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McKenna M, Nowotny KM. Mass Incarceration, Maternal Vulnerability, and Birth Outcomes Across U.S. Counties. Matern Child Health J 2024:10.1007/s10995-024-03960-0. [PMID: 39012424 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-024-03960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the associations among mass incarceration, maternal vulnerability, and disparities in birth outcomes across U.S. counties, utilizing an ecological model and reproductive justice perspective was used. This study tests whether mass incarceration is associated with infant mortality and low birthweight across U.S. counties, and whether maternal vulnerability explains the relationship between mass incarceration and birth disparities. METHODS Data were derived from a variety of public sources and were merged using federal FIPS codes. Outcomes from the CDC Vitality Statistics include percent low birth weight births (births below 2499 g divided by singleton births to women aged 20 to 39) and infant mortality (infant deaths per 1000 live births). Black-White rate ratios were calculated for the birth outcomes to specifically examine the large Black-White disparity in birth outcomes. The analysis controlled for urbanicity, income inequality, median household income, residential segregation, and southern region, as well as a fixed effect for state level differences. RESULTS Findings show that counties with higher rates of incarceration have higher prevalence of infant mortality and low birthweight, as well as greater Black-White disparity in infant mortality. Mass incarceration is associated with increases in adverse birth outcomes and maternal vulnerability partially mediates this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence that heightened levels of incarceration affect birth outcomes for all residents at the county-level. It is imperative to address the overuse of mass incarceration in order to support adequate reproductive healthcare of vulnerable populations in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie McKenna
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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Solnick RE, López LH, Martinez PM, Zucker JE. Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2024; 42:335-368. [PMID: 38641394 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
As the United States faces a worsening epidemic of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), emergency departments (EDs) play a critical role in identifying and treating these infections. The growing health inequities in the distribution and disproportionate impact of STIs add to the urgency of providing high-quality sexual health care through the ED. Changes in population health are reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control recommendations on screening, diagnostic testing, and treatment of STIs. This review covers common, as well as and less common or emerging STIs, and discusses the state-of-the-art guidance on testing paradigms, extragenital sampling, and antimicrobial treatment and prevention of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Solnick
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Laura Hernando López
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Patricia Mae Martinez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jason E Zucker
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, Box 82, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Larrabee Sonderlund A, Williams NJ, Charifson M, Ortiz R, Sealy-Jefferson S, De Leon E, Schoenthaler A. Structural racism and health: Assessing the mediating role of community mental distress and health care access in the association between mass incarceration and adverse birth outcomes. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101529. [PMID: 37841218 PMCID: PMC10570581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has linked spatial concentrations of incarceration with racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes. However, little is known about the specific mechanisms of this association. This represents an important knowledge gap in terms of intervention. We theorize two pathways that may account for the association between county-level prison rates and adverse birth outcomes: (1) community-level mental distress and (2) reduced health care access. Examining these mechanisms, we conducted a cross-sectional study of county-level prison rates, community-level mental distress, health insurance, availability of primary care physicians (PCP) and mental health providers (MHP), and adverse birth outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight, infant mortality). Our data set included 475 counties and represented 2,677,840 live U.S. births in 2016. Main analyses involved between 170 and 326 counties. All data came from publicly available sources, including the U.S. Census and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive and regression results confirmed the link between prison rates and adverse birth outcomes and highlighted Black-White inequities in this association. Further, bootstrap mediation analyses indicated that the impact of spatially concentrated prison rates on preterm birth was mediated by PCP, MHP, community-level mental distress, and health insurance in both crude and adjusted models. Community-level mental distress and health insurance (but not PCP or MHP) similarly mediated low birthweight in both models. Mediators were less stable in the effect on infant mortality with only MHP mediating consistently across models. We conclude that mass incarceration, health care access, and community mental distress represent actionable and urgent targets for structural-, community-, and individual-level interventions targeting population inequities in birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larrabee Sonderlund
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Natasha J. Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mia Charifson
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robin Ortiz
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Elaine De Leon
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antoinette Schoenthaler
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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Stapleton JL, Ratnayake A, Gomes G, He H, Kissinger PJ. Past incarceration and chlamydia infection among young Black men in New Orleans. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1114877. [PMID: 37064683 PMCID: PMC10103590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundYoung Black men are disproportionately and adversely affected by incarceration and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), both of which share common social and structural determinants. It is well documented that incarcerated individuals, including youth, are more likely to acquire STIs in the carceral setting compared to the general population. However, the effects of imprisonment on sexual health outcomes after imprisonment are not well-understood. The relationship between incarceration history (having ever spent time in a correctional institution such as prison, jail, or juvenile detention) and chlamydia positivity was examined in this study.MethodsA secondary analysis of the Check it Program, a Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) community-based seek, test, and treat screening program for Black men aged 15–24 who have sex with women in New Orleans was conducted. Participants completed a computer-assisted self-administered questionnaire on relevant sexual and social histories and provided a urine specimen for a Ct urine nucleic acid amplification test. Bivariate and multivariable regressions were used to estimate the association between incarceration history and chlamydia positivity.ResultsParticipants (N = 1,907) were enrolled from May 2017 to March 2020. Of those, 351/1,816 (19.3%) reported past incarceration and 203/1,888 (10.8%) tested positive for Ct. When adjusted for age, insurance status, and condom use, having a history of incarceration was positively associated with a positive Ct test (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval):1.61 (1.12, 2.31), p = 0.0095).ConclusionsInteracting with the carceral system is associated with a positive Ct test post-incarceration. Incarceration may be an important marker for Ct acquisition in young Black men who have sex with women and those with a history of incarceration should be prioritized for Ct screening after release.
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Larrabee Sonderlund A, Charifson M, Ortiz R, Khan M, Schoenthaler A, Williams NJ. A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in health research: The association between mass incarceration of Black people in the U.S. and adverse birth outcomes. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101225. [PMID: 36177482 PMCID: PMC9513165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural racism represents a key determinant of the racial health disparities that has characterized the U.S. population throughout its existence. While this reality has recently begun to gain increasing acknowledgment and acceptance within the health sciences, there are still considerable challenges related to defining the concept of structural racism and operationalizing it in empirical study. In this paper, building on the existing evidence base, we propose a comprehensive framework that centers structural racism in terms of its historical roots and continued manifestation in most domains of society, and offer solutions for the study of this phenomenon and the pathways that connect it to population-level health disparities. We showcase our framework by applying it to the known link between spatial and racialized clustering of incarceration - a previously cited representation of structural racism - and disparities in adverse birth outcomes. Through this process we hypothesize pathways that focus on social cohesion and community-level chronic stress, community crime and police victimization, as well as infrastructural community disinvestment. First, we contextualize these mechanisms within the relevant extant literature. Then, we make recommendations for future empirical pathway analyses. Finally, we identify key areas for policy, community, and individual-level interventions that target the impact of concentrated incarceration on birth outcomes among Black people in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larrabee Sonderlund
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mia Charifson
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robin Ortiz
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antoinette Schoenthaler
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natasha J. Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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Spaulding AC, Rabeeah Z, Del Mar González-Montalvo M, Akiyama MJ, Baker BJ, Bauer HM, Gibson BR, Nijhawan AE, Parvez F, Wangu Z, Chan PA. Prevalence and Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Correctional Settings: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:S193-S217. [PMID: 35416974 PMCID: PMC9989347 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Admissions to jails and prisons in the United States number 10 million yearly; persons entering locked correctional facilities have high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These individuals come disproportionately from communities of color, with lower access to care and prevention, compared with the United States as a whole. Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors present results of a systematic review of literature published since 2012 on STIs in US jails, prisons, Immigration and Customs Enforcement detention centers, and juvenile facilities. This updates an earlier review of STIs in short-term facilities. This current review contributed to new recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021 treatment guidelines for STIs, advising screening for Trichomonas in women entering correctional facilities. The current review also synthesizes recommendations on screening: in particular, opt-out testing is superior to opt-in protocols. Carceral interventions-managing diagnosed cases and preventing new infections from occurring (eg, by initiating human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis before release)-can counteract structural racism in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Spaulding
- Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zainab Rabeeah
- Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Akiyama
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brenda J Baker
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heidi M Bauer
- California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brent R Gibson
- National Commission on Correctional Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ank E Nijhawan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Farah Parvez
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Field Services Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, Division of Disease Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Zoon Wangu
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Field Services Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, Division of Disease Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center & UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Ratelle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip A Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences at the Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Elimination, National Centers for Disease Control and Elimination, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Dauria EF, Levine A, Hill SV, Tolou-Shams M, Christopoulos K. Multilevel Factors Shaping Awareness of and Attitudes Toward Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention among Criminal Justice-Involved Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1743-1754. [PMID: 33236275 PMCID: PMC8276158 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a key tool in HIV prevention efforts, little is known about PrEP as a prevention strategy for criminal justice-involved (CJI) women. The purpose of this study was to examine multilevel factors shaping PrEP awareness and acceptability among CJI women. Between January 2017 and December 2017, we conducted 52 interviews with CJI women at high risk for HIV and stakeholders from the criminal justice (CJ) and public health (PH) systems. Interviews explored awareness of PrEP and the multilevel factors shaping PrEP acceptability. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and executive summaries. Atlas.ti facilitated analyses. The majority of CJI women (n = 27) were, on average, 41.3 years, from racial and ethnic minority groups (56% Black/African-American; 19% Latinx) and reported engaging in recent high-risk behavior (nearly 60% engaged in transactional sex, 22% reported ≥ 4 sexual partners, and 37% reported injection drug use). Of system stakeholders (n = 25), 52% represented the CJ sector. Although CJI women were generally unaware of PrEP, attitudes toward PrEP were enthusiastic. Barriers to PrEP acceptability included medication side effects (individual level); distrust in HIV prevention mechanisms (community level); lack of local HIV prevention efforts among high-risk women (public policy/HIV epidemic stage level). Factors promoting PrEP included perceived HIV risk (individual level); PrEP being an HIV prevention method that women can control without partner negotiation (social and sexual network level); and availability of public health insurance (community level). Despite low awareness of PrEP, CJI women expressed positive attitudes toward PrEP. To improve PrEP access for CJI women, implementation efforts should address barriers and leverage facilitators across multiple levels to be maximally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dauria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., Bldg. 5, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
| | - Andrew Levine
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha V Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., Bldg. 5, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
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8
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Logan-Greene P, Bascug EW, DiClemente RJ, Voisin DR. Heterogeneity of Sexual Risk Profiles Among Juvenile Justice-Involved African American Girls. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Nowotny KM, Omori M, McKenna M, Kleinman J. Incarceration Rates and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in US Counties, 2011-2016. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:S130-S136. [PMID: 31967898 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine rates of sexually transmitted infections as a function of jail and prison incarceration rates across US counties for the years 2011 to 2016.Methods. We used data from several national databases. The outcomes were county-level chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012-2016). The exposures were lagged specifications of county-level jail and prison incarceration rates as reported by the Vera Institute of Justice (2011-2015). We estimated mixed models to account for the 3 sources of response variable variation occurring across repeated measures collected from counties nested within states.Results. In the final model, jail and prison incarceration rates were associated with a rate increase of 10.13 per 100 000 and 8.22 per 100 000, respectively, of chlamydia incidence. The corresponding rate increases for gonorrhea incidence were 2.47 per 100 000 and 4.40 per 100 000.Conclusions. These findings provide some evidence that the documented differences in chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence between counties may be partially attributable to differences in jail and prison incarceration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- Kathryn M. Nowotny, Melanie McKenna, and Joshua Kleinman are with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Marisa Omori is with the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis
| | - Marisa Omori
- Kathryn M. Nowotny, Melanie McKenna, and Joshua Kleinman are with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Marisa Omori is with the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis
| | - Melanie McKenna
- Kathryn M. Nowotny, Melanie McKenna, and Joshua Kleinman are with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Marisa Omori is with the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis
| | - Joshua Kleinman
- Kathryn M. Nowotny, Melanie McKenna, and Joshua Kleinman are with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Marisa Omori is with the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis
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10
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Knittel AK, Lambdin BH, Comfort ML, Kral AH, Lorvick J. Sexual Risk and Criminal Justice Involvement Among Women Who Use Drugs. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3366-3374. [PMID: 30859344 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Criminal justice system involvement among US women is associated with increased risk for HIV/sexually transmitted infections, yet effects of different forms of criminal justice involvement on intimate relationships are not well understood. This study examined associations between arrest, probation, and jail incarceration on the number of sexual partners, sexual concurrency, and consistent condom use for drug-using women (n = 631) in Oakland, California. We used logistic and negative binomial regression and adjusted for demographics, sex exchange and drug use. Probation was associated with higher rates of sexual partnership and concurrency (IRR 1.87, 95% CI [1.11, 3.15]; OR 3.64, 95% CI [1.08, 12.20]). Incarceration lasting over 12 weeks was associated with higher rates of sexual partnership (IRR 2.23, 95% CI [1.41, 3.51]). Women incarcerated once in the past year had higher odds of concurrency (OR 2.15, 95% CI [1.01, 4.57]). Our results reinforce the need for risk-reduction interventions and criminal justice diversion for women who use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, 3031 Old Clinic Building/CB #7570, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7570, USA.
| | - Barrot H Lambdin
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan L Comfort
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex H Kral
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Community Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Knittel AK, Lorvick J. Self-reported sexually-transmitted infections and criminal justice involvement among women who use drugs. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 10:100219. [PMID: 31692579 PMCID: PMC6806366 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women involved in the criminal justice system in the United States have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is unknown whether criminal justice involvement is a marker for other risk behavior, such as sex exchange or drug use, or criminal justice involvement itself increases risk directly. Methods This study examines the relationship between STI and the frequency and duration of arrest, probation, and incarceration in a sample of women who use drugs (n = 394) in Oakland, California who reported having been tested for STI in the past six months. Logistic regression models of STI using criminal justice measures as independent variables were used, and subsequent estimates were adjusted for demographics, sex exchange, specific drugs used, and number of sexual partners. Results Any time spent in jail in the past year was associated with higher odds of recent STI (UOR = 2.28, 95%CI [1.41–3.51]), and short incarcerations (2–3 weeks) in jail most substantially increased the odds of an STI diagnosis (UOR = 7.65, 95%CI [1.03, 56.68]). Arrest and probation were not significantly associated with STI. After adjusting for the covariates, particularly sex exchange and opioid use, none of the criminal justice-related variables were significantly associated with STI. Conclusions A substantial portion of the increased risk of STI that is associated with criminal justice involvement for women who use drugs is likely due to sex exchange. Longitudinal studies are needed to temporally separate criminal justice exposures, drug use, sex exchange, and STI outcomes. Criminal justice involvement is common for women who use drugs. Short jail incarcerations (2–3 weeks) were associated with an increased odds of STI, largely accounted for by sex exchange and opioid use. Qualitative studies that examine why women's sexual partnerships, opioid use, and sex exchange change after incarceration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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12
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Interplay of Race and Criminal Justice Involvement on Sexual Behaviors of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:197-204. [PMID: 29880441 PMCID: PMC6113107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Criminal justice involvement is a significant problem in the United States, and poses substantial negative immediate and long-term effects, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Research has been mixed on the association between a history of arrest or incarceration and an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus, but there are clear trends in the association between criminal justice involvement and sexual risk behaviors. METHODS Drawing from a racially or ethnically diverse sample of young men who have sex with men, we conducted an investigation into whether there was a temporal relationship between history of criminal justice involvement and engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors. We also examined whether sexual behaviors among black men who have sex with men (MSM) were more substantially impacted by arrest or incarceration than those of non-black MSM. Data were collected within a longitudinal study of young MSM in Chicago. RESULTS More than one-third of participants (37.8%) reported having ever been in trouble with the police in their lifetime, and 10% had been incarcerated. In multivariable analysis, black race, history of incarceration, and the interaction were all significantly positively associated with an increase in reported number of male anal sex partners. CONCLUSIONS We found that the intersection between race and criminal justice involvement plays a major role in sexual behaviors. More research is needed to understand why a history of arrest or incarceration has a much more profound effect on black MSM than on non-black MSM.
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Perlman DC, Jordan AE. The Syndemic of Opioid Misuse, Overdose, HCV, and HIV: Structural-Level Causes and Interventions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 15:96-112. [PMID: 29460225 PMCID: PMC5884743 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the case for recognizing (1) the epidemics of opioid misuse, overdose, hepatitis C virus, and HIV as a syndemic and (2) the importance of examining and addressing structural factors in responses to this syndemic. We focus on the current syndemic in the US, but also consider data from other locations to highlight the issues existing and arising in various contexts. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in multi-level theory and statistical methods allow sound ecologic and multi-level analyses of the impact of structural factors on the syndemic. Studies of opioid misuse, overdoses, hepatitis C virus, and HIV demonstrate that area-level access to healthcare, medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorders, sterile injection equipment, and overdose prevention with naloxone, as well as factors such as opioid marketing, income inequality, intensity of policing activities, and health care policies, are related to the prevalence of substance misuse, overdoses, infection risk, and morbidity. Structural variables can predict area-level vulnerability to the syndemic. The implementation of combined prevention and treatment interventions can control and reverse components of the syndemic. Recognizing and monitoring potent structural factors can facilitate the identification of areas at risk of vulnerability to the syndemic. Further, many structural factors are modifiable through intervention and policy to reduce structural vulnerability and create health-enabling environments. Evidence supports the immediate implementation of broader HCV and HIV testing and substance use screening, medication-assisted treatment, needle/syringe exchange programs, naloxone programs, increased population-level implementation of HCV treatment, and further attention to structural-level factors predicting, and contributing to, area-level vulnerability, such as degrees of opioid marketing, distribution, and prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Perlman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 350 East 17th St, 19th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Ashly E Jordan
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- City University New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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14
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Fields JC, King KM, Alexander KA, Smith KC, Sherman SG, Knowlton A. Recently released Black men's perceptions of the impact of incarceration on sexual partnering. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:55-68. [PMID: 28532296 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1325009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that men with recent histories of incarceration are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual activity, however there is limited research exploring how having been recently released from prison might impact men's sexual risk behaviours or sexual partnering. This qualitative study explores the ways in which exposure to incarceration impacts the dynamics of sexual partnering among recently released Black men in Baltimore, USA. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 recently released Black men between 21-45 years of age living in the city. Data were analysed using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches. Participants reported that women living in the neighbourhoods to which they returned found recently released men to be highly desirable sexual partners because they offered increased potential for sexual gratification, were perceived as healthier than other sexual partners in their communities and represented opportunities for attaining financial stability and the potential for establishing romantic partnerships. As a result, men reported they had more opportunities for sex and more power to negotiate sex with women. Recently released Black men's perceptions of their own sexual desirability among women raise important implications regarding power in the sexual relationships of recently released men that may increase HIV- and sexually transmitted infection-related risk for recently released men and their sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Fields
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Kelly M King
- b Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Kamila A Alexander
- c School of Nursing , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Katherine C Smith
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Susan G Sherman
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Amy Knowlton
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
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15
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Marotta P. Assessing Spatial Relationships between Race, Inequality, Crime, and Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the United States. J Urban Health 2017; 94:683-698. [PMID: 28831708 PMCID: PMC5610128 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incidence rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea reached unprecedented levels in 2015 and are concentrated in southern counties of the USA. Using incidence data from the Center for Disease Control, Moran's I analyses assessed the data for statistically significant clusters of chlamydia and gonorrhea at the county level in 46 states of the USA. Lagrange multiplier diagnostics justified selection of the spatial Durbin regression model for chlamydia and the spatial error model for gonorrhea. Rates of chlamydia (Moran's I = .37, p < .001) and gonorrhea (Moran's I = .38, p < .001) were highly clustered particularly in the southern region of the USA. Logged percent in poverty (B = .49, p < .001 and B = .48, p < .001) and racial composition of African-Americans (B = .16, p < .001 and B = .40, p < .001); Native Americans (B = .12, p < .001 and B = .20, p < .001); and Asians (B = .14, p < .001 and B = .09, p < .001) were significantly associated with greater rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively, after accounting for spatial dependence in the data. Logged rates of rates violent crimes were associated with chlamydia (B = .053, p < .001) and gonorrhea (B = .10, p < .001). Logged rates of drug crimes (.052, p < .001) were only associated with chlamydia. Metropolitan census designation was associated with logged rates of chlamydia (B = .12, p < .001) and gonorrhea (B = .24, p < .001). Spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea provide important insights for strategic public health interventions in the USA and inform the allocation of limited resources for the prevention of chlamydia and gonorrhea.
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16
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Pouget ER. Social determinants of adult sex ratios and racial/ethnic disparities in transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in the USA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160323. [PMID: 28760764 PMCID: PMC5540863 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Black population centres in the USA, adult sex ratios (ASRs) are strongly female-biased primarily due to high male incarceration and early mortality rates. I explore the system of social determinants that shape these ASRs, and describe their apparent consequences. Evidence suggests that female-biased ASRs play a role, along with racial residential segregation, to increase mixing between core and peripheral members of sexual networks, facilitating transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections. Unique historical factors underlie Black male incarceration and mortality rates in the USA, making comparisons with other groups or other countries challenging.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodriguez Pouget
- Center for Policing Equity at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, Room 6.63.14, New York, NY 10019, USA
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17
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Linton SL, Cooper HLF, Luo R, Karnes C, Renneker K, Haley DF, Dauria EF, Hunter-Jones J, Ross Z, Wingood GM, Adimora AA, Bonney L, Rothenberg R. Changing Places and Partners: Associations of Neighborhood Conditions With Sexual Network Turnover Among African American Adults Relocated From Public Housing. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:925-936. [PMID: 26927277 PMCID: PMC5003751 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood conditions and sexual network turnover have been associated with the acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, few studies investigate the influence of neighborhood conditions on sexual network turnover. This longitudinal study used data collected across 7 visits from a predominantly substance-misusing cohort of 172 African American adults relocated from public housing in Atlanta, Georgia, to determine whether post-relocation changes in exposure to neighborhood conditions influence sexual network stability, the number of new partners joining sexual networks, and the number of partners leaving sexual networks over time. At each visit, participant and sexual network characteristics were captured via survey, and administrative data were analyzed to describe the census tracts where participants lived. Multilevel models were used to longitudinally assess the relationships of tract-level characteristics to sexual network dynamics over time. On average, participants relocated to neighborhoods that were less economically deprived and violent, and had lower alcohol outlet densities. Post-relocation reductions in exposure to alcohol outlet density were associated with fewer new partners joining sexual networks. Reduced perceived community violence was associated with more sexual partners leaving sexual networks. These associations were marginally significant. No post-relocation changes in place characteristics were significantly associated with overall sexual network stability. Neighborhood social context may influence sexual network turnover. To increase understanding of the social-ecological determinants of HIV/STIs, a new line of research should investigate the combined influence of neighborhood conditions and sexual network dynamics on HIV/STI transmission over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Hannah L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruiyan Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Conny Karnes
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen Renneker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Danielle F Haley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emily F Dauria
- Division of Infectious Disease, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Josalin Hunter-Jones
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gina M Wingood
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Loida Bonney
- Department of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Fayetteville, GA, USA
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Sánchez Recio R, Alonso Pérez de Ágreda JP, Santabárbara Serrano J. [Sexually transmitted infections in male prison inmates: risk of development of new diseases]. GACETA SANITARIA 2016; 30:208-14. [PMID: 26987281 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure incidence and main risk factors related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Daroca Prison (Zaragoza, Spain). METHOD A retrospective cohort study (2005-2013) to measure the incidence of STI and a cross-sectional study to measure risk factors. RESULTS Of the 203 inmates, 79 developed an STI, 37 had a previous STI, 55.2% lacked knowledge on STI prevention, and 28.9% showed behaviours unfavourable for STI prevention. The incidence rate was 6.5 STIs per 1,000 inmates-year. The most frequent STIs were hepatitis B (39.7%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (19.1%), herpes simplex (16.2%) and HIV (8.8%). The risk (hazard ratio, HR) of acquiring a new STI was significantly higher in inmates with a history of previous STI (HR=2.61; 95%CI: 1.01 to 6.69), and was at the limit of significance for non-preventive behaviour (HR=2.10; 95%CI: 0.98 to 4.53), but not in knowledge related to STIs (HR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.58 to 3.07). CONCLUSION The most important risk factors in prison are behaviours related to STIs and previous history of STIs. Other factors are being a repeat offender, injecting drug use, or being in a methadone programme. Health personnel and peer education can facilitate prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez Recio
- Centro Penitenciario de Daroca, Secretaría General de Instituciones Penitenciarias, Ministerio del Interior, Zaragoza, España.
| | | | - Javier Santabárbara Serrano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
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Cooper HLF, Linton S, Kelley ME, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Chen YT, Zlotorzynska M, Hunter-Jones J, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Tempalski B, DiNenno E, Broz D, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. Risk Environments, Race/Ethnicity, and HIV Status in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150410. [PMID: 26974165 PMCID: PMC4790920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. METHODS Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR%s) were estimated. RESULTS Black and Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. DISCUSSION Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. F. Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Sabriya Linton
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Kelley
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss SpatialAnalysis, 120 N Aurora St, Suite 3A, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Wolfe
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Yen-Tyng Chen
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Maria Zlotorzynska
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Josalin Hunter-Jones
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Friedman
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, 71 West 23 Street, 4 Fl, New York, NY 10010, United States of America
| | - Don C. Des Jarlais
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 39 Broadway, 5 floor, New York, NY 10006, United States of America
| | - Barbara Tempalski
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, 71 West 23 Street, 4 Fl, New York, NY 10010, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth DiNenno
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E46), Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Dita Broz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E46), Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Cyprian Wejnert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E46), Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E46), Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
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20
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Dauria EF, Elifson K, Arriola KJ, Wingood G, Cooper HLF. Response to: "What Can We Infer About Incarceration and Sexually Transmitted Diseases?". Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42:402. [PMID: 26222754 PMCID: PMC11089886 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dauria
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior Alpert Medical School Brown University Providence, RI Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta, GA
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