAPDs. To complete the food intolerance/malabsorption evaluation tests, we included a search for antibodies against tissue transglutaminase to find celiac disease (CD), performed H2 breath tests to detect fructose malabsorption (FM), and conducted a search for IgA antibodies against H. pylori infection. The results demonstrate that all 51 children evaluated were diagnosed with food intolerance/malabsorption and/or various combinations thereof. Seven children showed FM, eight of the children had HIT, and eight children had LIT. The other children had combinations: thirteen children (25.5%) had HIT and LIT, seven children (9.8%) had FM with HIT, five children (13.7%) had FM and LIT, and three children (5.9%) had a triple combination of FM, HIT, and LIT. By describing this method of personalized investigation for food intolerance/malabsorption in children with FAPDs, we demonstrate that functional abdominal pain disorders may be associated with food intolerance/malabsorption. After such diagnosis in this pediatric population, a registered dietitian helped to establish a reduction and/or exclusion diet individually tailored to their symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J. Schnedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
- General Internal Medicine Practice, Dr. Theodor Körnerstrasse 19b, A-8600 Bruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schenk
- Das Kinderwunsch Institut Schenk GmbH, Am Sendergrund 11, A-8143 Dobl, Austria;
| | - Simon Michaelis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Hochsteiermark, Vordernberger Straße 42, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.M.); (D.E.)
| | - Dietmar Enko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Hochsteiermark, Vordernberger Straße 42, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.M.); (D.E.)
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria;
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Luo Y, Fu Y, Schwarz S, Wallach T. Comparison of Risk and Severity of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Non-Native Versus US Native Pediatric Patients. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e331. [PMID: 37600603 PMCID: PMC10435047 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in the stomach and duodenum, and an increased risk of gastric cancer. The risk of infection, secondary symptoms, and negative outcomes is known to be increased in low- and middle-income countries and vastly less substantial in the United States and Europe. Current North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines recommend endoscopic diagnosis and susceptibility-guided therapy, which is not reflected by current adult guidelines for therapy. In this study, we complete a single-center retrospective review of HP risk by nativity status, as well as the results of the use of standard empiric therapy in HP and PUD patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all endoscopies with patients aged 1-21 years with a known nativity status and identified all HP diagnoses. We also completed the classification of Kyoto scores and classified patients as gastritis versus PUD. Treatment records were obtained, as well as downstream documentation of the impact of empiric therapy. HP prevalence and severity were compared between non-native and native US populations. Results In total 332 patients were identified, with 59 HP diagnoses. However, 64 patients were immigrants, and 268 were US natives. Totally 39.1% of all immigrant patients had an endoscopically identified HP infection, compared to only 12.7% of US native patients (P < 0.01, relative risk 3.07). HP severity was worse in immigrant patients (Kyoto score 1.5 versus 0.89; P = 0.008). Empiric high-dose amoxicillin triple therapy was equally effective in reducing symptoms in gastritis versus PUD patients. Conclusions Immigrant patients have a substantially higher risk and severity of HP infection than US natives. Empiric therapy remains highly effective at relieving symptoms. These findings in aggregate suggest that North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines may not adequately serve non-native pediatric patients, with an additional prospective multicenter study needed to confirm. In addition, a prospective study of treatment based on stool antigen tests, as well as a larger prospective study of empiric therapy, may suggest alterations to our approach in line with recent changes to adult Gastroenterology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Yinan Fu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles
| | - Steven Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Thomas Wallach
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
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Pienar C, Pop L, Lăzărescu M, Costăchescu R, Mogoi M, Mare R, Șeclăman E. Genetic Predisposition to Primary Lactose Intolerance Does Not Influence Dairy Intake and Health-Related Quality of Life in Romanian Children: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1075. [PMID: 37371306 DOI: 10.3390/children10061075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary lactose intolerance (PLI) is characterized by the inability to digest lactose. Homozygotes for the lactase gene polymorphisms (CC or GG) are considered to be genetically predisposed to PLI. Still, symptoms may only be present later in life. The evidence supporting a link between PLI, dairy intake, and quality of life (QoL) is limited in children. AIM This study investigates the link between LCT polymorphisms and suggestive symptoms and the influence of the genetic predisposition to PLI on dairy intake and QoL in Romanian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited consecutive children evaluated in our ambulatory clinic. We asked all participants to complete a visual-analog symptoms scale, a dairy intake, and a QoL questionnaire. We used strip genotyping to identify genetic predisposition to PLI. RESULTS 51.7% of children had a CC genotype, and 34.5% also had a GG genotype. Most children reported no or mild symptoms. Dairy intake and QoL were similar across study groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that genetic predisposition does not necessarily assume the presence of specific symptoms. Genetic predisposition to PLI did not lead to dairy avoidance, nor did it negatively influence our children's QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Pienar
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liviu Pop
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marilena Lăzărescu
- The Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Radmila Costăchescu
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Mogoi
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Mare
- Gastroenterology Department, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Edward Șeclăman
- Biochemistry Department, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Efremova I, Maslennikov R, Poluektova E, Vasilieva E, Zharikov Y, Suslov A, Letyagina Y, Kozlov E, Levshina A, Ivashkin V. Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3400-3421. [PMID: 37389240 PMCID: PMC10303511 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i22.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as an increase in the bacterial content of the small intestine above normal values. The presence of SIBO is detected in 33.8% of patients with gastroenterological complaints who underwent a breath test, and is significantly associated with smoking, bloating, abdominal pain, and anemia. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a significant risk factor for SIBO. The risk of SIBO increases with age and does not depend on gender or race. SIBO complicates the course of a number of diseases and may be of pathogenetic significance in the development of their symptoms. SIBO is significantly associated with functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, lactase deficiency, diverticular and celiac diseases, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, cirrhosis, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), primary biliary cholangitis, gastroparesis, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, gallstone disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, acromegaly, multiple sclerosis, autism, Parkinson’s disease, systemic sclerosis, spondylarthropathy, fibromyalgia, asthma, heart failure, and other diseases. The development of SIBO is often associated with a slowdown in orocecal transit time that decreases the normal clearance of bacteria from the small intestine. The slowdown of this transit may be due to motor dysfunction of the intestine in diseases of the gut, autonomic diabetic polyneuropathy, and portal hypertension, or a decrease in the motor-stimulating influence of thyroid hormones. In a number of diseases, including cirrhosis, MAFLD, diabetes, and pancreatitis, an association was found between disease severity and the presence of SIBO. Further work on the effect of SIBO eradication on the condition and prognosis of patients with various diseases is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Efremova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Roman Maslennikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- The Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Elena Poluektova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- The Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Vasilieva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Yury Zharikov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Sechenov University, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Andrey Suslov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Sechenov University, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Yana Letyagina
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenii Kozlov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Levshina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- The Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
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Tansel A, Levinthal DJ. Understanding Our Tests: Hydrogen-Methane Breath Testing to Diagnose Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00567. [PMID: 36744854 PMCID: PMC10132719 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) drives many common gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Breath testing via measurement of exhaled hydrogen and methane gases following ingestion of a readily metabolized carbohydrate has become an important noninvasive testing paradigm to help diagnose SIBO. However, because of a number of physiological and technical considerations, how and when to use breath testing in the diagnosis of SIBO remains a nuanced clinical decision. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of breath testing paradigms including the indications for testing, how to administer the test, and how patient factors influence breath testing results. We also explore the performance characteristics of breath testing (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio). Additionally, we describe complementary and alternative tests for diagnosing SIBO. We discuss applications of breath testing for research. Current estimates of SIBO prevalence among commonly encountered high-risk populations are reviewed to provide pretest probability estimates under a variety of clinical situations. Finally, we discuss how to integrate breath test performance characteristics into clinical care decisions using clinical predictors and the Fagan nomogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Tansel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David J. Levinthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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10
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Mărginean CO, Meliț LE, Săsăran MO. Traditional and Modern Diagnostic Approaches in Diagnosing Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Infection. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9070994. [PMID: 35883980 PMCID: PMC9316053 DOI: 10.3390/children9070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common bacterial infection worldwide, is usually acquired during childhood and is related to gastric carcinogenesis during adulthood. Therefore, its early proper diagnosis and subsequent successful eradication represent the cornerstones of gastric cancer prevention. The aim of this narrative review was to assess traditional and modern diagnostic methods in terms of H. pylori diagnosis. Several invasive and non-invasive methods were described, each with its pros and cons. The invasive diagnostic methods comprise endoscopy with biopsy, rapid urease tests, histopathological exams, cultures and biopsy-based molecular tests. Among these, probably the most available, accurate and cost-effective test remains histology, albeit molecular tests definitely remain the most accurate despite their high costs. The non-invasive tests consist of urea breath tests, serology, stool antigens and non-invasive molecular tests. Urea breath tests and stool antigens are the most useful in clinical practice both for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection and for monitoring the eradication of this infection after therapy. The challenges related to accurate diagnosis lead to a choice that must be based on H. pylori virulence, environmental factors and host peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
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11
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Leszkowicz J, Plata-Nazar K, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A. Can Lactose Intolerance Be a Cause of Constipation? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:1785. [PMID: 35565753 PMCID: PMC9105309 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance and constipation are common in children and impact everyday life, not only for patients but also their families. Both conditions can be comorbid with other diseases or form a part of their clinical presentation, but constipation is not usually associated with lactose intolerance. The typical symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating, flatus, diarrhoea, borborygmi, and less frequently nausea and vomiting. In approximately 30% of cases, constipation can be a symptom of lactose intolerance. Constipation is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard and/or large stools, painful defecation, and faecal incontinence, and is often accompanied by abdominal pain. This paper provides a narrative review on lactose intolerance, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, the correlation between lactose intolerance and constipation in children, and potential mechanisms of such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leszkowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology and Paediatric Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.P.-N.); (A.S.-S.)
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