1
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Srivatsa S, Smith CJ, Sangüeza OP, Miedema J, Collichio FA, Googe PB. Lymphangitic Melanomatosis: Case Report of Intralymphatic Spread of Melanoma in a 66-year-old Man. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:316-319. [PMID: 38574049 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Melanoma with lymphatic invasion has been associated with increased risk of metastasis, but the mechanisms and clinical implications are poorly understood. Although current reports have documented angiotropic spread of melanoma and suggest lymphatic spread of melanoma to increase the likelihood of metastasis, to our knowledge, lymphangitic metastatic melanoma resembling cutaneous carcinomatosis or presenting with facial hyperpigmentation has not been described. In this case report, we describe extensive cutaneous intralymphatic spread of melanoma, or lymphangitic melanomatosis, producing macular skin pigmentation in a 66-year-old man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Srivatsa
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Collin-Jamal Smith
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Omar P Sangüeza
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; and
| | - Jayson Miedema
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Frances A Collichio
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Paul B Googe
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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2
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Melanoma Tumour Vascularization and Tissue-Resident Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174216. [PMID: 36077754 PMCID: PMC9454996 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is the most aggressive and potentially lethal form of skin cancer. Research over recent decades has highlighted the role of tumour vasculature in altering the metabolic function of cancer cells, infiltration of immune cells, and cancer cell dissemination. However, variations in the modes of vessel formation in melanoma have made this process difficult to target. In particular, the role of endothelial progenitor cells in melanoma vascularization-promoting vasculogenesis begins to be understood. Progenitor recruitment, vessel formation, and paracrine activity are among the steps contributing to tumour metastasis and affecting the impact of anti-angiogenic drugs, as detailed in this review. Abstract The aggressiveness of solid cancers, such as melanoma, relies on their metastatic potential. It has become evident that this key cause of mortality is largely conferred by the tumour-associated stromal cells, especially endothelial cells. In addition to their essential role in the formation of the tumour vasculature, endothelial cells significantly contribute to the establishment of the tumour microenvironment, thus enabling the dissemination of cancer cells. Melanoma tumour vascularization occurs through diverse biological processes. Vasculogenesis is the formation of de novo blood vessels from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and recent research has shown the role of EPCs in melanoma tumour vascularization. A more detailed understanding of the complex role of EPCs and how they contribute to the abnormal vessel structures in tumours is of importance. Moreover, anti-angiogenic drugs have a limited effect on melanoma tumour vascularization, and the role of these drugs on EPCs remains to be clarified. Overall, targeting cancer vasculature remains a challenge, and the role of anti-angiogenic drugs and combination therapies in melanoma, a focus of this review, is an area of extensive exploration.
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3
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The emerging roles of circular RNAs in vessel co-option and vasculogenic mimicry: clinical insights for anti-angiogenic therapy in cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 41:173-191. [PMID: 34664157 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected resistance to anti-angiogenic treatment prompted the investigation of non-angiogenic tumor processes. Vessel co-option (VC) and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) are recognized as primary non-angiogenic mechanisms. In VC, cancer cells utilize pre-existing blood vessels for support, whereas in VM, cancer cells channel and provide blood flow to rapidly growing tumors. Both processes have been implicated in the development of tumor and resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs in many tumor types. The morphology, but rare molecular alterations have been investigated in VC and VM. There is a pressing need to better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here, we review the emerging circular RNA (circRNA)-mediated regulation of non-angiogenic processes, VC and VM.
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4
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Nirenberg A, Steinman H, Dixon A. Melanoma extravascular migratory metastasis: an important underrecognized phenomenon. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e598-e599. [PMID: 32299126 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Nirenberg
- Australasian College of Cutaneous Oncology, Docklands, Australia
| | - H Steinman
- US Dermatology Partners, Dallas, USA.,Campbell University of School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, USA
| | - A Dixon
- Australasian College of Cutaneous Oncology, Docklands, Australia.,American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, Kirksville, USA
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5
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Strnadová K, Španko M, Dvořánková B, Lacina L, Kodet O, Shbat A, Klepáček I, Smetana K. Melanoma xenotransplant on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane: a complex biological model for the study of cancer cell behaviour. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:177-188. [PMID: 32232553 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The globally increasing incidence of cancer, including melanoma, requires novel therapeutic strategies. Development of successful novel drugs is based on clear identification of the target mechanisms responsible for the disease progression. The specific cancer microenvironment represents a critically important aspect of cancer biology, which cannot be properly studied in simplistic cell culture conditions. Among other traditional options, the study of melanoma cell growth on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane offers several significant advantages. This model offers increased complexity compared to usual in silico culture models and still remains financially affordable. Using this model, we studied the growth of three established human melanoma cell lines: A2058, BLM, G361. The combination of histology, immunohistochemistry with the application of human-specific antibodies, intravascular injection of contrast material such as filtered Indian ink, Mercox solution and phosphotungstic acid, and X-ray micro-CT and live-cell monitoring was employed. Melanoma cells spread well on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. However, invasion into the stroma of the chorioallantoic membrane and the limb primordium graft was rare. The melanoma cells also significantly influenced the architecture of the blood vessel network, resulting in the orientation of the vessels to the site of the tumour cell inoculation. The system of melanoma cell culture on the chorioallantoic membrane is suitable for the study of melanoma cell growth, particularly of rearrangement of the host vascular pattern after cancer cell implantation. The system also has promising potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Strnadová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Španko
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Stomatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic. .,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic. .,Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Shbat
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Klepáček
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic. .,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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6
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Schneider-Stock R, Ribatti D. The CAM Assay as an Alternative In Vivo Model for Drug Testing. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:303-323. [PMID: 32776283 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay has been re-discovered in cancer research to study the molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer drug effects. Literature about the CAM assay as an alternative in vivo cancer xenograft model according to the 3R principles has exploded in the last 3 years. Following a summary of the basic knowledge about the chicken embryo, we compare advantages and disadvantages with the classical mouse xenograft model, exemplify established and innovative imaging techniques that are used in the CAM model, and give examples of its successful utilization for studying major hallmarks of cancer such as angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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7
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Blazquez R, Sparrer D, Wendl C, Evert M, Riemenschneider MJ, Krahn MP, Erez N, Proescholdt M, Pukrop T. The macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI) - A hitherto unnoticed area. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:324-333. [PMID: 31647982 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI) was previously considered an inert anatomical border which sharply separates the affected organ parenchyma from the macro-metastatic tissue. Recently, infiltrative growth of macro-metastases from various primary tumors was described in the brain, liver and lung, with significant impact on survival. Strikingly, the MMPI patterns differed between entities, so that at least nine different patterns were described. The MMPI patterns could be further classified into three major groups: displacing, epithelial and diffuse infiltrating. Additionally, macro-metastases are a source of further tumor cell dissemination in the affected organ; and these intra-organ metastatic dissemination tracks starting from the MMPI also vary depending on the anatomical structures of the colonized organ and influence disease outcome. In spite of their relevance, MMPIs and organ-specific dissemination tracks are still largely overlooked by many clinicians, pathologists and/or researchers. In this review, we aim to address this important issue and enhance our current understanding of the different MMPI patterns and dissemination tracks in the brain, liver and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blazquez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Sparrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Wendl
- Department of Radiology, Center of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M J Riemenschneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M P Krahn
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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8
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Moy AP, Duncan LM, Muzikansky A, Kraft S. Angiotropism in primary cutaneous melanoma is associated with disease progression and distant metastases: A retrospective study of 179 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:498-507. [PMID: 30903664 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotropism is the histopathological correlate of pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM), a mechanism of melanoma spread by migration along the external surface of blood and lymphatic vessels. The frequency of angiotropism in primary cutaneous melanoma and the clinical utility of its detection remain unclear. METHODS We investigated angiotropism in 179 primary cutaneous melanomas by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), CD31, and S100/D240 stains. RESULTS We detected angiotropism in 31 cases (17%) by H&E. CD31 immunohistochemistry increased detection to 59 cases (33%). When lymphatic vessels were included by using S100/D240 stains, 67 cases (37%) cases were positive. Angiotropism was associated with lymphatic invasion and mitotic rate with all detection methods. There was an association with increased tumor thickness when detected by H&E and CD31. No association with sentinel lymph node status was seen. By H&E and CD31 staining, angiotropism was associated with disease progression and distant metastases by univariate, but not multivariate analysis. Overall survival was not affected by the presence of angiotropism. CONCLUSIONS Angiotropism is relatively common in primary melanoma when immunohistochemical stains are used for detection and associated with mitotic rate and intravascular lymphatic invasion. The association with disease progression and distant metastasis suggests that it represents an alternative pathway of metastasis, that is, EVMM/pericytic mimicry vs intravascular spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Moy
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan Kraft
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Dermatopathology, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Hui TH, Cho WC, Fong HW, Yu M, Kwan KW, Ngan KC, Wong KH, Tan Y, Yao S, Jiang H, Gu Z, Lin Y. An electro-osmotic microfluidic system to characterize cancer cell migration under confinement. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190062. [PMID: 31164075 PMCID: PMC6597772 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel electro-osmotic microfluidic system to apply precisely controlled osmolarity gradients to cancer cells in micro-channels. We observed that albeit adhesion is not required for cells to migrate in such a confined microenvironment, the migrating velocity of cells is strongly influenced by the interactions between the cells and the channel wall, with a stronger adhesion leading to diminished cell motility. Furthermore, through examining more than 20 different types of cancer cells, we found a linear positive correlation between the protein concentration of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and the cell migrating speed. Knockdown of AQP4 in invasive re-populated cancer stem cells reduced their migration capability down to the level that is comparable to their parental cancer cells. Interestingly, these observations can all be quantitatively explained by the osmotic engine model where the cell movement is assumed to be driven by cross-membrane ion/water transport, while adhesion acts as a frictional resistance against the cell motility. By providing versatile and controllable features in regulating and characterizing the migration capability of cells, our system may serve as a useful tool in quantifying how cell motility is influenced by different physical and biochemical factors, as well as elucidating the mechanisms behind, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - W. C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - H. W. Fong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - M. Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. W. Kwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. C. Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. H. Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. Tan
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - S. Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - H. Jiang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Gu
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y. Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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10
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Fujioka T, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K. Blood vessels as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:69-73. [PMID: 30851365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis and angiogenesis share regulatory factors that contribute to the formation of vascular networks and neuronal circuits in the brain. While crosstalk mechanisms between neural stem cells (NSCs) and the vasculature have been extensively investigated, recent studies have provided evidence that blood vessels also play an essential role in neuronal migration in the brain during development and regeneration. The mechanisms of the neuronal migration along blood vessels, referred to as "vascular-guided migration," are now being elucidated. The vascular endothelial cells secrete soluble factors that attract and promote neuronal migration in collaboration with astrocytes that enwrap the blood vessels. In addition, especially in the adult brain, the blood vessels serve as a migration scaffold for adult-born immature neurons generated in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), a germinal zone surrounding the lateral ventricles. The V-SVZ-derived immature neurons use the vascular scaffold to assist their migration toward an injured area after ischemic stroke, and contribute to neuronal regeneration. Here we review the current knowledge about the role of vasculature in neuronal migration and the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. While most of this research has been done in rodents, a comprehensive understanding of vasculature-guided neuronal migration could contribute to new therapeutic approaches for increasing new neurons in the brain after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujioka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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11
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Pericytes in Sarcomas and Other Mesenchymal Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:109-124. [PMID: 31147874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of mesenchymal origin are a diverse group, with >130 distinct entities currently recognized by the World Health Organization. A subset of mesenchymal tumors grow or invade in a perivascular fashion, and their potential relationship to pericytes is a matter of ongoing interest. In fact, multiple intersections exist between pericytes and tumors of mesenchymal origin. First, pericytes are the likely cell of origin for a group of mesenchymal tumors with a common perivascular growth pattern. These primarily benign tumors grow in a perivascular fashion and diffusely express canonical pericyte markers such as CD146, smooth muscle actin (SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), and RGS5. These benign tumors include glomus tumor, myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma, and myofibroma. Second and as suggested by animal models, pericytes may give rise to malignant sarcomas. This is not a suggestion that all sarcomas within a certain subtype arise from pericytes, but that genetic modifications within a pericyte cell type may give rise to sarcomas. Third, mesenchymal tumors that are likely not a pericyte derivative co-opt pericyte markers in certain contexts. These include the PEComa family of tumors and liposarcoma. Fourth and finally, as "guardians" that enwrap the microvasculature, nonneoplastic pericytes may be important in sarcoma disease progression.
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12
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Extravascular Migratory Metastasis (Pericytic Mimicry) in Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019; 38:27-31. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Pitcovski J, Shahar E, Aizenshtein E, Gorodetsky R. Melanoma antigens and related immunological markers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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14
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Stewart CJR. Pericytic mimicry (extravascular migratory metastasis) in neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2017; 63:217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Time-lapse, deep-tissue imaging made possible by advances in intravital microscopy has demonstrated the importance of tumour cell migration through confining tracks in vivo. These tracks may either be endogenous features of tissues or be created by tumour or tumour-associated cells. Importantly, migration mechanisms through confining microenvironments are not predicted by 2D migration assays. Engineered in vitro models have been used to delineate the mechanisms of cell motility through confining spaces encountered in vivo. Understanding cancer cell locomotion through physiologically relevant confining tracks could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies to combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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16
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Moy AP, Duncan LM, Kraft S. Lymphatic invasion and angiotropism in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Transl Med 2017; 97:118-129. [PMID: 27991909 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Access of melanoma cells to the cutaneous vasculature either via lymphatic invasion or angiotropism is a proposed mechanism for metastasis. Lymphatic invasion is believed to be a mechanism by which melanoma cells can disseminate to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites and may be predictive of adverse outcomes. Although it can be detected on hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, sensitivity is markedly improved by immunohistochemistry for lymphatic endothelial cells. Multiple studies have reported a significant association between the presence of lymphatic invasion and sentinel lymph node metastasis and survival. More recently, extravascular migratory metastasis has been suggested as another means by which melanoma cells can spread. Angiotropism, the histopathologic correlate of extravascular migratory metastasis, has also been associated with melanoma metastasis and disease recurrence. Although lymphatic invasion and angiotropism are not currently part of routine melanoma reporting, the detection of these attributes using ancillary immunohistochemical stains may be useful in therapeutic planning for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Moy
- Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Kraft
- Dermatopathology Unit, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Fujioka T, Kaneko N, Ajioka I, Nakaguchi K, Omata T, Ohba H, Fässler R, García-Verdugo JM, Sekiguchi K, Matsukawa N, Sawamoto K. β1 integrin signaling promotes neuronal migration along vascular scaffolds in the post-stroke brain. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:195-203. [PMID: 28153772 PMCID: PMC5474439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a main cause of chronic disability. However, there is currently no effective treatment to promote recovery from stroke-induced neurological symptoms. Recent studies suggest that after stroke, immature neurons, referred to as neuroblasts, generated in a neurogenic niche, the ventricular-subventricular zone, migrate toward the injured area, where they differentiate into mature neurons. Interventions that increase the number of neuroblasts distributed at and around the lesion facilitate neuronal repair in rodent models for ischemic stroke, suggesting that promoting neuroblast migration in the post-stroke brain could improve efficient neuronal regeneration. To move toward the lesion, neuroblasts form chain-like aggregates and migrate along blood vessels, which are thought to increase their migration efficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating these migration processes are largely unknown. Here we studied the role of β1-class integrins, transmembrane receptors for extracellular matrix proteins, in these migrating neuroblasts. We found that the neuroblast chain formation and blood vessel-guided migration critically depend on β1 integrin signaling. β1 integrin facilitated the adhesion of neuroblasts to laminin and the efficient translocation of their soma during migration. Moreover, artificial laminin-containing scaffolds promoted neuroblast chain formation and migration toward the injured area. These data suggest that laminin signaling via β1 integrin supports vasculature-guided neuronal migration to efficiently supply neuroblasts to injured areas. This study also highlights the importance of vascular scaffolds for cell migration in development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujioka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakaguchi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Taichi Omata
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Honoka Ohba
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia 46980, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis and Neural Regeneration Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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18
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Adler NR, Haydon A, McLean CA, Kelly JW, Mar VJ. Metastatic pathways in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 30:13-27. [PMID: 27900851 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis represents the end product of an elaborate biological process, which is determined by a complex interplay between metastatic tumour cells, host factors and homoeostatic mechanisms. Cutaneous melanoma can metastasize haematogenously or lymphogenously. The three predominant models that endeavour to explain the patterns of melanoma progression are the stepwise spread model, the simultaneous spread model and the model of differential spread. The time course to the development of metastases differs between the different metastatic routes. There are several clinical and histopathological risk factors for the different metastatic pathways. In particular, patient sex and the anatomical location of the primary tumour influence patterns of disease progression. There is limited existing evidence regarding the relationship between tumour mutation status, other diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and the metastatic pathways of primary cutaneous melanoma. This knowledge gap needs to be addressed to better identify patients at high risk of disease recurrence and personalize surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R Adler
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - John W Kelly
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Victoria J Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Skin and Cancer Foundation, Carlton, Vic, Australia
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19
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Siam L, Bleckmann A, Chaung HN, Mohr A, Klemm F, Barrantes-Freer A, Blazquez R, Wolff HA, Lüke F, Rohde V, Stadelmann C, Pukrop T. The metastatic infiltration at the metastasis/brain parenchyma-interface is very heterogeneous and has a significant impact on survival in a prospective study. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29254-67. [PMID: 26299612 PMCID: PMC4745724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approach to brain metastases resection is macroscopic removal of metastasis until reaching the glial pseudo-capsule (gross total resection (GTR)). However, autopsy studies demonstrated infiltrating metastatic cells into the parenchyma at the metastasis/brain parenchyma (M/BP)-interface. Aims/Methods: To analyze the astrocyte reaction and metastatic infiltration pattern at the M/BP-interface with an organotypic brain slice coculture system. Secondly, to evaluate the significance of infiltrating metastatic tumor cells in a prospective biopsy study. Therefore, after GTR, biopsies were obtained from the brain parenchyma beyond the glial pseudo-capsule and analyzed histomorphologically. Results: The coculture revealed three types of cancer cell infiltration. Interestingly, the astrocyte reaction was significantly different in the coculture with a benign, neuroectodermal-derived cell line. In the prospective biopsy study 58/167 (34.7%) samples revealed infiltrating metastatic cells. Altogether, 25/39 patients (64.1%) had proven to exhibit infiltration in at least one biopsy specimen with significant impact on survival (OS) (3.4 HR; p = 0.009; 2-year OS was 6.6% versus 43.5%). Exceptionally, in the non-infiltrating cohort three patients were long-term survivors. Conclusions: Metastatic infiltration has a significant impact on prognosis. Secondly, the astrocyte reaction at the M/BP-interface is heterogeneous and supports our previous concept of the organ-specific defense against metastatic (organ-foreign) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Siam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han-Ning Chaung
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mohr
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Raquel Blazquez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik A Wolff
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lüke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Barnhill RL, Lemaitre S, Lévy-Gabrielle C, Rodrigues M, Desjardins L, Dendale R, Vincent-Salomon A, Roman-Roman S, Lugassy C, Cassoux N. Satellite in transit metastases in rapidly fatal conjunctival melanoma: implications for angiotropism and extravascular migratory metastasis (description of a murine model for conjunctival melanoma). Pathology 2016; 48:166-76. [PMID: 27020389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Little information is currently available concerning loco-regional metastases such as satellite and in transit metastases and their natural history in conjunctival melanoma as compared to cutaneous melanoma. Angiotropism, a marker of extravascular migration of melanoma cells along vascular channels, often appears responsible for microscopic satellite, satellite and in transit metastases development in cutaneous melanoma. In addition, diffuse tissue microscopic satellites are correlated with widespread melanoma dissemination and death. Herein we report rapid conjunctival melanoma progression and a fatal outcome in four of five patients following recurrence as satellite in transit metastases. Five patients aged 31, 60, 63, 56, and 67 years developed primary conjunctival melanoma, histologically characterised by tumour thicknesses of 4, 4, 1.1, 3, and 2 mm. Two or more conjunctival melanomas manifested ulceration, significant mitotic rates, necrosis, angiotropism, and intralesional transformation. The conjunctival melanoma recurred in a matter of months as one or more discrete satellite in transit lesions in the vicinity of the primary melanoma. Histological examination revealed well-defined micronodules containing atypical melanocytes in the subepithelial connective tissue stroma. All lesions were extravascular and most appeared angiotropic. Four of five patients subsequently developed parotid or other loco-regional nodal disease and rapidly ensuing widespread metastases and death. The time course from diagnosis to the demise of the patients averaged about 13 (range 7-20) months. Our findings suggest that satellite in transit metastases constitute an important new risk marker for possible rapid metastatic disease progression and death in patients with conjunctival melanoma. This finding appears to take on even greater significance if such lesions develop rapidly, i.e., in a matter of weeks or months following diagnosis of primary conjunctival melanoma, and if the primary melanoma manifests additional high-risk features. Additional studies are underway in order to further elucidate the mechanism of these metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rémi Dendale
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Lugassy
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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21
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Cattin AL, Burden JJ, Van Emmenis L, Mackenzie FE, Hoving JJA, Garcia Calavia N, Guo Y, McLaughlin M, Rosenberg LH, Quereda V, Jamecna D, Napoli I, Parrinello S, Enver T, Ruhrberg C, Lloyd AC. Macrophage-Induced Blood Vessels Guide Schwann Cell-Mediated Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves. Cell 2015; 162:1127-39. [PMID: 26279190 PMCID: PMC4553238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has remarkable regenerative capacities in that it can repair a fully cut nerve. This requires Schwann cells to migrate collectively to guide regrowing axons across a 'bridge' of new tissue, which forms to reconnect a severed nerve. Here we show that blood vessels direct the migrating cords of Schwann cells. This multicellular process is initiated by hypoxia, selectively sensed by macrophages within the bridge, which via VEGF-A secretion induce a polarized vasculature that relieves the hypoxia. Schwann cells then use the blood vessels as "tracks" to cross the bridge taking regrowing axons with them. Importantly, disrupting the organization of the newly formed blood vessels in vivo, either by inhibiting the angiogenic signal or by re-orienting them, compromises Schwann cell directionality resulting in defective nerve repair. This study provides important insights into how the choreography of multiple cell-types is required for the regeneration of an adult tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Cattin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucie Van Emmenis
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francesca E Mackenzie
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Julian J A Hoving
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Yanping Guo
- UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Maeve McLaughlin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura H Rosenberg
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor Quereda
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Denisa Jamecna
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ilaria Napoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simona Parrinello
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tariq Enver
- UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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22
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Abstract
Spitzoid melanomas (SM) and atypical Spitz tumors (AST) are rare pediatric neoplasms. We performed a retrospective, single-institution review and report our institutional experience. We identified 10 patients (median age: 12.5 years). A sentinel node biopsy (SNB) was performed in 8/10 (80%) patients, and interestingly 7/8 (87.5%) were found to be positive for malignant cells. A complete regional lymphadenectomy was performed in all SNB-positive patients, but only 2/8 (25%) were found to have additional lymph node spread. Adjuvant therapy was administered in 5/8 SLNB-positive and 2/2 (100%) regional LN-positive cases. All patients had excellent long-term outcomes (100% survival). This report highlights the excellent outcomes associated with SNB + pediatric SM and AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Batra
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Hematopoiesis, Hematologic Malignancies & Immunology, Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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23
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Yevick HG, Duclos G, Bonnet I, Silberzan P. Architecture and migration of an epithelium on a cylindrical wire. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5944-9. [PMID: 25922533 PMCID: PMC4434757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418857112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a wide range of epithelial tissues such as kidney tubules or breast acini, cells organize into bidimensional monolayers experiencing an out-of-plane curvature. Cancer cells can also migrate collectively from epithelial tumors by wrapping around vessels or muscle fibers. However, in vitro experiments dealing with epithelia are mostly performed on flat substrates, neglecting this out-of-plane component. In this paper, we study the development and migration of epithelial tissues on glass wires of well-defined radii varying from less than 1 µm up to 85 µm. To uncouple the effect of out-of-plane curvature from the lateral confinement experienced by the cells in these geometries, we compare our results to experiments performed on narrow adhesive tracks. Because of lateral confinement, the velocity of collective migration increases for radii smaller than typically 20 µm. The monolayer dynamics is then controlled by front-edge protrusions. Conversely, high curvature is identified as the inducer of frequent cell detachments at the front edge, a phenotype reminiscent of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. High curvature also induces a circumferential alignment of the actin cytoskeleton, stabilized by multiple focal adhesions. This organization of the cytoskeleton is reminiscent of in vivo situations such as the development of the trachea of the Drosophila embryo. Finally, submicron radii halt the monolayer, which then reconfigures into hollow cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Yevick
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Duclos
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Silberzan
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
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24
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Angiotropism, pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis in melanoma: an alternative to intravascular cancer dissemination. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 7:139-52. [PMID: 25304454 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For more than 15 years, angiotropism in melanoma has been emphasized as a marker of extravascular migration of tumor cells along the abluminal vascular surface, unveiling an alternative mechanism of tumor spread distinct from intravascular dissemination. This mechanism has been termed extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM). During EVMM, angiotropic tumor cells migrate in a 'pericytic-like' manner (pericytic mimicry) along the external surfaces of vascular channels, without intravasation. Through this pathway, melanoma cells may spread to nearby or more distant sites. Angiotropism is a prognostic factor predicting risk for metastasis in human melanoma, and a marker of EVMM in several experimental models. Importantly, analogies of EVMM and pericytic mimicry include neural crest cell migration, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and recent studies have suggested that the interaction between melanoma cells and the abluminal vascular surface induce differential expression of genes reminiscent of cancer migration and embryonic/stem cell state transitions. A recent work revealed that repetitive UV exposure of primary cutaneous melanomas in a genetically engineered mouse model promotes metastatic progression via angiotropism and migration along the abluminal vascular surface. Finally, recent data using imaging of melanoma cells in a murine model have shown the progression of tumor cells along the vascular surfaces. Taken together, these data provide support for the biological phenomenon of angiotropism and EVMM, which may open promising new strategies for reducing or preventing melanoma metastasis.
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25
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Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns-Lê T, Delvenne P, Piérard GE. Dormancy of growth-stunted malignant melanoma: sustainable and smoldering patterns. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:252. [PMID: 25992239 PMCID: PMC4419647 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentations of primary and metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) are very diverse. Evidence increasingly indicates that single CMM cells spread to distant sites quite early during cancer progression and are soon eliminated before they become clinically detectable. However bulky metastases which appear at a later stage might derive from some of these early neoplastic cells. It seems that local CMM single cell micro-metastases commonly predict sentinel lymph node involvement without overtly reflecting CMM progression to bulky visceral metastases. This study is intended to review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two CMM presentations. The first is the long interval, apparently disease-free, with persistent CMM dormancy, which may precede overt metastatic growth. Immunosurveillance may induce dormancy in single CMM cells disseminated in the body by blocking their proliferation cycle. The second is the so-called CMM smoldering phenomenon, which is marked by an alternate progression and regression of CMM locally with metastases that wax and wane for long periods of time over restricted skin areas. These very diverse patterns of CMM progression are likely to be ascribable to a number of biological factors, including the activation of CMM stem cells, and the combined phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in proliferative amplification in CMM cell clusters. Furthermore an adequate stimulation of CMM immune-surveillance and the induction of a specific stromal structure and vascular response are required. In this context, most early CMM tumors are in part controlled by lymphocyte-mediated responses before they become clinically detectable. However both the role of immune-surveillance and the mechanisms underlying both persistent and smoldering CMM dormancy remain unclear.
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26
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The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model for tumor biology. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:314-24. [PMID: 24972385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the in vivo models, the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been used to implant several tumor types as well as malignant cell lines to study their growth rate, angiogenic potential and metastatic capability. This review article is focused on the major compelling literature data on the use of the CAM to investigate tumor growth and the metastatic process.
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27
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Dyke JM, Crook ML, Platten M, Stewart CJR. Extravascular migratory metastasis in gynaecological carcinosarcoma. Histopathology 2014; 65:363-70. [PMID: 24734932 DOI: 10.1111/his.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM) is a potential mechanism of tumour spread reported most extensively in cutaneous melanoma. It has not been described previously in gynaecological malignancies. We describe EVMM in four gynaecological carcinosarcomas. METHODS AND RESULTS Extravascular migratory metastasis was observed in an ovarian carcinosarcoma during routine diagnostic assessment. Twenty-three additional, randomly selected gynaecological carcinosarcomas (11 tubo-ovarian and 12 endometrial) were examined retrospectively and EVMM was identified in three of these. Other than the index case, EVMM was a focal finding, identified in 12-18% of slides. The malignant cells demonstrating EVMM appeared sarcomatoid and were distributed abluminally, partly or completely surrounding the endothelium. Affected vessels often showed mural fibrin deposition. Immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), CD31, CD34, D2-40, laminin and type IV collagen was performed on the EVMM-positive cases. The perivascular malignant cells showed more consistent SMA and laminin immunoreactivity than the non-vascular tumour elements. CONCLUSIONS Extravascular migratory metastasis is a hitherto unrecognized mechanism of tumour spread in gynaecological carcinosarcomas. The perivascular tumour cells appear to adopt a pericytic phenotype, and this may represent a specific pattern of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Further studies with pericyte-specific immunohistological markers may better demonstrate the presence and possible prognostic significance of EVMM in gynaecological tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Dyke
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
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28
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Chung HJ, Mahalingam M. Angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and vascular invasion in cutaneous malignant melanoma – implications for therapeutic strategies and targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:621-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.883281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Nikitovic D, Mytilinaiou M, Berdiaki A, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparin regulate melanoma cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2471-81. [PMID: 24486410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solid melanoma tumor consists of transformed melanoma cells, and the associated stromal cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, as well as, soluble macro- and micro-molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) forming the complex network of the tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an important component of the melanoma tumor ECM. Importantly, there appears to be both a quantitative and a qualitative shift in the content of HSPGs, in parallel to the nevi-radial growth phase-vertical growth phase melanoma progression. Moreover, these changes in HSPG expression are correlated to modulations of key melanoma cell functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will critically discuss the roles of HSPGs/heparin in melanoma development and progression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We have correlated HSPGs' expression and distribution with melanoma cell signaling and functions as well as angiogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current knowledge of HSPGs/heparin biology in melanoma provides a foundation we can utilize in the ongoing search for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - M Mytilinaiou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ai Berdiaki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - N K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - G N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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30
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Lugassy C, Barnhill RL. Angiotropism and extravascular migratory metastasis in melanoma: from concept to gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zbytek B, Carlson JA, Granese J, Ross J, Mihm MC, Slominski A. Current concepts of metastasis in melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:569-585. [PMID: 19649148 DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.5.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main cause of death in melanoma patients is widespread metastases. Staging of melanoma is based on the primary tumor thickness, ulceration, lymph node and distant metastases. Metastases develop in regional lymph nodes, as satellite or in-transit lesions, or in distant organs. Lymph flow and chemotaxis is responsible for the homing of melanoma cells to different sites. Standard pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes fails to find occult melanoma in a significant proportion of cases. Detection of small numbers of malignant melanoma cells in these and other sites, such as adjacent to the primary site, bone marrow or the systemic circulation, may be enhanced by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription PCR, evaluation of lymphatic vessel invasion and proteomics. In the organs to which melanoma cells metastasize, extravasation of melanoma cells is regulated by adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteases, chemokines and growth factors. Melanoma cells may travel along external vessel lattices. After settling in the metastatic sites, melanoma cells develop mechanisms that protect them against the attack of the immune system. It is thought that one of the reasons why melanoma cells are especially resistant to killing is the fact that melanocytes (cells from which melanoma cells derive) are resistant to such noxious factors as ultraviolet light and reactive oxygen species. Targeted melanoma therapies are, so far, largely unsuccessful, and new ones, such as adjuvant inhibition of melanogenesis, are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Zbytek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA, Tel.: +1 901 448 6300, ,
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Lugassy C, Péault B, Wadehra M, Kleinman HK, Barnhill RL. Could pericytic mimicry represent another type of melanoma cell plasticity with embryonic properties? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:746-54. [PMID: 23789776 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the interaction between angiotropic melanoma cells and the abluminal vascular surface can induce or sustain embryonic and/or stem cell migratory properties in these tumor cells. As a result, such angiotropic melanoma cells may migrate along the abluminal vascular surface, demonstrating pericytic mimicry. Through these cellular interactions, melanoma cells may migrate toward secondary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lugassy C, Wadehra M, Li X, Corselli M, Akhavan D, Binder SW, Péault B, Cochran AJ, Mischel PS, Kleinman HK, Barnhill RL. Pilot study on "pericytic mimicry" and potential embryonic/stem cell properties of angiotropic melanoma cells interacting with the abluminal vascular surface. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2013; 6:19-29. [PMID: 23275074 PMCID: PMC3601217 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of tumor cells with the tumor vasculature is mainly studied for its role in tumor angiogenesis and intravascular metastasis of circulating tumor cells. In addition, a specific interaction of tumor cells with the abluminal surfaces of vessels, or angiotropism, may promote the migration of angiotropic tumor cells along the abluminal vascular surfaces in a pericytic location. This process has been termed extravascular migratory metastasis. The abluminal vascular surface may also provide a vascular niche inducing or sustaining stemness to angiotropic tumor cells. This pilot study investigated if angiotropic melanoma cells might represent a subset population with pericytic and embryonic or stem cell properties. Through microarray analysis, we showed that the interaction between melanoma cells and the abluminal surface of endothelial cells triggers significant differential expression of several genes. The most significantly differentially expressed genes have demonstrated properties linked to cancer cell migration (CCL2, ICAM1 and IL6), cancer progression (CCL2, ICAM1, SELE, TRAF1, IL6, SERPINB2 and CXCL6), epithelial to mesenchymal transition (CCL2 and IL6), embryonic/stem cell properties (CCL2, PDGFB, EVX1 and CFDP1) and pericytic recruitment (PDGFB). In addition, bioinformatics-based analysis of the differentially expressed genes has shown that the most significantly enriched functional groups included development, cell movement, cancer, and embryonic development. Finally, the investigation of pericyte/mesenchymal stem cells markers via immunostaining of human melanoma samples revealed expression of PDGFRB, NG2 and CD146 by angiotropic melanoma cells. Taken together, these preliminary data are supportive of the "pericytic mimicry" by angiotropic melanoma cells, and suggest that the interaction between melanoma cells and the abluminal vascular surface induce differential expression of genes linked to cancer migration and embryonic/stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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Lee SJ, Lim HJ, Choi YH, Chang YH, Lee WJ, Kim DW, Yoon GS. The clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and microscopic satellites in acral melanoma in a korean population. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:61-6. [PMID: 23467045 PMCID: PMC3582930 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are various histological prognostic parameters of cutaneous malignant melanoma, including tumor thickness and ulceration. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are among these parameters and can be further classified into three categories: 'absent', 'non-brisk' and 'brisk'. Brisk TIL usually indicates better clinical prognosis. Microscopic satellite (Ms) is defined as a nest of tumor cells that is greater than 0.05 mm in diameter and definitely separated from the main tumor. Even though the incidence of Ms varies according to Breslow thickness, the presence of Ms generally indicates poor prognosis. Objective Clinical significance of both TIL and Ms has been extensively studied in western populations but much less so in Asian countries, including Korea, where acral melanoma is the most common subtype. Methods We reviewed 90 patients with acral melanoma diagnosed at Kyungpook National University Hospital in Korea. Tissue specimens were examined using hematoxylin-eosin and HMB45 immunohistochemical staining. They were also evaluated by the presence and categorization of TIL (absent, non-brisk and brisk) and the presence of Ms. We further evaluated their impact on survival events (recurrence, distant metastasis and death). Results The number of survival events by TIL type was 22 in the absent category (22/64, 34.4%), 3 in the non-brisk category (3/25, 12.0%) and 0 in the brisk category. For Ms, survival events were present in 7 patients in Ms-present group (7/11, 63.6%) and 21 patients in Ms-absent group (21/79, 26.6%). Conclusion We suggest the possibility of TIL and Ms as prognostic indicators for acral melanoma in Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
The seventh version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging guidelines, published in 2009, has significant revisions compared with the previous version. The current schema was based on the largest melanoma patient cohort analyzed to date and is the result of a multivariate analysis of 30,946 patients with stages I, II, and III melanoma and 7972 patients with stage IV melanoma. This article summarizes the findings and the new definitions included in the 2009 AJCC Melanoma Staging and Classification. The TNM categories and the stage groupings are defined. Changes in the melanoma staging system are summarized.
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Weigelin B, Bakker GJ, Friedl P. Intravital third harmonic generation microscopy of collective melanoma cell invasion: Principles of interface guidance and microvesicle dynamics. INTRAVITAL 2012; 1:32-43. [PMID: 29607252 PMCID: PMC5858865 DOI: 10.4161/intv.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is an adaptive process based on cell-intrinsic properties to migrate individually or collectively, and their adaptation to encountered tissue structure acting as barrier or providing guidance. Whereas molecular and physical mechanisms of cancer invasion are well-studied in 3D in vitro models, their topographic relevance, classification and validation toward interstitial tissue organization in vivo remain incomplete. Using combined intravital third and second harmonic generation (THG, SHG), and three-channel fluorescence microscopy in live tumors, we here map B16F10 melanoma invasion into the dermis with up to 600 µm penetration depth and reconstruct both invasion mode and tissue tracks to establish invasion routes and outcome. B16F10 cells preferentially develop adaptive invasion patterns along preformed tracks of complex, multi-interface topography, combining single-cell and collective migration modes, without immediate anatomic tissue remodeling or destruction. The data suggest that the dimensionality (1D, 2D, 3D) of tissue interfaces determines the microanatomy exploited by invading tumor cells, emphasizing non-destructive migration along microchannels coupled to contact guidance as key invasion mechanisms. THG imaging further detected the presence and interstitial dynamics of tumor-associated microparticles with submicron resolution, revealing tumor-imposed conditioning of the microenvironment. These topographic findings establish combined THG, SHG and fluorescence microscopy in intravital tumor biology and provide a template for rational in vitro model development and context-dependent molecular classification of invasion modes and routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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Malignant melanoma and its stromal nonimmune microecosystem. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:584219. [PMID: 22811710 PMCID: PMC3395267 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, rapid advances were reached in the understanding of a series of biologic signals influencing cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) cells. CMM is in close contact with a peculiar dermal extracellular matrix (ECM). Stromal cells store and release various structural ECM components. The impact on CMM growth and progression is mediated through strong and long-lasting effects of ECM products. This paper summarizes some peculiar aspects of the peri-CMM stroma showing intracytoplasmic loads in Factor XIIIa, CD34, versican, and α (IV) collagen chains. The restricted peri-CMM skin territory exhibiting such changes corresponds to the area showing neoangiogenesis and extravascular unicellular metastatic spread. The latter inconspicuous migratory CMM cells possibly correspond to CMM stem cells or to CMM cells with aberrant HOX gene expression. Their presence is associated with an increased risk for metastases in the regional sentinel lymph nodes. In conclusion, the CMM-stroma connection appears crucial to the growth regulation, invasiveness and initial metastatic spread of CMM cells. Although much remains to be learned in this field, the active intervention of the peri-CMM stroma is likely involved in the inconspicuous early metastatic migration of CMM cells.
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Wilmott J, Haydu L, Bagot M, Zhang Y, Jakrot V, McCarthy S, Lugassy C, Thompson J, Scolyer R, Barnhill R. Angiotropism is an independent predictor of microscopic satellites in primary cutaneous melanoma. Histopathology 2012; 61:889-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Scherber C, Aranyosi AJ, Kulemann B, Thayer SP, Toner M, Iliopoulos O, Irimia D. Epithelial cell guidance by self-generated EGF gradients. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:259-69. [PMID: 22314635 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer epithelial cells often migrate away from the primary tumor to invade into the surrounding tissues. Their migration is commonly assumed to be directed by pre-existent spatial gradients of chemokines and growth factors in the target tissues. Unexpectedly however, we found that the guided migration of epithelial cells is possible in vitro in the absence of pre-existent chemical gradients. We observed that both normal and cancer epithelial cells can migrate persistently and reach the exit along the shortest path from microscopic mazes filled with uniform concentrations of media. Using microscale engineering techniques and biophysical models, we uncovered a self-guidance strategy during which epithelial cells generate their own guiding cues under conditions of biochemical confinement. The self-guidance strategy depends on the balance between three interdependent processes: epidermal growth factor (EGF) uptake by the cells (U), the restricted transport of EGF through the structured microenvironment (T), and cell chemotaxis toward the resultant EGF gradients (C). The UTC self-guidance strategy can be perturbed by inhibition of signalling through EGF-receptors and appears to be independent from chemokine signalling. Better understanding of the UTC self-guidance strategy could eventually help devise new ways for modulating epithelial cell migration and delaying cancer cell invasion or accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally Scherber
- Surgical Services and BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Thigmotropism of malignant melanoma cells. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:362784. [PMID: 22203839 PMCID: PMC3235666 DOI: 10.1155/2012/362784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During malignant melanoma (MM) progression including incipient metastasis, neoplastic cells follow some specific migration paths inside the skin. In particular, they progress along the dermoepidermal basement membrane, the hair follicles, the sweat gland apparatus, nerves, and the near perivascular space. These features evoke the thigmotropism phenomenon defined as a contact-sensing growth of cells. This process is likely connected to modulation in cell tensegrity (control of the cell shape). These specifically located paucicellular aggregates of MM cells do not appear to be involved in the tumorigenic growth phase, but rather they participate in the so-called "accretive" growth model. These MM cell collections are often part of the primary neoplasm, but they may, however, correspond to MM micrometastases and predict further local overt metastasis spread.
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Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Reginster MA, Quatresooz P. Smouldering malignant melanoma and metastatic dormancy: an update and review. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:461278. [PMID: 22110487 PMCID: PMC3216350 DOI: 10.1155/2012/461278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fund of knowledge regarding the versatility of presentation of MM metastases is still quite incomplete. The recent literature pertaining to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two special features of MM metastasis is reviewed. On the one hand, a long disease-free interval (MM dormancy) may occur before the surge of overt metastases. On the other hand, the so-called MM smouldering phenomenon refers to the condition where regional metastases wax and wane for long periods of time on restricted skin regions. It is important to emphasize that local micrometastases often predict sentinel lymph node involvement but may not reflect progression of the primary MM to full-blown visceral metastatic competence. It is likely that a combination of factors impacts the versatile MM metastasic progression. Among the main factors, one has to mention the phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in the phenotype of MM cells, the presence of MM stem cells and MM cells engaged in an amplification proliferation pool, as well as the host immune response, and possibly the induction of a particular stromal structure and vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald E. Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Atypical spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms with angiotropism: a potential mechanism of locoregional involvement. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:236-43. [PMID: 21389834 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181f8c0e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms (ASMN) may prove difficult to distinguish microscopically from melanoma, and their biological behavior may be unpredictable. ASMN may result in regional lymph node (LN) metastases and frequent sentinel lymph node (SLN) deposits. Angiotropism and extravascular migratory metastasis may account for locoregional metastases in melanoma and thus may potentially explain such locoregional involvement in ASMN. Nine ASMN with angiotropism from 2006 to 2010 were studied. Angiotropism was defined as melanocytes closely opposed to the external surfaces of microvascular channels without intravasation. There were 5 women and 4 men aged 6-40 (mean 18.7) years with ASMN involving the head and neck (5), the extremities (3), and the trunk (1), and the lesions ranged in diameters from 3.5 to 10 (mean 6.2) mm. Breslow thicknesses ranged from 0.66 to 5.35 (mean 3.21) mm, 5 lesions Clark level IV and 4 level V, and dermal mitotic rates varied from 1 to 5 (mean 2.4) per square millimeter. Despite follow-up of 6 months or less in 4 subjects, 5 patients showed regional tumor spread based on detection of SLN deposits, local recurrence, or clinical satellite and LN metastases. Four of 5 patients (80%) undergoing SLN biopsy showed nodal positivity with 2 SLN deposits of >6 mm. Among 4 patients not having SLN biopsy, 1 patient developed local LN metastases after 2 years. We report for the first time angiotropism in ASMN and suggest that such angiotropism seems to correlate with and may explain regional tumor spread in this neoplastic system.
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Advances in tenascin-C biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3175-99. [PMID: 21818551 PMCID: PMC3173650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is specifically and transiently expressed upon tissue injury. Upon tissue damage, tenascin-C plays a multitude of different roles that mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair. In the last decade, emerging evidence has demonstrated a vital role for tenascin-C in cardiac and arterial injury, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as in modulating stem cell behavior. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which tenascin-C mediates these effects and discuss the implications of mis-regulated tenascin-C expression in driving disease pathology.
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Quatresooz P, Reginster MA, Piérard GE. 'Malignant melanoma microecosystem': Immunohistopathological insights into the stromal cell phenotype. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:379-384. [PMID: 22977513 PMCID: PMC3440745 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM) is rooted in the dermal connective tissue, which consists of apparently unremarkable stromal cells as they appear upon regular histopathological examination. However, a number of in vitro studies have shown that these cells produce diverse types of cytokines, growth factors and enzymes in excess. In addition, they store and probably release various structural components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Most of the current information comes from in vitro experiments, and these findings do not always correlate with investigations carried out using excised human MM tissue. The MM-stroma connection appears crucial to the regulation of neoplastic growth, invasiveness and initial metastatic spread. However, little is known about the in vivo intracellular storage and extracellular deposits of specific ECM macromolecules located inside and around MM lesions. This review summarizes various distinct features of the peri-MM stroma, which shows an intracytoplasmic abundance of Factor XIIIa, versican and various α (IV) collagen chains. The area exhibiting such changes corresponds to the location where neoangiogenesis commonly develops and where extravascular unicellular metastatic MM lesions are possibly found. Some of these inconspicuous migratory malignant melanocytes may actually correspond to MM stem cells. Their presence was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk for distant metastases, particularly in the sentinel lymph nodes. Although much remains to be learned, active intervention of the ECM appears likely in the inconspicuous early dermal metastatic migration of MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, BE-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Gene expression profiling of human angiotropic primary melanoma: Selection of 15 differentially expressed genes potentially involved in extravascular migratory metastasis. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) micrometastases are basically seen in three locations inside the peritumoral dermis. They are localized (i) inside the interstitial sector of the dermal stroma; (ii) abutted to the external surface of the microvasculature; and (iii) more rarely present inside vascular channels. Single-cell and paucicellular micrometastases may be disclosed using immunohistochemistry even in the absence of larger microsatellites, which represent micronodular nests of metastatic cells. The presence of microsatellites is frequently tied to markers of MM aggressiveness including thickness and the Ki-67 index. Micrometastases may be present in the same conditions, but even as early as thin MM showing a small growth fraction. Microsatellites as well as micrometastases appear to predict locoregional extension and decreased relapse-free interval, but not distant metastasis and overall survival. These considerations have implications for patient care since patients with microsatellites and micrometastases are now included in the clinical stage III category of the disease. Their implication as a prognostic factor is not fully dependent on or linked to other markers of MM aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Oikawa Y, Hansson J, Sasaki T, Rousselle P, Domogatskaya A, Rodin S, Tryggvason K, Patarroyo M. Melanoma cells produce multiple laminin isoforms and strongly migrate on α5 laminin(s) via several integrin receptors. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:1119-33. [PMID: 21195710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells express and interact with laminins (LMs) and other basement membrane components during invasion and metastasis. In the present study we have investigated the production and migration-promoting activity of laminin isoforms in melanoma. Immunohistochemistry of melanoma specimens and immunoprecipitation/western blotting of melanoma cell lines indicated expression of laminin-111/121, laminin-211, laminin-411/421, and laminin-511/521. Laminin-332 was not detected. In functional assays, laminin-111, laminin-332, and laminin-511, but not laminin-211 and laminin-411, strongly promoted haptotactic cell migration either constitutively or following stimulation with insulin-like growth factors. Both placenta and recombinant laminin-511 preparations were highly active, and the isolated recombinant IVa domain of LMα5 also promoted cell migration. Function-blocking antibodies in cell migration assays revealed α6β1 integrin as the major receptor for laminin-111, and both α3β1 and α6β1 integrins for laminin-332 and laminin-511. In contrast, isolated LMα5 IVa domain-promoted melanoma cell migration was largely mediated via αVβ3 integrin and inhibited by RGD peptides. Given the ubiquitous expression of α5 laminins in melanoma cells and in melanoma-target tissues/anatomical structures, as well as the strong migration-promoting activity of these laminin isoforms, the α5 laminins emerge as putative primary extracellular matrix mediators of melanoma invasion and metastasis via α3β1 and other integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oikawa
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Angiotropic neonatal congenital melanocytic nevus: how extravascular migration of melanocytes may explain the development of congenital nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:495-9. [PMID: 20442637 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181c6afce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the following report we describe a medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) on the upper back of a female patient biopsied at 9 days of age. This case is a unique variant of CMN occurring in the neonatal period that mimics malignant melanoma. This is not only because of histologic features such as a large round or ovoid cellular phenotype of melanocytes mimicking melanoma cells but also because of conspicuous angiotropism, a finding not previously reported in such CMN. Immunostaining for blood and lymphatic vessels demonstrated angiotropism of melanocytes about blood vessels but not lymphatics. We have already emphasized the significance of angiotropism as a marker of extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM) of melanoma. EVMM, a process by which tumor cells migrate along vessels and other tracks, has striking parallels with the migration of embryonic stem cells from the neural crest. Thus we propose, because angiotropism is a common finding in CMN and metastatic melanoma, that (1) such pathways of cellular migration may result in the genesis of CMN and other melanocytic neoplasms; and (2) the dysregulation of such embryonic pathways may result in the retrograde migratory phenomena of melanoma as already described. In summary, extravascular cellular migration of melanocytes seems to be fundamental for melanoma (perhaps other cancer) metastasis but also hypothetically may be important for the development of other melanocytic lesions such as CMN and requires further investigation.
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Lugassy C, Torres-Muñoz JE, Kleinman HK, Ghanem G, Vernon S, Barnhill RL. Overexpression of malignancy-associated laminins and laminin receptors by angiotropic human melanoma cells in a chick chorioallantoic membrane model. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:1237-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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