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Johnson SL, Moding KJ, Flesher A, Boenig R, Campain J. I'll Never Give Up: A Qualitative Study of Caregivers' Perceptions and Decisional Processes When Feeding Infants and Toddlers Novel and Disliked Foods. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2024:S1499-4046(24)00008-3. [PMID: 38493374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand caregivers' decisional processes related to offering novel and disliked foods to their infants and toddlers. DESIGN As part of a parent study on young children's food acceptance that took place in Denver, CO, this secondary analysis used a basic qualitative approach to explore caregivers' decisional processes related to repeated exposure and children's food rejection. PARTICIPANTS English-speaking caregivers of infants and toddlers (aged 6-24 months; n = 106) were recruited via flyers and social media and interviewed (from July, 2017 to January, 2018) during a laboratory visit focused on introducing a novel food. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST Factors influencing caregiver decisions to (dis)continue offering novel or disliked foods. ANALYSIS Using a combined deductive and inductive coding approach, trained researchers coded transcripts and codes, which were reviewed and discussed by all investigators to identify themes. RESULTS Three major themes (and 2 subthemes) were generated regarding caregivers' decisions about re-offering rejected foods: 1) Caregivers understand that multiple experiences with new foods are needed because children's reactions can be unpredictable and depend upon time, developmental stage, and child traits; 2) Caregivers vary in their persistence and decisions to keep offering foods depending on responsiveness to child cues (sub-theme) and adult-centered beliefs, needs, and decisions (sub-theme); 3) Child food acceptance will change with time, circumstances, and development if you keep trying. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although caregivers are aware of repeated exposure, additional implementation research focused on translating theory into effective home practices could assist caregivers to persist in offering novel or disliked foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Abigail Flesher
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rebecca Boenig
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Joseph Campain
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Fiese BH, Barton JM, Sahin E. Longitudinal changes in home food availability across the first 3 years of life and associations with family context predictors. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215894. [PMID: 37841403 PMCID: PMC10569424 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited research tracking changes in home food availability during the first 3 years of life and whether the family context influences these changes. Objective This study examined changes in and predictors of home food availability across the first 3 years of life. Design This study utilized longitudinal data from the STRONG Kids2 birth cohort from the target child at 6 weeks to 36 months postpartum. Participants Mothers of 468 children were surveyed at 6 weeks, 3, 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum. Methods Home observations were completed by trained research assistants to complete the presence of foods in the home. The primary outcomes were the availability of 10 food groups and scores from the Home Food Inventory (HFI), including dairy (regular fat), dairy (reduced fat), processed meats, other meats and non-dairy protein, savory snacks, vegetables, vegetables (no potatoes), and three obesogenic scores. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to examine changes in the HFI food groups and obesogenic scores over time. Multilevel regressions were conducted to examine whether the presence of an older sibling, entry into childcare, and mother's return to full-time work were associated with the HFI. Results Significant changes were detected for dairy (regular fat), other meats and non-dairy protein, savory snacks, vegetables, vegetables (no potatoes), and all obesogenic scores across time. A linear trend occurred for most HFI groups, however, the third obesogenic score (without milk and cheese) was highest at 3 months, declined at 12 months, and then slowly increased from 12 to 36 months years. The presence of an older sibling was a consistent predictor of the HFI groups over time. Entry into childcare was only associated with the availability of processed meats. Conclusion The availability of food types shift as children age and their dietary needs alter. It is important to consider the whole family context such as the presence of older siblings whose dietary needs may differ from younger children. Future efforts are warranted to consider changes in food availability among diverse samples and different family structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H. Fiese
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Barton
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Esra Sahin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Barrett KJ, Moding KJ, Flesher A, Johnson SL. "The Kale Is Green" and Other Things Caregivers Say when Feeding Infants and Toddlers Are Associated with Child Rate of Acceptance. J Nutr 2023; 153:1297-1304. [PMID: 36803576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsive feeding is important for helping children to develop healthy eating behaviors. Verbal feeding interactions between caregivers and children may reflect caregiver's responsiveness and contribute to children's developing lexical networks related to food and eating. OBJECTIVES This project aimed to: 1) characterize what caregivers say to infants and toddlers during a single feeding session and 2) test the associations between caregiver's verbal prompts and food acceptance by children. METHODS Filmed interactions of caregivers and their infants (N = 46 infants aged 6-11 mo) and toddlers (N = 60 toddlers aged 12-24 mo) were coded and analyzed to explore the following: 1) what caregivers said during a single feeding session and 2) whether caregiver's verbalizations were associated with child food acceptance. Caregiver verbal prompts were coded during each food offer and summed across the feeding session; prompts were categorized as supportive, engaging, and unsupportive. Outcomes included accepted tastes, rejected tastes, and rate of acceptance. Mann-Whitney's U tests and Spearman's correlations tested bivariate associations. Multilevel ordered logistic regression tested associations between verbal prompt categories and the rate of acceptance across offers. RESULTS Verbal prompts were largely supportive (41%) and engaging (46%), and caregivers of toddlers used significantly more verbal prompts than caregivers of infants (mean ± SD: 34.5 ± 16.9 compared with 25.2 ± 11.6; P = 0.006). Among toddlers, more engaging and unsupportive prompts were associated with a lower rate of acceptance (ρ = -0.30, P = 0.02; ρ = -0.37, P = 0.004). For all children, multilevel analyses revealed that more unsupportive verbal prompts were associated with a lower rate of acceptance (b = -1.52; SE = 0.62; P = 0.01) and individual caregiver use of more engaging and unsupportive prompts than usual was associated with a lower rate of acceptance (b = -0.33; SE = 0.08; P < 0.001: b = -0.58; SE = 0.11; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that caregivers may strive for a supportive and engaging emotional setting during feeding, although verbalization category may change as children exhibit more rejection. Furthermore, what caregivers say may change as children develop more advanced language capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Barrett
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Purdue University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Abigail Flesher
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Susan L Johnson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO, United States
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa MC, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos MC, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez NE, Roda J, Sanabria MC, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago RJ, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:57-70. [PMID: 36737343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complementary feeding (CF) is defined as the feeding of infants that complements breastfeeding, or alternatively, feeding with a breast milk substitute, and is a process that is more than simply a guide as to what and how to introduce foods. The information provided by healthcare professionals must be up-to-date and evidence-based. Most of the recommendations that appear in the different international guidelines and position papers are widely applicable, but some must be regionalized or adapted to fit the conditions and reality of each geographic zone. The Nutrition Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) summoned a group of experts from each of the society's member countries, to develop a consensus on CF, incorporating, whenever possible, local information adapted to the reality of the region. The aim of the present document is to show the results of that endeavor. Utilizing the Delphi method, a total of 34 statements on relevant aspects of CF were evaluated, discussed, and voted upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN.
| | - L Ladino
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M C Bagés-Mesa
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - V Hernández-Rosiles
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN
| | - E Ochoa-Ortiz
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Alomía
- Posgrado de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - R Bejarano
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - C Boggio-Marzet
- Grupo de Trabajo en Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. I. Pirovano", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Colindres-Campos
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - G Fernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - E García-Bacallao
- Sección de Pediatría, Instituto de Gastroenterología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, La Habana, Cuba
| | - I González-Cerda
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Militar Escuela "Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños", Managua, Nicaragua
| | - A Guisande
- Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Guzmán
- Hospital La Católica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - F Moraga-Mardones
- Unidad de Nutrición, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Palacios-Rosales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - N E Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina y Salud Mental, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - J Roda
- Gastroenterología e Nutrição Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M C Sanabria
- Cátedra y Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - F Sánchez-Valverde
- Sección de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, NAVARRA BIOMED, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - R J Santiago
- Departamento de Pediatría y Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Valera "Dr. Pedro Emilio Carrillo", Universidad de Los Andes, Valera, Venezuela
| | - N Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Spolidoro
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P Valdivieso-Falcón
- Departamento de Pediatría, Servicio subespecialidades pediátricas, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru
| | | | - B Koletzko
- Departamento de Pediatría, Medical Centre of LMU Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München, Germany
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa M, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos M, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez N, Roda J, Sanabria M, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago R, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consenso de alimentación complementaria de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shapiro ALB, Lawless MC, Flesher A, Lattanzi K, Charlifue-Smith R, Johnson SL. Acceptance of a Novel Food is Related to Caregiver Perceptions of Infant and Toddler Food-related Receptive Language. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 54:684-690. [PMID: 35643749 PMCID: PMC9682559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Language development, both what is understood (receptive language) and spoken (expressive language), is considered critical to a child's ability to understand and interact with their environment. However, little research has investigated the role children's early language skills might play in their food acceptance. The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between young children's food-related receptive language (FRL) and food-related expressive language (FEL) and acceptance of novel food. METHODS Caregivers (n = 54) reported their perceptions of children's (aged 7-24 months) FRL and FEL using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. Novel food acceptance was observed (grams consumed) during a laboratory visit. Multivariable linear regression tested associations between FRL, FEL, and novel food acceptance, by child age (infants [aged from 7 to < 12 months], toddlers [aged 12-24 months]), and at a significance level of P < 0.1 for hypothesis-generating research. RESULTS Children's FRL and food acceptance differed by age (F = 8.08, P = 0.01). Among toddlers, greater FRL was associated with greater novel food acceptance (0.22 g [95% confidence interval, -0.04 to 0.49]), P = 0.09). In infants, greater FRL was associated with lower novel food acceptance (-0.80 g [95% confidence interval, -1.53 to -0.07], P = 0.03). No association between FEL and novel food acceptance was noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Toddlers' understanding of food-related vocabulary may facilitate food acceptance; however, young infants may not yet have sufficient FRL to facilitate novel food acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L B Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Megan C Lawless
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Abigail Flesher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kendal Lattanzi
- JFK Partners, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
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Ferrante MJ, Moding KJ, Bellows LL, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE, Johnson SL. Examining Front-of-Package Product Names and Ingredient Lists of Infant and Toddler Food Containing Vegetables. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 53:96-102. [PMID: 33573771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the alignment between vegetables and fruits listed in the ingredients of commercially produced infant and toddler food (ITF) and inclusion in front-of-package product names. DESIGN A database of commercial ITF containing vegetables (n = 548) was created. Inclusion of each vegetable or fruit in the product name (yes/no), form (ie, whole/puree, juice/juice concentrate, etc), and ingredient list position (ie, first, second) were recorded. Vegetables were classified per US Department of Agriculture categories; fruits were classified into 2 categories. ANALYSIS Chi-square tests of association tested associations between product name inclusion and (1) vegetable and fruit category, (2) form, and (3) form by category. RESULTS Associations were observed between vegetable and fruit categories and inclusion in product names [χ2 (6, N = 1,462) = 70.3, P < 0.001]. Vegetables in the US Department of Agriculture dark green category were more likely to appear in product names (94%; standardized residual [SR] = 2.1), as were other vegetables (62%; SR = 4.9). Vegetable and fruit forms were associated with inclusion in product name [χ2 (4, N = 1,462) = 206.6, P < 0.001]. Juice/juice concentrates were less likely to be included in names (32.4%; SR = -5.4). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Substantial discrepancies exist between ITF ingredient lists and front-of-package product names. When only front-of-package information informs purchases, caregivers may not be purchasing products that facilitate children's building of vegetable preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Ferrante
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Laura L Bellows
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Alyssa J Bakke
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
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Balantekin KN, Anzman-Frasca S, Francis LA, Ventura AK, Fisher JO, Johnson SL. Positive parenting approaches and their association with child eating and weight: A narrative review from infancy to adolescence. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12722. [PMID: 32881344 PMCID: PMC8018716 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parents play a critical role in the development of children's eating behaviours and weight status, serving as providers, models and regulators of the food environment. Many research reviews have focused on the robust body of evidence on coercive control in feeding: how parenting practices such as restriction and pressure to eat increase children's risk for developing undesirable eating behaviours and unhealthy weight outcomes. Fewer reviews adopt a strengths-based perspective focusing on the ways that parents can actively support the development of healthy eating behaviours and weight trajectories. Emerging research on such positive parenting styles and practices offers solutions beyond the avoidance of coercive control, as well as opportunities to highlight parallels between research on food parenting and the broader, well-established developmental literature on positive parenting. The focus of this review is to summarize what is known regarding benefits of positive parenting styles and practices for child eating and weight outcomes and discuss recommendations for future research. Current evidence supports starting with responsive feeding and parenting during infancy and incorporating structure and limit setting in early childhood, with monitoring and mealtime structure remaining important during middle childhood and adolescence. Areas for future research include: (1) further examination of the implications of identified food parenting practices and styles among diverse groups and caregivers; (2) increased consideration of child factors (eg, temperament) as moderators or mediators; and (3) further clarification of the relationship between general parenting and food parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo,Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo,Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo
| | - Lori A. Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Alison K. Ventura
- Kinesiology and Public Health Department, California Polytechnic State University
| | | | - Susan L. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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Moding KJ, Ferrante MJ, Bellows LL, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE, Johnson SL. Nutritional Content and Ingredients of Commercial Infant and Toddler Food Pouches Compared With Other Packages Available in the United States. NUTRITION TODAY 2019; 54:305-312. [PMID: 32655191 PMCID: PMC7319259 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ingredients and nutrients of infant and toddler foods (ITFs) sold in pouches were compared with products available in other packages, such as jars/packs and other containers. Company websites (n = 21) and in-store shelf inventory (n = 3) were used to create a database of commercial ITFs containing vegetables (n = 548) sold in the United States. Results indicated that ITFs containing vegetables were most commonly packaged in pouches (50%), followed by "other" packages (25%) and jars/packs (25%). Infant and toddler food pouches contained significantly more sugars per serving and per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed, as well as a greater percentage of calories from sugars, compared with both jars/packs and "other" packages. Pouches were also more likely to contain vegetable/fruit blends, whereas jars/packs were more likely to contain single-vegetable or multivegetable blends, and "other" packages were more likely to contain vegetable/other ingredient combinations (eg, grains and/or dairy). Pouches are popular, widely available, and convenient but may not represent the vegetable profiles and nutritional qualities that parents believe they are buying for their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron J Moding
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mackenzie J Ferrante
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura L Bellows
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alyssa J Bakke
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - John E Hayes
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan L Johnson
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
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Moding KJ, Ferrante MJ, Bellows LL, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE, Johnson SL. Variety and content of commercial infant and toddler vegetable products manufactured and sold in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:576-583. [PMID: 29635494 PMCID: PMC6693381 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to vegetable flavors during infancy and toddlerhood is hypothesized to enhance vegetable acceptance when children transition to table foods. Objective We sought to examine the vegetable types, ingredients, and nutrient contents of vegetable-containing infant and toddler foods (ITFs) manufactured and sold in the United States. Design A database of ITFs that contain vegetables (n = 548) was compiled from websites of companies based in the United States (n = 24). Product information was recorded, including intended age or stage, ingredient lists, and selected nutrients from the Nutrition Facts label. Ingredient lists were used to categorize vegetables using the USDA vegetable categories: dark green (e.g., spinach), red and orange (e.g., carrots), starchy (e.g., green peas, corn), beans and peas (e.g., black beans), and other (e.g., green beans, beets). Furthermore, products were categorized as single-vegetable, multi-vegetable, vegetable and fruit, vegetable and meat, or vegetable and other combinations (e.g., grains and and or dairy). Nutrients were examined, including energy (kilocalories), carbohydrates, fiber, and total sugars [per serving, per 100 g, per reference amount customarily consumed (RACC), and percentage of kilocalories from sugars]. Results Of the 548 vegetable products, only 52 single-vegetable products (9.5%) were identified, none of which contained dark green vegetables or beans and peas. Red and orange vegetables most often appeared as the first ingredient (23.7%) compared to other vegetable types, such as dark green vegetables, which were rarely listed first (1.1%). Fruits were listed as the first ingredient more commonly than all vegetables (37.8%). One-way ANOVA revealed that vegetable and fruit products contained more sugars on average than did vegetable products with other ingredients, such as dairy and/or grains (all P values < 0.001). Conclusions Current available products do not provide caregivers with a sufficient variety of single-vegetable products or products containing dark green vegetables to facilitate children's subsequent acceptance of these vegetables. Guidance should include making caregivers aware of the limitations of commercial ITFs manufactured and sold in the US market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron J Moding
- Department of Pediatrics/Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Address correspondence to KJM (e-mail: )
| | - Mackenzie J Ferrante
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Laura L Bellows
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Alyssa J Bakke
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics/Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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