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Lazarević M, Stanisavljević S, Nikolovski N, Dimitrijević M, Miljković Đ. Complete Freund's adjuvant as a confounding factor in multiple sclerosis research. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353865. [PMID: 38426111 PMCID: PMC10902151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is used as a standard adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model in multiple sclerosis studies. Still, CFA induces glial activation and neuroinflammation on its own and provokes pain. In addition, as CFA contains Mycobacteria, an immune response against bacterial antigens is induced in parallel to the response against central nervous system antigens. Thus, CFA can be considered as a confounding factor in multiple sclerosis-related studies performed on EAE. Here, we discuss the effects of CFA in EAE in detail and present EAE variants induced in experimental animals without the use of CFA. We put forward CFA-free EAE variants as valuable tools for studying multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Lin JP, Brake A, Donadieu M, Lee A, Kawaguchi R, Sati P, Geschwind DH, Jacobson S, Schafer DP, Reich DS. A 4D transcriptomic map for the evolution of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in the marmoset brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559371. [PMID: 37808784 PMCID: PMC10557631 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-time-point histopathological studies on postmortem multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue fail to capture lesion evolution dynamics, posing challenges for therapy development targeting development and repair of focal inflammatory demyelination. To close this gap, we studied experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in the common marmoset, the most faithful animal model of these processes. Using MRI-informed RNA profiling, we analyzed ~600,000 single-nucleus and ~55,000 spatial transcriptomes, comparing them against EAE inoculation status, longitudinal radiological signals, and histopathological features. We categorized 5 groups of microenvironments pertinent to neural function, immune and glial responses, tissue destruction and repair, and regulatory network at brain borders. Exploring perilesional microenvironment diversity, we uncovered central roles of EAE-associated astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and ependyma in lesion formation and resolution. We pinpointed imaging and molecular features capturing the pathological trajectory of WM, offering potential for assessing treatment outcomes using marmoset as a platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ping Lin
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alexis Brake
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maxime Donadieu
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amanda Lee
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Licht‐Mayer S, Campbell GR, Mehta AR, McGill K, Symonds A, Al‐Azki S, Pryce G, Zandee S, Zhao C, Kipp M, Smith KJ, Baker D, Altmann D, Anderton SM, Kap YS, Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Rodriguez M, Franklin RJM, Chandran S, Lassmann H, Trapp BD, Mahad DJ. Axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination and complex IV activity within demyelinated axons in experimental models of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12851. [PMID: 36181265 PMCID: PMC10092519 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Axonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental models is most frequently detected in acutely demyelinating lesions. We recently reported a compensatory neuronal response, where mitochondria move to the acutely demyelinated axon and increase the mitochondrial content following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. We termed this homeostatic phenomenon, which is also evident in MS, the axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination (ARMD). The aim of this study is to determine whether ARMD is consistently evident in experimental demyelination and how its perturbation relates to axonal injury. METHODS In the present study, we assessed axonal mitochondrial content as well as axonal mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity (cytochrome c oxidase or COX) of axons and related these to axonal injury in nine different experimental disease models. We used immunofluorescent histochemistry as well as sequential COX histochemistry followed by immunofluorescent labelling of mitochondria and axons. RESULTS We found ARMD a consistent and robust phenomenon in all experimental disease models. The increase in mitochondrial content within demyelinated axons, however, was not always accompanied by a proportionate increase in complex IV activity, particularly in highly inflammatory models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Axonal complex IV activity inversely correlated with the extent of axonal injury in experimental disease models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that ARMD is a consistent and prominent feature and emphasise the importance of complex IV activity in the context of ARMD, especially in autoimmune inflammatory demyelination, paving the way for the development of novel neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Licht‐Mayer
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Arpan R. Mehta
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Katie McGill
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Alex Symonds
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sarah Al‐Azki
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of AnatomyRostock University Medical CenterRostockGermany
| | - Kenneth J. Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of MedicineHammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | | | - Yolanda S. Kap
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN)University Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bert A. 't Hart
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN)University Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical Center (VUMC)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and ImmunologyMayo College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of NeuroscienceLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Don J. Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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5
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Moliterni C, Tredicine M, Pistilli A, Falcicchia R, Bartolini D, Stabile AM, Rende M, Ria F, Di Sante G. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methodologies for T-Cell Trafficking Through Blood-Brain Barrier After TLR Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:199-219. [PMID: 37603183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes ex vivo isolation of human T cells and of naïve splenocytes respectively collected from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-affected mice. After the magnetic sorting of naïve and activated T helper lymphocytes, we provide details about the cell cultures to measure the interaction with extracellular matrix proteins using standard cell invasion or hand-made in vitro assays, upon different stimuli, through Toll-like receptor(s) ligands, T-cell activators, and cell adhesion molecules modulators. Finally, we describe the methods to harvest and recover T cells to evaluate the properties associated with their trafficking ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moliterni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Falcicchia
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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6
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Laman JD. Cutting edge technologies in chronic inflammation research. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31 Suppl 1:17-21. [PMID: 36059185 PMCID: PMC9539701 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This concise review provides the broad background and selection from the literature for a Keynote lecture at EHSF 2022 on state of the art technologies in inflammation research, with an emphasis on disease of the skin and the nervous system. The value of ex vivo skin explant models is discussed, as well as the innovative use of animal models, wherein the crucial roles of antigen experience and "wild" microbiota are emphasized. Spectral flow cytometry allowing large surface marker panels to be explored is touched upon, as well as multiplex technology for cytokines and other analytes important for inflammation and tissue damage. Single-cell sequencing and in situ transcriptomics (spatial profiling) now provide exciting granular information on functional cell subsets, interactions and plasticity. A selection of novel research and diagnostic tools for antibodies against linear peptides or gangliosides is presented. Finally, the review discusses a new anti-inflammatory strategy against skin inflammation with a panel of protease inhibitors derived from the protein fraction of industrial starch potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Stimmer L, Confais J, Jong A, Veth J, Fovet CM, Horellou P, Massonneau J, Perrin A, Miotello G, Avazeri E, Hart B, Deiva K, Le Grand R, Armengaud J, Bajramovic JJ, Contamin H, Serguera C. Recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein quality modifies evolution of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in macaques. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1513-1522. [PMID: 34376778 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) is a well-recognized model for the study of human acquired demyelinating diseases (ADD), a group of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, myelin loss, and neurological impairment of variable severity. In rodents, EAE is typically induced by active immunization with a combination of myelin-derived antigen and a strong adjuvant as complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), containing components of the mycobacterial wall, while myelin antigen alone or associated with other bacterial components, as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), often fails to induce EAE. In contrast to this, EAE can be efficiently induced in non-human primates by immunization with the recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG), produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), purified and formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), which lacks bacterial elements. Here, we provide evidence indicating how trace amounts of bacterial contaminants within rhMOG may influence the course and severity of EAE in the cynomolgus macaque immunized with rhMOG/IFA. The residual amount of E. coli contaminants, as detected with mass spectrometry within rhMOG protein stocks, were found to significantly modulate the severity of clinical, radiological, and histologic hallmarks of EAE in macaques. Indeed, animals receiving the purest rhMOG showed milder disease severity, increased numbers of remissions, and reduced brain damage. Histologically, these animals presented a wider diversity of lesion types, including changes in normal-appearing white matter and prephagocytic lesions. Non-human primates EAE model with milder histologic lesions reflect more accurately ADD and permits to study of the pathogenesis of disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. .,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.
| | | | - Anke't Jong
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Veth
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Horellou
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Massonneau
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Perrin
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Emilie Avazeri
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Bert't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands and University of Groningen, Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-immune Brain and Spinal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jeffrey J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ché Serguera
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.,Asfalia Biologics, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
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8
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't Hart BA, Luchicchi A, Schenk GJ, Stys PK, Geurts JJG. Mechanistic underpinning of an inside-out concept for autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1709-1719. [PMID: 34156169 PMCID: PMC8351380 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis is driven by autoimmune pathology in the central nervous system. However, the trigger of the autoimmune pathogenic process is unknown. MS models in immunologically naïve, specific‐pathogen‐free bred rodents support an exogenous trigger, such as an infection. The validity of this outside–in pathogenic concept for MS has been frequently challenged by the difficulty to translate pathogenic concepts developed in these models into effective therapies for the MS patient. Studies in well‐validated non‐human primate multiple sclerosis models where, just like in humans, the autoimmune pathogenic process develops from an experienced immune system trained by prior infections, rather support an endogenous trigger. Data reviewed here corroborate the validity of this inside–out pathogenic concept for multiple sclerosis. They also provide a plausible sequence of events reminiscent of Wilkin’s primary lesion theory: (i) that autoimmunity is a physiological response of the immune system against excess antigen turnover in diseased tissue (the primary lesion) and (ii) that individuals developing autoimmune disease are (genetically predisposed) high responders against critical antigens. Data obtained in multiple sclerosis brains reveal the presence in normally appearing white matter of myelinated axons where myelin sheaths have locally dissociated from their enwrapped axon (i.e., blistering). The ensuing disintegration of axon–myelin units potentially causes the excess systemic release of post‐translationally modified myelin. Data obtained in a unique primate multiple sclerosis model revealed a core pathogenic role of T cells present in the normal repertoire, which hyper‐react to post‐translationally modified (citrullinated) myelin–oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and evoke clinical and pathological aspects of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Licht-Mayer S, Campbell GR, Canizares M, Mehta AR, Gane AB, McGill K, Ghosh A, Fullerton A, Menezes N, Dean J, Dunham J, Al-Azki S, Pryce G, Zandee S, Zhao C, Kipp M, Smith KJ, Baker D, Altmann D, Anderton SM, Kap YS, Laman JD, Hart BA', Rodriguez M, Watzlawick R, Schwab JM, Carter R, Morton N, Zagnoni M, Franklin RJM, Mitchell R, Fleetwood-Walker S, Lyons DA, Chandran S, Lassmann H, Trapp BD, Mahad DJ. Enhanced axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination offers neuroprotection: implications for multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:143-167. [PMID: 32572598 PMCID: PMC7360646 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal loss is the key pathological substrate of neurological disability in demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the consequences of demyelination on neuronal and axonal biology are poorly understood. The abundance of mitochondria in demyelinated axons in MS raises the possibility that increased mitochondrial content serves as a compensatory response to demyelination. Here, we show that upon demyelination mitochondria move from the neuronal cell body to the demyelinated axon, increasing axonal mitochondrial content, which we term the axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination (ARMD). However, following demyelination axons degenerate before the homeostatic ARMD reaches its peak. Enhancement of ARMD, by targeting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial transport from the cell body to axon, protects acutely demyelinated axons from degeneration. To determine the relevance of ARMD to disease state, we examined MS autopsy tissue and found a positive correlation between mitochondrial content in demyelinated dorsal column axons and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) deficiency in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal cell bodies. We experimentally demyelinated DRG neuron-specific complex IV deficient mice, as established disease models do not recapitulate complex IV deficiency in neurons, and found that these mice are able to demonstrate ARMD, despite the mitochondrial perturbation. Enhancement of mitochondrial dynamics in complex IV deficient neurons protects the axon upon demyelination. Consequently, increased mobilisation of mitochondria from the neuronal cell body to the axon is a novel neuroprotective strategy for the vulnerable, acutely demyelinated axon. We propose that promoting ARMD is likely to be a crucial preceding step for implementing potential regenerative strategies for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Licht-Mayer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Graham R Campbell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marco Canizares
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Arpan R Mehta
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angus B Gane
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Katie McGill
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Aniket Ghosh
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Alexander Fullerton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Niels Menezes
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jasmine Dean
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, OH44195, USA
| | - Sarah Al-Azki
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kenneth J Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - David Baker
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN), University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN), University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (V|UMC|), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, MN55905, USA
| | - Ralf Watzlawick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Roderick Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Rory Mitchell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sue Fleetwood-Walker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, OH44195, USA
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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10
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't Hart BA. A Tolerogenic Role of Cathepsin G in a Primate Model of Multiple Sclerosis: Abrogation by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:21. [PMID: 32556812 PMCID: PMC7299916 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a non-human primate model of the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), we have unraveled the role of B cells in the making and breaking of immune tolerance against central nervous system myelin. It is discussed here that B cells prevent the activation of strongly pathogenic T cells present in the naïve repertoire, which are directed against the immunodominant myelin antigen MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). Prevention occurs via destructive processing of a critical epitope (MOG34-56) through the lysosomal serine protease cathepsin G. This effective tolerance mechanism is abrogated when the B cells are infected with Epstein–Barr virus, a ubiquitous γ1-herpesvirus that entails the strongest non-genetic risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Power C, Dziarski R. Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:670-682. [PMID: 32589935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a cell wall component of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Signature fragments of PGN are proinflammatory through engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on resident tissue cells and circulating leukocytes. Despite its abundance in the gut microbiota, there is limited recognition that PGN could contribute to chronic neuroinflammation. This review highlights current insights into the roles of PGN as a determinant of brain inflammation, notably in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Recent studies demonstrate PGN in blood of healthy adult humans. PGN amplifies autoimmune pathology via activation of innate immune cells. Novel uptake routes through (altered) gut mucosa by myeloid leukocyte subsets promote PGN transport to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Dziarski
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
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12
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Reijers JAA, Malone KE, Bajramovic JJ, Verbeek R, Burggraaf J, Moerland M. Adverse immunostimulation caused by impurities: The dark side of biopharmaceuticals. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1418-1426. [PMID: 30920013 PMCID: PMC6595286 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug safety is an important issue, especially in the experimental phases of development. Adverse immunostimulation (AI) is sometimes encountered following treatment with biopharmaceuticals, which can be life-threatening if it results in a severe systemic inflammatory reaction. Biopharmaceuticals that unexpectedly induce an inflammatory response still enter the clinic, even while meeting all regulatory requirements. Impurities (of microbial origin) in biopharmaceuticals are an often-overlooked cause of AI. This demonstrates that the current guidelines for quality control and safety pharmacology testing are not flawless. Here, based on two case examples, several shortcomings of the guidelines are discussed. The most important of these are the lack of sensitivity for impurities, lack of testing for pyrogens other than endotoxin, and the use of insensitive animal species and biomarkers in preclinical investigations. Moreover, testing for the immunotoxicity of biopharmaceuticals is explicitly not recommended by the international guidelines. Publication of cases of AI is pivotal, both to increase awareness and to facilitate scientific discussions on how to prevent AI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Verbeek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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13
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't Hart BA. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset: a translationally relevant model for the cause and course of multiple sclerosis. Primate Biol 2019; 6:17-58. [PMID: 32110715 PMCID: PMC7041540 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-17-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging Western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic
autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (AIMIDs) for which treatments that are safe and effective are scarce. One of the
main reasons for this situation is the lack of animal models, which accurately replicate
clinical and pathological aspects of the human diseases. One important AIMID is the
neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), for which the mouse experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has been frequently used in preclinical
research. Despite some successes, there is a long list of experimental treatments that
have failed to reproduce promising effects observed in murine EAE models when they were
tested in the clinic. This frustrating situation indicates a wide validity gap between
mouse EAE and MS. This monography describes the development of an EAE model in nonhuman
primates, which may help to bridge the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Araman C, van Gent ME, Meeuwenoord NJ, Heijmans N, Marqvorsen MHS, Doelman W, Faber BW, 't Hart BA, Van Kasteren SI. Amyloid-like Behavior of Site-Specifically Citrullinated Myelin Oligodendrocyte Protein (MOG) Peptide Fragments inside EBV-Infected B-Cells Influences Their Cytotoxicity and Autoimmunogenicity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:763-775. [PMID: 30513201 PMCID: PMC6374747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multiple
sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder manifested via
chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration inside
the central nervous system. The progressive phase of MS is characterized
by neurodegeneration, but unlike classical neurodegenerative diseases,
amyloid-like aggregation of self-proteins has not been documented.
There is evidence that citrullination protects an immunodominant peptide
of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG34–56) against destructive processing in Epstein-Barr virus-infected B-lymphocytes
(EBV-BLCs) in marmosets and causes exacerbation of ongoing MS-like
encephalopathies in mice. Here we collected evidence that citrullination
of MOG can also lead to amyloid-like behavior shifting the disease
pathogenesis toward neurodegeneration. We observed that an immunodominant
MOG peptide, MOG35–55, displays amyloid-like behavior
upon site-specific citrullination at positions 41, 46, and/or 52.
These amyloid aggregates are shown to be toxic to the EBV-BLCs and
to dendritic cells at concentrations favored for antigen presentation,
suggesting a role of amyloid-like aggregation in the pathogenesis
of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Gent
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Department of Bioorganic Synthesis , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre , 9700 AB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sander I Van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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16
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Attenuation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Common Marmoset Model by Dendritic Cell-Modulating Anti-ICAM-1 Antibody, MD-3. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5136-5145. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Kap YS, Bus-Spoor C, van Driel N, Dubbelaar ML, Grit C, Kooistra SM, Fagrouch ZC, Verschoor EJ, Bauer J, Eggen BJL, Harmsen HJM, Laman JD, 't Hart BA. Targeted Diet Modification Reduces Multiple Sclerosis-like Disease in Adult Marmoset Monkeys from an Outbred Colony. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3229-3243. [PMID: 30341184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in common marmosets is a translationally relevant model of the chronic neurologic disease multiple sclerosis. Following the introduction of a new dietary supplement in our purpose-bred marmoset colony, the percentage of marmosets in which clinically evident EAE could be induced by sensitization against recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in IFA decreased from 100 to 65%. The reduced EAE susceptibility after the dietary change coincided with reduced Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 expression in the colony, an EBV-related γ1-herpesvirus associated with EAE. We then investigated, in a controlled study in marmoset twins, which disease-relevant parameters were affected by the dietary change. The selected twins had been raised on the new diet for at least 12 mo prior to the study. In twin siblings reverted to the original diet 8 wk prior to EAE induction, 100% disease prevalence (eight out of eight) was restored, whereas in siblings remaining on the new diet the EAE prevalence was 75% (six out of eight). Spinal cord demyelination, a classical hallmark of the disease, was significantly lower in new-diet monkeys than in monkeys reverted to the original diet. In new-diet monkeys, the proinflammatory T cell response to recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was significantly reduced, and RNA-sequencing revealed reduced apoptosis and enhanced myelination in the brain. Systematic typing of the marmoset gut microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated a unique, Bifidobacteria-dominated composition, which changed after disease induction. In conclusion, targeted dietary intervention exerts positive effects on EAE-related parameters in multiple compartments of the marmoset's gut-immune-CNS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands;
| | - Carien Bus-Spoor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zahra C Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department for Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Zheng W, Li Q, Zhao C, Da Y, Zhang HL, Chen Z. Differentiation of Glial Cells From hiPSCs: Potential Applications in Neurological Diseases and Cell Replacement Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:239. [PMID: 30140204 PMCID: PMC6094089 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and play essential roles in maintaining brain homeostasis, forming myelin, and providing support and protection for neurons, etc. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the reprogramming field. Given the limited accessibility of human glial cells, in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into glia may provide not only a valuable research tool for a better understanding of the functions of glia in the CNS but also a potential cellular source for clinical therapeutic purposes. In this review, we will summarize up-to-date novel strategies for the committed differentiation into the three major glial cell types, i.e., astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglia, from hiPSCs, focusing on the non-neuronal cell effects on the pathology of some representative neurological diseases. Furthermore, the application of hiPSC-derived glial cells in neurological disease modeling will be discussed, so as to gain further insights into the development of new therapeutic targets for treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Da
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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19
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't Hart BA, Laman JD, Kap YS. Merits and complexities of modeling multiple sclerosis in non-human primates: implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:387-397. [PMID: 29465302 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1443075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The translation of scientific discoveries made in animal models into effective treatments for patients often fails, indicating that currently used disease models in preclinical research are insufficiently predictive for clinical success. An often-used model in the preclinical research of autoimmune neurological diseases, multiple sclerosis in particular, is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most EAE models are based on genetically susceptible inbred/SPF mouse strains used at adolescent age (10-12 weeks), which lack exposure to genetic and microbial factors which shape the human immune system. Areas covered: Herein, the authors ask whether an EAE model in adult non-human primates from an outbred conventionally-housed colony could help bridge the translational gap between rodent EAE models and MS patients. Particularly, the authors discuss a novel and translationally relevant EAE model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that shares remarkable pathological similarity with MS. Expert opinion: The MS-like pathology in this model is caused by the interaction of effector memory T cells with B cells infected with the γ1-herpesvirus (CalHV3), both present in the pathogen-educated marmoset immune repertoire. The authors postulate that depletion of only the small subset (<0.05%) of CalHV3-infected B cells may be sufficient to limit chronic inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- a Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk , The Netherlands.,b Department of Neuroscience , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- b Department of Neuroscience , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- a Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk , The Netherlands
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20
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Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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DNA vaccines against leptospirosis: A literature review. Vaccine 2017; 35:5559-5567. [PMID: 28882437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The vaccines that are currently available for leptospirosis are composed of whole-cell preparations and suffer from limitations such as low efficacy, multiple side-effects, poor immunological memory and lack of cross-protection against different serovars of Leptospira spp. In light of the global prevalence of this disease, the development of a more effective vaccine against leptospirosis is of paramount importance. Genetic immunization is a promising alternative to conventional vaccine development. In the last 25years, several novel strategies have been developed for increasing the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Examples of such strategies include the introduction of novel plasmid vectors, adjuvants, alternate delivery routes, and prime-boost regimens. Herein we discuss the latest and most promising advances that have been made in developing DNA vaccines against leptospirosis. We also deliberate over the future directions that must be undertaken in order to improve results in this field.
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22
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't Hart BA, Laman JD, Kap YS. Reverse Translation for Assessment of Confidence in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis for Drug Discovery. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:262-270. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert A. 't Hart
- Department Immunobiology; Biomedical Primate Research Centre; Rijswijk The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Dept. Neuroscience; Groningen The Netherlands
- MS Center Noord-Nederland; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Dept. Neuroscience; Groningen The Netherlands
- MS Center Noord-Nederland; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S. Kap
- Department Immunobiology; Biomedical Primate Research Centre; Rijswijk The Netherlands
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23
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Dunham J, Bauer J, Campbell GR, Mahad DJ, van Driel N, van der Pol SMA, 't Hart BA, Lassmann H, Laman JD, van Horssen J, Kap YS. Oxidative Injury and Iron Redistribution Are Pathological Hallmarks of Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:467-478. [PMID: 28505283 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage and iron redistribution are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), but these aspects are not entirely replicated in rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Here, we report that oxidative burst and injury as well as redistribution of iron are hallmarks of the MS-like pathology in the EAE model in the common marmoset. Active lesions in the marmoset EAE brain display increased expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p22phox, p47phox, and gp91phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity within lesions with active inflammation and demyelination, coinciding with enhanced expression of mitochondrial heat-shock protein 70 and superoxide dismutase 1 and 2. The EAE lesion-associated liberation of iron (due to loss of iron-containing myelin) was associated with altered expression of the iron metabolic markers FtH1, lactoferrin, hephaestin, and ceruloplasmin. The enhanced expression of oxidative damage markers in inflammatory lesions indicates that the enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression could not counteract reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cellular damage, as is also observed in MS brains. This study demonstrates that oxidative injury and aberrant iron distribution are prominent pathological hallmarks of marmoset EAE thus making this model suitable for therapeutic intervention studies aimed at reducing oxidative stress and associated iron dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon Dunham
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Jan Bauer
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Graham R Campbell
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Don J Mahad
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Nikki van Driel
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Susanne M A van der Pol
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Hans Lassmann
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Jon D Laman
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Jack van Horssen
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (JD, NvD, BAH, YSK); Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (JD, BAH, JDL); Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria (JB, HL); Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GRC, DJM); and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SMAvdP, JvH)
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24
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't Hart BA, Dunham J, Faber BW, Laman JD, van Horssen J, Bauer J, Kap YS. A B Cell-Driven Autoimmune Pathway Leading to Pathological Hallmarks of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 28744286 PMCID: PMC5504154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of pathological hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in commonly used rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) hinders the development of adequate treatments for progressive disease. Work reviewed here shows that such hallmarks are present in the EAE model in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). The minimal requirement for induction of progressive MS pathology is immunization with a synthetic peptide representing residues 34–56 from human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) formulated with a mineral oil [incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)]. Pathological aspects include demyelination of cortical gray matter with microglia activation, oxidative stress, and redistribution of iron. When the peptide is formulated in complete Freund’s adjuvant, which contains mycobacteria that relay strong activation signals to myeloid cells, oxidative damage pathways are strongly boosted leading to more intensive pathology. The proven absence of immune potentiating danger signals in the MOG34–56/IFA formulation implies that a narrow population of antigen-experienced T cells present in the monkey’s immune repertoire is activated. This novel pathway involves the interplay of lymphocryptovirus-infected B cells with MHC class Ib/Caja-E restricted CD8+ CD56+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands.,MS Center Noord-Nederland, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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25
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Hilgers LAT, Platenburg PPLI, Bajramovic J, Veth J, Sauerwein R, Roeffen W, Pohl M, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, van den Bosch JF. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate esters are safe and effective adjuvants for humoral responses. Vaccine 2017; 35:3249-3255. [PMID: 28479181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate fatty acid sulphate esters (CFASEs) formulated in a squalane-in-water emulsion are effective adjuvants for humoral responses to a wide range of antigens in various animal species but rise in body temperature and local reactions albeit mild or minimal hampers application in humans. In rabbits, body temperature increased 1°C one day after intramuscular (IM) injection, which returned to normal during the next day. The effect increased with increasing dose of CFASE but not with the number of injections (up to 5). Antigen enhanced the rise in body temperature after booster immunization (P<0.01) but not after priming. Synthetic CFASEs are mixtures of derivatives containing no sulphate, one or multiple sulphate groups and the monosulphate derivatives (CMS) were isolated, incorporated in a squalane in-water emulsion and investigated. In contrast to CFASE, CMS adjuvant did not generate rise in body temperature or local reactions in rabbits immunized with a purified, recombinant malaria chimeric antigen R0.10C. In comparison to alum, CMS adjuvant revealed approximately 30-fold higher antibody titres after the first and >100-fold after the second immunization. In ferrets immunized with 7.5μg of inactivated influenza virus A/H7N9, CMS adjuvant gave 100-fold increase in HAI antibody titres after the first and 25-fold after the second immunisation, which were 10-20-fold higher than with the MF59-like AddaVax adjuvant. In both models, a single immunisation with CMS adjuvant revealed similar or higher titres than two immunisations with either benchmark, without detectable systemic and local adverse effects. Despite striking chemical similarities with monophospholipid A (MPL), CMS adjuvant did not activate human TLR4 expressed on HEK cells. We concluded that the synthetic CMS adjuvant is a promising candidate for poor immunogens and single-shot vaccines and that rise in body temperature, local reactions or activation of TLR4 is not a pre-requisite for high adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer Veth
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Will Roeffen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Pohl
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Prins NW, Pohlmeyer EA, Debnath S, Mylavarapu R, Geng S, Sanchez JC, Rothen D, Prasad A. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a primate model for behavioral neuroscience studies. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 284:35-46. [PMID: 28400103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been proposed as a suitable bridge between rodents and larger primates. They have been used in several types of research including auditory, vocal, visual, pharmacological and genetics studies. However, marmosets have not been used as much for behavioral studies. NEW METHOD Here we present data from training 12 adult marmosets for behavioral neuroscience studies. We discuss the husbandry, food preferences, handling, acclimation to laboratory environments and neurosurgical techniques. In this paper, we also present a custom built "scoop" and a monkey chair suitable for training of these animals. RESULTS The animals were trained for three tasks: 4 target center-out reaching task, reaching tasks that involved controlling robot actions, and touch screen task. All animals learned the center-out reaching task within 1-2 weeks whereas learning reaching tasks controlling robot actions task took several months of behavioral training where the monkeys learned to associate robot actions with food rewards. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHOD We propose the marmoset as a novel model for behavioral neuroscience research as an alternate for larger primate models. This is due to the ease of handling, quick reproduction, available neuroanatomy, sensorimotor system similar to larger primates and humans, and a lissencephalic brain that can enable implantation of microelectrode arrays relatively easier at various cortical locations compared to larger primates. CONCLUSION All animals were able to learn behavioral tasks well and we present the marmosets as an alternate model for simple behavioral neuroscience tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline W Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Eric A Pohlmeyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Shubham Debnath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Ramanamurthy Mylavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Shijia Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Justin C Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Daniel Rothen
- Division of Veterinary Resources, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
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27
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Milovanovic J, Popovic B, Milovanovic M, Kvestak D, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Tanaskovic I, Krmpotic A, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML. Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces Susceptibility to EAE in Resistant BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28289417 PMCID: PMC5326788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice are relatively resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) after challenge with MOG35–55 peptide. Here, we provide the first evidence that infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in adulthood abrogates this resistance. Infected BALB/c mice developed clinical and histological signs similar to those seen in susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In addition to CD4+ cells, large proportion of cells in the infiltrate of diseased BALB/c mice was CD8+, similar with findings in multiple sclerosis. CD8+ cells that responded to ex vivo restimulation with MOG35–55 were not specific for viral epitopes pp89 and m164. MCMV infection favors proinflammatory type of dendritic cells (CD86+CD40+CD11c+) in the peripheral lymph organs, M1 type of microglia in central nervous system, and increases development of Th1/Th17 encephalitogenic cells. This study indicates that MCMV may enhance autoimmune neuropathology and abrogate inherent resistance to EAE in mouse strain by enhancing proinflammatory phenotype of antigen-presenting cells, Th1/Th17, and CD8 response to MOG35–55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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28
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Dunham J, van Driel N, Eggen BJ, Paul C, 't Hart BA, Laman JD, Kap YS. Analysis of the cross-talk of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells with T cells in the marmoset. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e127. [PMID: 28243437 PMCID: PMC5311918 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a lymphocryptovirus (LCV), with multiple sclerosis, a clear pathogenic role for disease progression has not been established. The translationally relevant experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in marmoset monkeys revealed that LCV-infected B cells have a central pathogenic role in the activation of T cells that drive EAE progression. We hypothesized that LCV-infected B cells induce T-cell functions relevant for EAE progression. In the current study, we examined the ex vivo cross-talk between lymph node mononuclear cells (MNCs) from EAE marmosets and (semi-) autologous EBV-infected B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). Results presented here demonstrate that infection with EBV B95-8 has a strong impact on gene expression profile of marmoset B cells, particularly those involved with antigen processing and presentation or co-stimulation to T cells. At the cellular level, we observed that MNC co-culture with B-LCLs induced decrease of CCR7 expression on T cells from EAE responder marmosets, but not in EAE monkeys without clinically evident disease. B-LCL interaction with T cells also resulted in significant loss of CD27 expression and reduced expression of IL-23R and CCR6, which coincided with enhanced IL-17A production. These results highlight the profound impact that EBV-infected B-LCL cells can have on second and third co-stimulatory signals involved in (autoreactive) T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jl Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chaitali Paul
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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29
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't Hart BA, Kap YS. An essential role of virus-infected B cells in the marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2017; 3:2055217317690184. [PMID: 28607749 PMCID: PMC5466146 DOI: 10.1177/2055217317690184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with an enhanced risk of genetically susceptible individuals to develop multiple sclerosis (MS). However, an explanation for the contrast between the high EBV infection prevalence (60–90%) and the low MS prevalence (0.1%) eludes us. Here we propose a new concept for the EBV–MS association developed in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in marmoset monkeys, which are naturally infected with the EBV-related γ1-herpesvirus CalHV3. The data indicate that the infection of B cells with a γ1-herpesvirus endows them with the capacity to activate auto-aggressive CD8+ T cells specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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30
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Primate autoimmune disease models; lost for translation? Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e122. [PMID: 28435673 PMCID: PMC5384286 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement, reduction and refinement (the 3R's) are the leading principles in translational research with animals. To be useful a model should also be clinically Relevant (the 4th R). Work in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, reveals an inherent conflict among these 4R principles. The impossibility to harmonize all 4R's forms a major challenge when the model is applied in preclinical drug development.
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31
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Haanstra KG, Jonker M, 't Hart BA. An Evaluation of 20 Years of EU Framework Programme-Funded Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Translational Research in Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2016; 7:462. [PMID: 27872622 PMCID: PMC5098224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases for which often no effective treatments exist, resulting in increasing health-care expenditure. Despite high investments in drug development, the number of promising new drug candidates decreases. We propose that preclinical research in non-human primates can help to bridge the gap between drug discovery and drug prescription. Translational research covers various stages of drug development of which preclinical efficacy tests in valid animal models is usually the last stage. Preclinical research in non-human primates may be essential in the evaluation of new drugs or therapies when a relevant rodent model is not available. Non-human primate models for life-threatening or severely debilitating diseases in humans are available at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC). These have been instrumental in translational research for several decades. In order to stimulate European health research and innovation from bench to bedside, the European Commission has invested heavily in access to non-human primate research for more than 20 years. BPRC has hosted European users in a series of transnational access programs covering a wide range of research areas with the common theme being immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. We present an overview of the results and give an account of the studies performed as part of European Union Framework Programme (EU FP)-funded translational non-human primate research performed at the BPRC. These data illustrate the value of translational non-human primate research for the development of new therapies and emphasize the importance of EU FP funding in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Haanstra
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk , Netherlands
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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32
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'tHart BA, Kap YS, Morandi E, Laman JD, Gran B. EBV Infection and Multiple Sclerosis: Lessons from a Marmoset Model. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1012-1024. [PMID: 27836419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be initiated by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, eliciting an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the strongest infectious risk factor, but an explanation for the paradox between high infection prevalence and low MS incidence remains elusive. We discuss new data using marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) - a valid primate model of MS. The findings may help to explain how a common infection can contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. We propose that EBV infection induces citrullination of peptides in conjunction with autophagy during antigen processing, endowing B cells with the capacity to cross-present autoantigen to CD8+CD56+ T cells, thereby leading to MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 'tHart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jon D Laman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK; Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Jagessar SA, Holtman IR, Hofman S, Morandi E, Heijmans N, Laman JD, Gran B, Faber BW, van Kasteren SI, Eggen BJL, 't Hart BA. Lymphocryptovirus Infection of Nonhuman Primate B Cells Converts Destructive into Productive Processing of the Pathogenic CD8 T Cell Epitope in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1074-88. [PMID: 27412414 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
EBV is the major infectious environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Patient studies do not allow manipulation in vivo. We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models in the common marmoset and rhesus monkey to model the association of EBV and MS. We report that B cells infected with EBV-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) are requisite APCs for MHC-E-restricted autoaggressive effector memory CTLs specific for the immunodominant epitope 40-48 of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). These T cells drive the EAE pathogenesis to irreversible neurologic deficit. The aim of this study was to determine why LCV infection is important for this pathogenic role of B cells. Transcriptome comparison of LCV-infected B cells and CD20(+) spleen cells from rhesus monkeys shows increased expression of genes encoding elements of the Ag cross-presentation machinery (i.e., of proteasome maturation protein and immunoproteasome subunits) and enhanced expression of MHC-E and of costimulatory molecules (CD70 and CD80, but not CD86). It was also shown that altered expression of endolysosomal proteases (cathepsins) mitigates the fast endolysosomal degradation of the MOG40-48 core epitope. Finally, LCV infection also induced expression of LC3-II(+) cytosolic structures resembling autophagosomes, which seem to form an intracellular compartment where the MOG40-48 epitope is protected against proteolytic degradation by the endolysosomal serine protease cathepsin G. In conclusion, LCV infection induces a variety of changes in B cells that underlies the conversion of destructive processing of the immunodominant MOG40-48 epitope into productive processing and cross-presentation to strongly autoaggressive CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands; MS Centre ErasMS, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, NG7 2UH Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, NG7 2UH Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands;
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Thiruvalluvan A, Czepiel M, Kap YA, Mantingh-Otter I, Vainchtein I, Kuipers J, Bijlard M, Baron W, Giepmans B, Brück W, 't Hart BA, Boddeke E, Copray S. Survival and Functionality of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes in a Nonhuman Primate Model for Multiple Sclerosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1550-1561. [PMID: 27400790 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: Fast remyelination by endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is essential to prevent axonal and subsequent retrograde neuronal degeneration in demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). In chronic lesions, however, the remyelination capacity of OPCs becomes insufficient. Cell therapy with exogenous remyelinating cells may be a strategy to replace the failing endogenous OPCs. Here, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into OPCs and validated their proper functionality in vitro as well as in vivo in mouse models for MS. Next, we intracerebrally injected hiPSC-derived OPCs in a nonhuman primate (marmoset) model for progressive MS; the grafted OPCs specifically migrated toward the MS-like lesions in the corpus callosum where they myelinated denuded axons. hiPSC-derived OPCs may become the first therapeutic tool to address demyelination and neurodegeneration in the progressive forms of MS. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates for the first time that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), after intracortical implantation in a nonhuman primate model for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), migrate to the lesions and remyelinate denuded axons. These findings imply that human iPSC-OPCs can be a therapeutic tool for MS. The results of this feasibility study on the potential use of hiPSC-derived OPCs are of great importance for all MS researchers focusing on the stimulation of remyelination in MS patients. Further optimization and research on practical issues related to the safe production and administration of iPSC-derived cell grafts will likely lead to a first clinical trial in a small group of secondary progressive MS patients. This would be the first specific therapeutic approach aimed at restoring myelination and rescuing axons in MS patients, since there is no treatment available for this most debilitating aspect of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Thiruvalluvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda A Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ietje Mantingh-Otter
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilia Vainchtein
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bijlard
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Duncan ID, Radcliff AB. Inherited and acquired disorders of myelin: The underlying myelin pathology. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:452-75. [PMID: 27068622 PMCID: PMC5010953 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination is a major therapeutic goal in human myelin disorders, serving to restore function to demyelinated axons and providing neuroprotection. The target disorders that might be amenable to the promotion of this repair process are diverse and increasing in number. They range primarily from those of genetic, inflammatory to toxic origin. In order to apply remyelinating strategies to these disorders, it is essential to know whether the myelin damage results from a primary attack on myelin or the oligodendrocyte or both, and whether indeed these lead to myelin breakdown and demyelination. In some disorders, myelin sheath abnormalities are prominent but demyelination does not occur. This review explores the range of human and animal disorders where myelin pathology exists and focusses on defining the myelin changes in each and their cause, to help define whether they are targets for myelin repair therapy. We reviewed myelin disorders of the CNS in humans and animals. Myelin damage results from primary attack on the oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath. All major categories of disease can affect CNS myelin. Myelin vacuolation is common, yet does not always result in demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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36
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't Hart BA, Dunham J, Jagessar SA, Kap YS. The common marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>): a relevant preclinical model of human (auto)immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the brain. Primate Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-3-9-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The increasing prevalence of chronic autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (AIMIDs) in aging human populations creates a high unmet need for safe and effective medications. However, thus far the translation of pathogenic concepts developed in animal models into effective treatments for the patient has been notoriously difficult. The main reason is that currently used mouse-based animal models for the pipeline selection of promising new treatments were insufficiently predictive for clinical success. Regarding the high immunological similarity between human and non-human primates (NHPs), AIMID models in NHPs can help to bridge the translational gap between rodent and man. Here we will review the preclinical relevance of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a small-bodied neotropical primate. EAE is a generic AIMID model projected on the human autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS).
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37
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Jagessar SA, Dijkman K, Dunham J, 't Hart BA, Kap YS. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Marmosets. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1304:171-186. [PMID: 25208751 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the common marmoset, a small-bodied Neotropical primate, is a well-known and validated animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). This model can be used for exploratory research, i.e., investigating the pathogenic mechanisms involved in MS, and applied research, testing the efficacy of new potential drugs.In this chapter, we will describe a method to induce EAE in the marmoset. In addition, we will explain the most common immunological techniques involved in the marmoset EAE research, namely isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue, assaying T cell proliferation by thymidine incorporation, MNC phenotyping by flow cytometry, antibody measurement by ELISA, generation of B cell lines and antigen-specific T cell lines, and assaying cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands,
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38
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Stassart RM, Helms G, Garea-Rodríguez E, Nessler S, Hayardeny L, Wegner C, Schlumbohm C, Fuchs E, Brück W. A New Targeted Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Common Marmoset. Brain Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26207848 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause for sustained disability in young adults, yet treatment options remain very limited. Although numerous therapeutic approaches have been effective in rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), only few proved to be beneficial in patients with MS. Hence, there is a strong need for more predictive animal models. Within the past decade, EAE in the common marmoset evolved as a potent, alternative model for MS, with immunological and pathological features resembling more closely the human disease. However, an often very rapid and severe disease course hampers its implementation for systematic testing of new treatment strategies. We here developed a new focal model of EAE in the common marmoset, induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization and stereotactic injections of proinflammatory cytokines. At the injection site of cytokines, confluent inflammatory demyelinating lesions developed that strongly resembled human MS lesions. In a proof-of-principle treatment study with the immunomodulatory compound laquinimod, we demonstrate that targeted EAE in marmosets provides a promising and valid tool for preclinical experimental treatment trials in MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Martha Stassart
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Helms
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Enrique Garea-Rodríguez
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Wegner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Schlumbohm
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Encepharm GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Encepharm GmbH, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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39
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Jagessar SA, Heijmans N, Blezer ELA, Bauer J, Weissert R, 't Hart BA. Immune profile of an atypical EAE model in marmoset monkeys immunized with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:169. [PMID: 26377397 PMCID: PMC4574133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is a relevant preclinical model for translational research into immunopathogenic mechanisms operating in multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior studies showed a core pathogenic role of T and B cells specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). However, in those studies, the quality of the response against MOG epitopes was strongly biased by bacterial antigens in the complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), in which the immunizing recombinant human (rh) MOG protein had been formulated. In response to the need of a more refined EAE model, we have tested whether disease could also be induced with rhMOG in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). Method Marmosets were immunized with rhMOG emulsified in IFA in the dorsal skin. Monkeys that did not develop neurological deficit were given booster immunizations at 28-day interval with the same antigen preparation. In a second experiment, three marmoset twin pairs were sensitized against MOG peptides in IFA to study a possibility for suppressive activity towards pathogenic T cells directed against the encephalitogenic epitope MOG40-48. Results Despite the absence of strong danger signals in the rhMOG/IFA inoculum, all monkeys developed clinically evident EAE symptoms. Moreover, in all monkeys, demyelinated lesions were present in the white matter and in two cases also in the cortical grey matter. Immune profiling at height of the disease showed a dominant T cell response against the overlapping peptides 14–36 and 24–46, but reactivity against the pathogenically most relevant peptide 34–56 was conspicuously absent. In the second experiment, there was an indication for a possible suppressive mechanism. Conclusions Immunization of marmoset monkeys with rhMOG in IFA elicits clinical EAE in all animals. Moreover, rhMOG contains pathogenic and regulatory epitopes, but the pathogenic hierarchy of rhMOG epitopes is strongly influenced by the adjuvant in which the protein is formulated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0378-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280, GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. .,ErasMS Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280, GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin L A Blezer
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280, GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. .,ErasMS Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Blockade of CD127 Exerts a Dichotomous Clinical Effect in Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 11:73-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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׳t Hart BA. Reverse translation of failed treatments can help improving the validity of preclinical animal models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Kap YS, van Driel N, Arends R, Rouwendal G, Verolin M, Blezer E, Lycke N, 't Hart BA. Immune modulation by a tolerogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)10-60 containing fusion protein in the marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:28-39. [PMID: 25393803 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease, mostly target general cell populations or immune molecules, which may lead to a compromised immune system. A more directed strategy would be to re-enforce tolerance of the autoaggressive T cells that drive tissue inflammation and injury. In this study, we have investigated whether the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice and marmosets can be altered by a potent tolerizing fusion protein. In addition, a multi-parameter immunological analysis was performed in marmosets to assess whether the treatment induces modulation of EAE-associated cellular and humoral immune reactions. The fusion protein, CTA1R9K-hMOG10-60-DD, contains a mutated cholera toxin A1 subunit (CTA1R9K), a dimer of the Ig binding D region of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (DD), and the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (hMOG) sequence 10-60. We observed that intranasal application of CTA1R9K-hMOG10-60-DD seems to skew the immune response against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) towards a regulatory function. We show a reduced number of circulating macrophages, reduced MOG-induced expansion of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood, reduced MOG-induced production of interleukin (IL)-17A in spleen, increased MOG-induced production of IL-4 and IL-10 and an increased percentage of cells expressing programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). Nevertheless, the treatment did not detectably change the EAE course and pathology. Thus, despite a detectable effect on relevant immune parameters, the fusion protein failed to influence the clinical and pathological outcome of disease. This result warrants further development and improvement of this specifically targeted tolerance inducing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; MS Centre ErasMS, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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't Hart BA, Bogers WM, Haanstra KG, Verreck FA, Kocken CH. The translational value of non-human primates in preclinical research on infection and immunopathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:69-83. [PMID: 25814254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a central role in the defense against environmental threats - such as infection with viruses, parasites or bacteria - but can also be a cause of disease, such as in the case of allergic or autoimmune disorders. In the past decades the impressive development of biotechnology has provided scientists with biological tools for the development of highly selective treatments for the different types of disorders. However, despite some clear successes the translation of scientific discoveries into effective treatments has remained challenging. The often-disappointing predictive validity of the preclinical animal models that are used in the selection of the most promising vaccine or drug candidates is the Achilles heel in the therapy development process. This publication summarizes the relevance and usage of non-human primates as pre-clinical model in infectious and autoimmune diseases, in particular for biologicals, which due to their high species-specificity are inactive in lower species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willy M Bogers
- Department Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Krista G Haanstra
- Department Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank A Verreck
- Department Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens H Kocken
- Department Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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44
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't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y, Geurts JJG, Gran B. The primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:581-93. [PMID: 26000330 PMCID: PMC4435712 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an enigmatic autoimmune-driven inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), affecting brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The cause of the disease is not known and the number of effective treatments is limited. Despite some clear successes, translation of immunological discoveries in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model into effective therapies for MS patients has been difficult. This translation gap between MS and its elected EAE animal model reflects the phylogenetic distance between humans and their experimental counterpart, the inbred/specific pathogen free (SPF) laboratory mouse. Objective Here, we discuss that important new insights can be obtained into the mechanistic basis of the therapy paradox from the study of nonhuman primate EAE (NHP-EAE) models, the well-validated EAE model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in particular. Interpretation Data presented in this review demonstrate that due to a considerable immunological and pathological overlap with mouse EAE on one side and MS on the other, the NHP EAE model can help us bridge the translation gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre Rijswijk, The Netherlands ; Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Free University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Vanheusden M, Stinissen P, ’t Hart BA, Hellings N. Cytomegalovirus: a culprit or protector in multiple sclerosis? Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein elicits atypical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rat and Macaque species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110048. [PMID: 25303101 PMCID: PMC4193844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are advantageous in that the heterogeneity of clinical signs appears more reflective of those in multiple sclerosis (MS). Conversely, models of classical EAE feature stereotypic progression of an ascending flaccid paralysis that is not a characteristic of MS. The study of atypical EAE however has been limited due to the relative lack of suitable models that feature reliable disease incidence and severity, excepting mice deficient in gamma-interferon signaling pathways. In this study, atypical EAE was induced in Lewis rats, and a related approach was effective for induction of an unusual neurologic syndrome in a cynomolgus macaque. Lewis rats were immunized with the rat immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-related extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (IgV-MOG) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) followed by one or more injections of rat IgV-MOG in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). The resulting disease was marked by torticollis, unilateral rigid paralysis, forelimb weakness, and high titers of anti-MOG antibody against conformational epitopes of MOG, as well as other signs of atypical EAE. A similar strategy elicited a distinct atypical form of EAE in a cynomolgus macaque. By day 36 in the monkey, titers of IgG against conformational epitopes of extracellular MOG were evident, and on day 201, the macaque had an abrupt onset of an unusual form of EAE that included a pronounced arousal-dependent, transient myotonia. The disease persisted for 6–7 weeks and was marked by a gradual, consistent improvement and an eventual full recovery without recurrence. These data indicate that one or more boosters of IgV-MOG in IFA represent a key variable for induction of atypical or unusual forms of EAE in rat and Macaca species. These studies also reveal a close correlation between humoral immunity against conformational epitopes of MOG, extended confluent demyelinating plaques in spinal cord and brainstem, and atypical disease induction.
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García-Vallejo JJ, Ilarregui JM, Kalay H, Chamorro S, Koning N, Unger WW, Ambrosini M, Montserrat V, Fernandes RJ, Bruijns SCM, van Weering JRT, Paauw NJ, O'Toole T, van Horssen J, van der Valk P, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Bajramovic J, Dijkstra CD, 't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y. CNS myelin induces regulatory functions of DC-SIGN-expressing, antigen-presenting cells via cognate interaction with MOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1465-83. [PMID: 24935259 PMCID: PMC4076586 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that are recognized by DC-SIGN+ DCs and microglia that control immune homeostasis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a constituent of central nervous system myelin, is an important autoantigen in the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its function remains unknown. Here, we show that, in healthy human myelin, MOG is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that support recognition by the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on microglia and DCs. The interaction of MOG with DC-SIGN in the context of simultaneous TLR4 activation resulted in enhanced IL-10 secretion and decreased T cell proliferation in a DC-SIGN-, glycosylation-, and Raf1-dependent manner. Exposure of oligodendrocytes to proinflammatory factors resulted in the down-regulation of fucosyltransferase expression, reflected by altered glycosylation at the MS lesion site. Indeed, removal of fucose on myelin reduced DC-SIGN–dependent homeostatic control, and resulted in inflammasome activation, increased T cell proliferation, and differentiation toward a Th17-prone phenotype. These data demonstrate a new role for myelin glycosylation in the control of immune homeostasis in the healthy human brain through the MOG–DC-SIGN homeostatic regulatory axis, which is comprised by inflammatory insults that affect glycosylation. This phenomenon should be considered as a basis to restore immune tolerance in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Ilarregui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Chamorro
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - V Montserrat
- Division of Cell Biology, Dutch Cancer Institute, 1066X Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R J Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N J Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - C D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A 't Hart
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Y van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Li R, Zhong X, Qiu W, Wu A, Dai Y, Lu Z, Hu X. Association between neuromyelitis optica and tuberculosis in a Chinese population. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:33. [PMID: 24555792 PMCID: PMC3938476 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of reports have described the presence of tuberculosis (TB) in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients. However, a definite association between the two conditions has not been conclusively demonstrated. Methods To investigate the association between NMO and TB in a Chinese population, we performed a retrospective review of hospital records of NMO patients, control patients and tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) patients from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2011. Results The frequency of preceding/simultaneous active pulmonary TB (PTB) was not significantly different between NMO patients (1.1%) and control groups (2.3% in myasthenia gravis, 1.1% in polymyositis or dermatomyositis, zero in idiopathic facial palsy and viral meningitis/meningoencephalitis). NMO cases differed from TBM cases in terms of demographics, course (recurrent or monophasic), cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance images. Two TBM patients shared partial clinical features with NMO (one of the TBM patients had a longitudinal extensive spinal cord lesion involving the holocord, and the other had optic neuritis before anti-tuberculosis treatment). NMO antibodies were only detected in NMO patients and not in TBM patients with myelitis or optic neuritis. Conclusions We could not confirm previous suggestions of the association between PTB and NMO. Direct infection of the central nervous system by TB may mimic NMO in some respects, but whether NMO-like symptoms that develop during the course of TB should be considered and diagnosed as NMO is open to discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China.
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Jagessar SA, Vierboom M, Blezer ELA, Bauer J, Hart BA', Kap YS. Overview of models, methods, and reagents developed for translational autoimmunity research in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Anim 2014; 62:159-71. [PMID: 23903050 PMCID: PMC4160941 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.62.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied Neotropical
primate and a useful preclinical animal model for translational research into
autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases (AIMID), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
multiple sclerosis (MS). The animal model for MS established in marmosets has proven their
value for exploratory research into (etio) pathogenic mechanisms and for the evaluation of
new therapies that cannot be tested in lower species because of their specificity for
humans. Effective usage of the marmoset in preclinical immunological research has been
hampered by the limited availability of blood for immunological studies and of reagents
for profiling of cellular and humoral immune reactions. In this paper, we give a concise
overview of the procedures and reagents that were developed over the years in our
laboratory in marmoset models of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Induction of encephalitis in rhesus monkeys infused with lymphocryptovirus-infected B-cells presenting MOG(34-56) peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71549. [PMID: 23977076 PMCID: PMC3744571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The overlapping epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the increased risk to develop MS after infectious mononucleosis (IM) and the localization of EBV-infected B-cells within the MS brain suggest a causal link between EBV and MS. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesize that EBV-infected B-cells are capable of eliciting a central nervous system (CNS) targeting autoimmune reaction. To test this hypothesis we have developed a novel experimental model in rhesus monkeys of IM-like disease induced by infusing autologous B-lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL). Herpesvirus papio (HVP) is a lymphocryptovirus related to EBV and was used to generate rhesus monkey B-LCL. Three groups of five animals were included; each group received three intravenous infusions of B-LCL that were either pulsed with the encephalitogenic self peptide MOG34–56 (group A), a mimicry peptide (981–1003) of the major capsid protein of cytomegalovirus (CMVmcp981–1003; group B) or the citrullinated MOG34–56 (cMOG34–56; group C). Groups A and B received on day 98 a single immunization with MOG34–56 in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). Group C monkeys were euthanized just prior to day 98 without booster immunization. We observed self-peptide-specific proliferation of T-cells, superimposed on similar strong proliferation of CD3+CD8+ T-cells against the B-LCL as observed in IM. The brains of several monkeys contained perivascular inflammatory lesions of variable size, comprising CD3+ and CD68+ cells. Moreover, clusters of CD3+ and CD20+ cells were detected in the meninges. The only evident clinical sign was substantial loss of bodyweight (>15%), a symptom observed both in early autoimmune encephalitis and IM. In conclusion, this model suggests that EBV-induced B-LCL can elicit a CNS targeting inflammatory (auto)immune reaction.
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