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Lynn A, Maule J, Amso D. Visual and cognitive processes contribute to age-related improvements in visual selective attention. Child Dev 2024; 95:391-408. [PMID: 37614012 PMCID: PMC10884345 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Children (N = 103, 4-9 years, 59 females, 84% White, c. 2019) completed visual processing, visual feature integration (color, luminance, motion), and visual search tasks. Contrast sensitivity and feature search improved with age similarly for luminance and color-defined targets. Incidental feature integration improved more with age for color-motion than luminance-motion. Individual differences in feature search (β = .11) and incidental feature integration (β = .06) mediated age-related changes in conjunction visual search, an index of visual selective attention. These findings suggest that visual selective attention is best conceptualized as a series of developmental trajectories, within an individual, that vary by an object's defining features. These data have implications for design of educational and interventional strategies intended to maximize attention for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lynn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, USA
| | - John Maule
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA
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2
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Seguy PH, Korobelnik JF, Delyfer MN, Michaud V, Arveiler B, Lasseaux E, Gattoussi S, Rougier MB, Trin K, Morice-Picard F, Ghomashchi N, Coste V. Ophthalmologic Phenotype-Genotype Correlations in Patients With Oculocutaneous Albinism Followed in a Reference Center. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:26. [PMID: 37707835 PMCID: PMC10506686 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Albinism is a group of genetic disorders that includes several conditions related to a defect in melanin production. There is a broad phenotypic and genotypic variability between the different forms. The aim of this study was to assess the ophthalmologic characteristics according to patients' genotypes in a cohort followed in the Reference Center for oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) of Bordeaux University Hospital, France. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in a cohort of patients with OCA seen in consultation in the ophthalmology department between 2017 and 2021 in whom a genetic analysis was performed. Results In total, 127 patients with OCA were included in this study and matched with the results of the genetic analysis. In the population aged over 6 years, there was no statistical difference in binocular visual acuity between the OCA1, OCA2, and OCA4 forms (P = 0.27). There was difference in ametropia between the three forms (P = 0.003). A two-by-two comparison using the Bonferroni correction showed a significant difference in ametropia between the OCA2 and OCA4 forms (P = 0.007) and between the OCA1 and OCA2 forms (P = 0.0075). Regardless of the form, most patients (75.4%) had grade 4 foveal hypoplasia. There was no association between the grade of foveal hypoplasia and the gene involved (P = 0.87). Conclusions We described a genotype-phenotype correlation for the three most represented forms of albinism in our cohort. This study allowed assessing the degree of visual deficiency in young children with OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Medical Genetics Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Rare Diseases, Genetics and Metabolism, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Medical Genetics Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Rare Diseases, Genetics and Metabolism, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Kilian Trin
- Department of Pharmacology Medical, Bordeaux Regional Pharmacovigilance, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Hôpital des Enfants Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Pérez Roche MT, Yam JC, Liu H, Gutierrez D, Pham C, Balasanyan V, García G, Cedillo Ley M, de Fernando S, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010087. [PMID: 36670638 PMCID: PMC9856886 DOI: 10.3390/children10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual assessment in preverbal children mostly relies on the preferential looking paradigm. It requires an experienced observer to interpret the child's responses to a stimulus. DIVE (Device for an Integral Visual Examination) is a digital tool with an integrated eye tracker (ET) that lifts this requirement and automatizes this process. The aim of our study was to assess the development of two visual functions, visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), with DIVE, in a large sample of children from 6 months to 14 years (y) of age, and to compare the results of preterm and full-term children. Participants were recruited in clinical settings from five countries. There were 2208 children tested, 609 of them were born preterm. Both VA and CS improved throughout childhood, with the maximum increase during the first 5 years of age. Gestational age, refractive error and age had an impact on VA results, while CS values were only influenced by age. With this study we report normative reference outcomes for VA and CS throughout childhood and validate the DIVE tests as a useful tool to measure basic visual functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez Roche
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Hu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Diego Gutierrez
- I3A Institute for Research in Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chau Pham
- National Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Gerardo García
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Cedillo Ley
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Sandra de Fernando
- Ophthalmology Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Pueyo
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Wong-Kee-You AMB, Loveridge-Easther C, Mueller C, Simon N, Good WV. The impact of early exposure to general anesthesia on visual and neurocognitive development. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 68:539-555. [PMID: 35970232 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Every year millions of children are exposed to general anesthesia while undergoing surgical and diagnostic procedures. In the field of ophthalmology, 44,000 children are exposed to general anesthesia annually for strabismus surgery alone. While it is clear that general anesthesia is necessary for sedation and pain minimization during surgical procedures, the possibility of neurotoxic impairments from its exposure is of concern. In animals there is strong evidence linking early anesthesia exposure to abnormal neural development. but in humans the effects of anesthesia are debated. In humans many aspects of vision develop within the first year of life, making the visual system vulnerable to early adverse experiences and potentially vulnerable to early exposure to general anesthesia. We attempt to address whether the visual system is affected by early postnatal exposure to general anesthesia. We first summarize key mechanisms that could account for the neurotoxic effects of general anesthesia on the developing brain and review existing literature on the effects of early anesthesia exposure on the visual system in both animals and humans and on neurocognitive development in humans. Finally, we conclude by proposing future directions for research that could address unanswered questions regarding the impact of general anesthesia on visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cam Loveridge-Easther
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Mueller
- Sutter Health, San Francisco, CA, USA; Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - William V Good
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Neveu MM, Padhy SK, Ramamurthy S, Takkar B, Jalali S, CP D, Padhi TR, Robson AG. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:1569-1587. [PMID: 35637898 PMCID: PMC9148211 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s329282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Albinism describes a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders characterized by disrupted synthesis of melanin and a range of developmental ocular abnormalities. The main ocular features common to both oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), and ocular albinism (OA) include reduced visual acuity, refractive errors, foveal hypoplasia, congenital nystagmus, iris and fundus hypopigmentation and visual pathway misrouting, but clinical signs vary and there is phenotypic overlap with other pathologies. This study reviews the prevalence, genetics and ocular manifestations of OCA and OA, including abnormal development of the optic chiasm. The role of visual electrophysiology in the detection of chiasmal dysfunction and visual pathway misrouting is emphasized, highlighting how age-associated changes in visual evoked potential (VEP) test results must be considered to enable accurate diagnosis, and illustrated further by the inclusion of novel VEP data in genetically confirmed cases. Differential diagnosis is considered in the context of suspected retinal and other disorders, including rare syndromes that may masquerade as albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magella M Neveu
- Department Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Brijesh Takkar
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhadra Jalali
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepika CP
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tapas Ranjan Padhi
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anthony G Robson
- Department Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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Schlegelmilch K, Wertz AE. Visual segmentation of complex naturalistic structures in an infant eye-tracking search task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266158. [PMID: 35363809 PMCID: PMC8975119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An infant’s everyday visual environment is composed of a complex array of entities, some of which are well integrated into their surroundings. Although infants are already sensitive to some categories in their first year of life, it is not clear which visual information supports their detection of meaningful elements within naturalistic scenes. Here we investigated the impact of image characteristics on 8-month-olds’ search performance using a gaze contingent eye-tracking search task. Infants had to detect a target patch on a background image. The stimuli consisted of images taken from three categories: vegetation, non-living natural elements (e.g., stones), and manmade artifacts, for which we also assessed target background differences in lower- and higher-level visual properties. Our results showed that larger target-background differences in the statistical properties scaling invariance and entropy, and also stimulus backgrounds including low pictorial depth, predicted better detection performance. Furthermore, category membership only affected search performance if supported by luminance contrast. Data from an adult comparison group also indicated that infants’ search performance relied more on lower-order visual properties than adults. Taken together, these results suggest that infants use a combination of property- and category-related information to parse complex visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Schlegelmilch
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annie E. Wertz
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Gan J, Wang N, Li S, Wang B, Kang M, Wei S, Guo J, Liu L, Li H. Effect of Age and Refractive Error on Local and Global Visual Perception in Chinese Children and Adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:740003. [PMID: 35153705 PMCID: PMC8831691 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.740003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the impact of age and myopia on visual form perception among Chinese school-age children. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,074 students with a mean age of 12.1 ± 4.7 (range = 7.3-18.9) years. The mean spherical equivalence refraction (SER) of the participants was -1.45 ± 2.07 D. All participants underwent distance visual acuity (VA), refraction measurement and local and global visual form perception test including orientation, parallelism, collinearity, holes and color discrimination tasks. RESULTS The reaction times of emmetropes were slower than those of myopic and high myopic groups on both local (orientation, parallelism, and collinearity) and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). A reduction in reaction times was found with increasing age on both local and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). Age was significantly associated with both local and global visual perception performance after adjusting for gender, visual acuity and SER (orientation, β = -0.54, p < 0.001; parallelism, β = -0.365, p < 0.001; collinearity, β = -0.28, p < 0.001; holes, β = -0.319, p < 0.001; color, β = -0.346, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that both local and global visual perception improve with age among Chinese children and that myopes seem to have better visual perception than emmetropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Gan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, China
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8
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Hahn LC, van Schooneveld MJ, Wesseling NL, Florijn RJ, Ten Brink JB, Lissenberg-Witte BI, Strubbe I, Meester-Smoor MA, Thiadens AA, Diederen RM, van Cauwenbergh C, de Zaeytijd J, Walraedt S, de Baere E, Klaver CCW, Ossewaarde-van Norel J, Ingeborgh van den Born L, Hoyng CB, van Genderen MM, Sieving PA, Leroy BP, Bergen AA, Boon CJF. X-Linked Retinoschisis: Novel Clinical Observations and Genetic Spectrum in 340 Patients. Ophthalmology 2021; 129:191-202. [PMID: 34624300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the natural course, phenotype, and genotype of patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred forty patients with XLRS from 178 presumably unrelated families. METHODS This multicenter, retrospective cohort study reviewed medical records of patients with XLRS for medical history, symptoms, visual acuity (VA), ophthalmoscopy, full-field electroretinography, and retinal imaging (fundus photography, spectral-domain [SD] OCT, fundus autofluorescence). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at onset, age at diagnosis, severity of visual impairment, annual visual decline, and electroretinography and imaging findings. RESULTS Three hundred forty patients were included with a mean follow-up time of 13.2 years (range, 0.1-50.1 years). The median ages to reach mild visual impairment and low vision were 12 and 25 years, respectively. Severe visual impairment and blindness were observed predominantly in patients older than 40 years, with a predicted prevalence of 35% and 25%, respectively, at 60 years of age. The VA increased slightly during the first 2 decades of life and subsequently transitioned into an average annual decline of 0.44% (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in decline of VA between variants that were predicted to be severe and mild (P = 0.239). The integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) as well as the photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length in the fovea on SD OCT correlated significantly with VA (Spearman's ρ = -0.759 [P < 0.001] and -0.592 [P = 0.012], respectively). Fifty-three different RS1 variants were found. The most common variants were the founder variant c.214G→A (p.(Glu72Lys)) (101 patients [38.7%]) and a deletion of exon 3 (38 patients [14.6%]). CONCLUSIONS Large variabilities in phenotype and natural course of XLRS were seen in this study. In most patients, XLRS showed a slow deterioration starting in the second decade of life, suggesting an optimal window of opportunity for treatment within the first 3 decades of life. The integrity of EZ as well as the PROS length on SD OCT may be important in choosing optimal candidates for treatment and as potential structural end points in future therapeutic studies. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo C Hahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary J van Schooneveld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bartiméus, Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Nieneke L Wesseling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J Florijn
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B Ten Brink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit I Lissenberg-Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ine Strubbe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alberta A Thiadens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roselie M Diederen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Cauwenbergh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie de Zaeytijd
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Walraedt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride de Baere
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M van Genderen
- Bartiméus, Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Ophthalmology & CCMT, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur A Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Dekker TM, Farahbakhsh M, Atkinson J, Braddick OJ, Jones PR. Development of the spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF) during childhood: Analysis of previous findings and new psychophysical data. J Vis 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 33275663 PMCID: PMC7718811 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) changes markedly during infancy, there is no consensus regarding whether, how, and why it continues to develop in later childhood. Here, we analyzed previously published data (N = 1928 CSFs), and present new psychophysical findings from 98 children (4.7–14.8 years) and 50 adults (18.1–29.7 years), in order to answer the following questions: (1) Does the CSF change during childhood? (2) How large is the developmental effect size? (3) Are any changes uniform across the CSF, or frequency-specific? and (4) Can some or all of the changes be explained by “non-visual” (i.e. procedural/cognitive) factors, such as boredom or inattentiveness? The new data were collected using a four-alternative forced-choice (4AFC) Gabor-detection task, with two different psychophysical procedures (Weighted Staircase; QUEST+), and suprathreshold (false-negative) catch trials to quantify lapse rates. It is shown that from ages 4 to 18 years, the CSF improves (at an exponentially decaying rate) by approximately 0.3 log10 units (a doubling of contrast sensitivity [CS]), with 90% of this change complete by 12 years of age. The size of the effect was small relative to individual variability, with age alone explaining less than one sixth of variability (16%), and most children performing as well as some adults (i.e. falling within the 90% population limits for adults). Development was frequency-specific, with changes occurring primarily around or below the CSF peak (≤ 4 cpd). At least half — and potentially all — of the changes observed could be explained by non-visual factors (e.g. lapses in concentration), although possible biological mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M Dekker
- Child Vision Lab, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,
| | - Mahtab Farahbakhsh
- Child Vision Lab, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,
| | - Janette Atkinson
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,
| | - Oliver J Braddick
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,
| | - Pete R Jones
- Child Vision Lab, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Division of Optometry and Visual Science, City, University of London, London, UK.,
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10
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Assessment of Human Visual Acuity Using Visual Evoked Potential: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195542. [PMID: 32998208 PMCID: PMC7582995 DOI: 10.3390/s20195542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Visual evoked potential (VEP) has been used as an alternative method to assess visual acuity objectively, especially in non-verbal infants and adults with low intellectual abilities or malingering. By sweeping the spatial frequency of visual stimuli and recording the corresponding VEP, VEP acuity can be defined by analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) signals. This paper presents a review on the VEP-based visual acuity assessment technique, including a brief overview of the technique, the effects of the parameters of visual stimuli, and signal acquisition and analysis of the VEP acuity test, and a summary of the current clinical applications of the technique. Finally, we discuss the current problems in this research domain and potential future work, which may enable this technique to be used more widely and quickly, deepening the VEP and even electrophysiology research on the detection and diagnosis of visual function.
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11
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Hamilton R, Bach M, Heinrich SP, Hoffmann MB, Odom JV, McCulloch DL, Thompson DA. VEP estimation of visual acuity: a systematic review. Doc Ophthalmol 2020; 142:25-74. [PMID: 32488810 PMCID: PMC7907051 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can be used to measure visual resolution via a spatial frequency (SF) limit as an objective estimate of visual acuity. The aim of this systematic review is to collate descriptions of the VEP SF limit in humans, healthy and disordered, and to assess how accurately and precisely VEP SF limits reflect visual acuity. Methods The protocol methodology followed the PRISMA statement. Multiple databases were searched using “VEP” and “acuity” and associated terms, plus hand search: titles, abstracts or full text were reviewed for eligibility. Data extracted included VEP SF limits, stimulus protocols, VEP recording and analysis techniques and correspondence with behavioural acuity for normally sighted healthy adults, typically developing infants and children, healthy adults with artificially degraded vision and patients with ophthalmic or neurological conditions. Results A total of 155 studies are included. Commonly used stimulus, recording and analysis techniques are summarised. Average healthy adult VEP SF limits vary from 15 to 40 cpd, depend on stimulus, recording and analysis techniques and are often, but not always, poorer than behavioural acuity measured either psychophysically with an identical stimulus or with a clinical acuity test. The difference between VEP SF limit and behavioural acuity is variable and strongly dependent on the VEP stimulus and choice of acuity test. VEP SF limits mature rapidly, from 1.5 to 9 cpd by the end of the first month of life to 12–20 cpd by 8–12 months, with slower improvement to 20–40 cpd by 3–5 years. VEP SF limits are much better than behavioural thresholds in the youngest, typically developing infants. This difference lessens with age and reaches equivalence between 1 and 2 years; from around 3–5 years, behavioural acuity is better than the VEP SF limit, as for adults. Healthy, artificially blurred adults had slightly better behavioural acuity than VEP SF limits across a wide range of acuities, while adults with heterogeneous ophthalmic or neurological pathologies causing reduced acuity showed a much wider and less consistent relationship. For refractive error, ocular media opacity or pathology primarily affecting the retina, VEP SF limits and behavioural acuity had a fairly consistent relationship across a wide range of acuity. This relationship was much less consistent or close for primarily macular, optic nerve or neurological conditions such as amblyopia. VEP SF limits were almost always normal in patients with non-organic visual acuity loss. Conclusions The VEP SF limit has great utility as an objective acuity estimator, especially in pre-verbal children or patients of any age with motor or learning impairments which prevent reliable measurement of behavioural acuity. Its diagnostic power depends heavily on adequate, age-stratified, reference data, age-stratified empirical calibration with behavioural acuity, and interpretation in the light of other electrophysiological and clinical findings. Future developments could encompass faster, more objective and robust techniques such as real-time, adaptive control. Registration International prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/), registration number CRD42018085666.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, Royal Hospital for Children, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK. .,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Michael Bach
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven P Heinrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Vernon Odom
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daphne L McCulloch
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothy A Thompson
- The Department of Clinical and Academic Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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12
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Wong-Kee-You AMB, Tsotsos JK, Adler SA. Development of spatial suppression surrounding the focus of visual attention. J Vis 2019; 19:9. [DOI: 10.1167/19.7.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John K. Tsotsos
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ://jtl.lassonde.yorku.ca/
| | - Scott A. Adler
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ://babylab.cvr.yorku.ca
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13
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Abstract
The primary visual cortex (V1) is the first cortical area that processes visual information. Normal development of V1 depends on binocular vision during the critical period, and age-related losses of vision are linked with neurobiological changes in V1. Animal studies have provided important details about the neurobiological mechanisms in V1 that support normal vision or are changed by visual diseases. There is very little information, however, about those neurobiological mechanisms in human V1. That lack of information has hampered the translation of biologically inspired treatments from preclinical models to effective clinical treatments. We have studied human V1 to characterize the expression of neurobiological mechanisms that regulate visual perception and neuroplasticity. We have identified five stages of development for human V1 that start in infancy and continue across the life span. Here, we describe these stages, compare them with visual and anatomical milestones, and discuss implications for translating treatments for visual disorders that depend on neuroplasticity of V1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Siu
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Murphy
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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