Integrated Rehabilitation for Breast Cancer Survivors

Physical rehabilitation program for cardiorespiratory health and quality of life among breast cancer survivors in UAE: protocol for a randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a medical condition where some cells of the body reproduce uncontrollably and metastasize to other parts of the body. The burden of the disease is significantly high both at the global and national levels. In UAE, cancer was found to be the third leading cause of death. Breast cancer has been ranked first due to its prevalence, incidence, and mortality in UAE. Breast cancer survivors have significantly poor cardiovascular tolerance which affects their quality of life (QoL), even after the carcinoma has been treated or removed. Thus, the protocol aims to analyze the changes in cardiovascular endurance and QoL domains for breast cancer survivors in the United Arab Emirates using a long-term 2-month physical rehabilitation.

METHODS

A total of 60 breast cancer survivors would be included in the study using a randomized controlled allocation of a 2-month physical rehabilitation intervention program with 3 months of follow-up. The intervention would target the cardiovascular endurance component of the participants to improve their physical well-being and quality of life ultimately.

DISCUSSION

The findings of the study would have high clinical significance among breast cancer survivors in the UAE. The proposed physical rehabilitation program could be beneficial in improving cardiovascular endurance and thereby reduce the risk of mortality among breast cancer survivors. In addition, the physiological benefits of the exercise program could improve their quality-of-life domains including physical, mental, and social well-being. On a larger view, it could also help to reduce the economic burden on the health system due to associated complications.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06013527. Registered on 28 August 2023.

Symptoms and need for individualised support during the first year after primary treatment for breast cancer-A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

The survival rate among patients with breast cancer is high. It is well described that after primary treatment patients may experience symptoms and concerns but the needs and resources during the first year to manage everyday life are not well described.

AIM

To describe experiences of symptom distress, needs and support during the first year after primary treatment for breast cancer from the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals.

DESIGN

Qualitative descriptive.

METHODS

Data collection through individual interviews with patients (n = 17) and a focus group interview with healthcare professionals (n = 7). Data was analysed using thematic analysis and resulted in three themes.

RESULTS

The first theme, 'Struggling with symptoms and changes in everyday life' shows how symptoms and concerns interfered with the everyday life of patients and in some situations even impeded them. Patients try to adapt to their new situation by creating new routines and managing symptoms through self-care. The second theme, 'Adaption in a period of uncertainty' describes thoughts about cancer recurrence and doubts about continuing with the endocrine therapy if symptoms prolong. In the third theme, 'Support and need for individualized follow-up care' healthcare professionals described that they provide support by being available and by giving both verbal and written information. Patients expressed that the information could be too general and voiced a need for more individually tailored support.

CONCLUSION

During the first year after primary treatment, patients with breast cancer describe how they try to manage by themselves, but express both unmet needs and a wish for extended and more individually tailored support. The healthcare professionals recognised that patients lack a structured plan for the first year and the need for continued support. This stresses a need for development of care models with special consideration towards individualised support after breast cancer treatment.

NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

There was no patient or public involvement in the design or conduct of the study. The interview study was not considered to benefit from involving patients or healthcare professionals when designing the interview guides as they were developed through literature and previous research of patients treated for breast cancer.

Implementing and sustaining a breast cancer prospective surveillance rehabilitation program: an institutional perspective

BACKGROUND

The prospective surveillance model (PSM) is an evidence-based rehabilitation care delivery model that facilitates functional screening and intervention for individuals undergoing cancer treatment. While PSM is empirically validated and feasible in practice, implementation into cancer care delivery has languished. The purpose of this manuscript is to characterize the barriers and facilitators to implementing PSM in a breast cancer center and to share policy and process outcomes that have sustained the model in practice.

METHODS

The PSM implementation was undertaken as a quality improvement initiative of our cancer center. We retrospectively assessed barriers to implementation and define those according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Implementation strategies are defined based on the Expert Recommendations for Implementation Change (ERIC) taxonomy. Breast center policy changes and stakeholder-reported process improvement outcomes at the clinic and system level are described.

RESULTS

PSM implementation facilitation was driven primarily by adapting the model to align with the cancer center workflow, engaging interdisciplinary stakeholders as program champions, enhancing knowledge and awareness among cancer care providers, and changing infrastructure to support the model. System and clinic-level policy and process changes included the development of clinical pathways, EHR order sets and automated referrals, new staffing models, and adapted clinical workflows.

CONCLUSION

Our report provides insight on implementing the PSM at a single institution in a cancer care delivery setting. Successful implementation strategies addressed individual, clinic, and system-level barriers and facilitated process and policy changes that have enabled PSM sustainment. Improving integration of rehabilitation services into oncology care has significant implications for survivorship care by enhancing proactive management of functional morbidity.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Improving integration of rehabilitation services into oncology care has significant implications for survivorship care by enhancing proactive management of functional morbidity.

The role of physical arm function and demographic disparities in breast cancer survivors’ ability to return to work

Purpose

Ability to return to work (RTW) is an important aspect of breast cancer that is limited for many survivors. With 90% survivorship in the USA, it is imperative that focus shifts toward the improvement of physical arm function to improve survivors’ ability to RTW. This narrative review discusses the role of physical arm function and demographic disparities in breast cancer survivor RTW.

Methods

Literature on physical function, arm function, and demographic disparities following breast cancer treatment and their implications for RTW is discussed.

Results

The ability to RTW is a key component of recovery for breast cancer survivors, but challenges and inequalities persist. Treatment effects can induce and prolong functional disability, affecting survivors’ ability to RTW. These effects may be compounded for survivors whose occupation requires physical arm function. The RTW landscape, including the occupations survivors have, the physical function required for job tasks, and availability of workplace accommodations, is also unclear. Additional demographic disparities (e.g., income, live in rural area) exist, but the extent to which these factors influence RTW is not well understood. More work is needed to understand the compounded impact of treatment effects, demographic disparities, and occupational factors on RTW. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation that includes occupational counseling and exercise is a promising approach, but widespread adoption in the US healthcare model presents an ongoing challenge. Areas for further research are highlighted.

Conclusion

There is an incomplete understanding of the effects of treatment on physical arm function and the role of demographic disparities on breast cancer survivor RTW.

Breast Cancer Survivorship: the Role of Rehabilitation According to the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health-a Scoping Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The population of breast cancer (BC) survivors is growing due to earlier diagnosis and effective combined treatments. A scoping review was performed to explore the role of rehabilitation in BC survivorship and the major issues in BC survivors with International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) perspective.

RECENT FINDINGS

The authors searched PubMed from January 1, 2018, up until November 9, 2021. The 65 selected publications were analyzed with the Comprehensive ICF BC Core Set (CCS) perspective and assigned to the categories of the CCS components along with the 3 areas of health (physical, mental, and social health). The multidimensional aspects of BC survivor disability are evident, whereas the topics of the articles concern several categories of the ICF BC CCS and all 3 areas of health. However, the current ICF BC CCS does not include certain categories related to emerging issues of BC survivorship recurring in the papers. Rehabilitation is crucial in BC survivorship management to give personalized answers to women beyond BC, and the ICF BC CCS remains an essential tool in rehabilitation assessment for BC survivors although it needs updating.

A COVID-19 Rehabilitation Prospective Surveillance Model for Use by Physiotherapists

The long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are only now beginning to be defined, but it is already known that the disease can have direct and indirect impacts mainly on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular systems and may affect mental health. A role for rehabilitation professionals from all disciplines in addressing COVID-19 sequelae is recognised, but it is essential that patient assessment be systematic if health complications are to be identified and treated and, if possible, prevented. The aim is to present a COVID-19 prospective surveillance model based on sensitive and easily used assessment tools, which is urgently required. Following the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Level of Evidence Tool, an expert team in cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and mental health worked via telemeetings to establish a model that provides guidelines to rehabilitation professionals working with patients who require rehabilitation after suffering from COVID-19. A COVID-19 prospective surveillance model is proposed for use by rehabilitation professionals and includes both face-to-face and telematic monitoring components. This model should facilitate the early identification and management of long-term COVID-19 sequelae, thus responding to an arising need.

Long-Term Effectiveness of Combined Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Plus Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Postmastectomy Lymphedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Upper limb lymphedema may be revealed after breast cancer and its treatment. Among different treatment approaches, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) are reported as effective modalities in the treatment of postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema (PML). The aim of the current study is to investigate the long-term effectiveness of combined IPC plus LLLT versus IPC therapy alone in patients with PML. Methods and Results: The patients were allocated into two groups in this single-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Group I received combined treatment with IPC plus LLLT (n = 21) and group II received only IPC (n = 21). IPC treatment was given 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks (20 sessions). LLLT was also performed 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks (20 sessions). Clinical evaluations were performed before and after the treatment at the 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up visits. According to within-group analysis, statistically significant improvements in the circumference difference (C_diff) and grip strength were observed in both groups (for C_diff, p = 0.018 and p = 0.032, respectively; for grip strength, p = 0.001 and p = 0.046, respectively). Visual analog scale values for arm pain and shoulder pain during motion were decreased only in group I. Conclusion: Both interventions have positive effects on lymphedema, grip strength, and pain. Long-term effects of combined therapy, especially on pain, are slightly superior to the pneumatic compression alone.

A systematic review of rehabilitation and exercise recommendations in oncology guidelines

Guidelines promote high quality cancer care. Rehabilitation recommendations in oncology guidelines have not been characterized and may provide insight to improve integration of rehabilitation into oncology care. This report was developed as a part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Rehabilitation 2030 initiative to identify rehabilitation-specific recommendations in guidelines for oncology care. A systematic review of guidelines was conducted. Only guidelines published in English, for adults with cancer, providing recommendations for rehabilitation referral and assessment or interventions between 2009 and 2019 were included. 13840 articles were identified. After duplicates and applied filters, 4897 articles were screened. 69 guidelines were identified with rehabilitation-specific recommendations. Thirty-seven of the 69 guidelines endorsed referral to rehabilitation services but provided no specific recommendations regarding assessment or interventions. Thirty-two of the 69 guidelines met the full inclusion criteria and were assessed using the AGREE II tool. Twenty-one of these guidelines achieved an AGREE II quality score of ≥ 45 and were fully extracted. Guidelines exclusive to pharmacologic interventions and complementary and alternative interventions were excluded. Findings identify guidelines that recommend rehabilitation services across many cancer types and for various consequences of cancer treatment signifying that rehabilitation is a recognized component of oncology care. However, these findings are at odds with clinical reports of low rehabilitation utilization rates suggesting that guideline recommendations may be overlooked. Considering that functional morbidity negatively affects a majority of cancer survivors, improving guideline concordant rehabilitative care could have substantial impact on function and quality of life among cancer survivors.

The influence of mastectomy and reconstruction on residual upper limb function in breast cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Breast cancer survivorship is common (90% of women survive 5 or more years), but many women are not able to return to full function and well-being after treatment due to functional limitations, persistent pain, and inability to perform daily activities. Since each surgical reconstructive option (e.g., autologous tissue flaps versus implants) can impact shoulder and arm function differently, it is important to understand how shoulder and upper limb strength, mobility, and function are influenced by the type of surgical intervention. Efforts can then focus on prehabiliation strategies to prevent the onset of limitations and on developing rehabilitation protocols that directly target shortcomings.

METHODS

The current paper presents a review summarizing how shoulder and upper limb function may be affected by surgical mastectomy and breast reconstruction.

RESULTS

Mastectomy and breast reconstruction with implants or autologous tissues present different functional outcomes for patients. Each surgical procedure is associated with unique sequelae derived from the tissues and procedures associated with each surgery. Characterizing the specific functional outcomes associated with each surgical approach will promote the development of targeted rehabilitation strategies that can be implemented into a multidisciplinary treatment planning pathway for breast cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical treatments for breast cancer, including mastectomy and breast reconstruction, can have negative effects. Focused efforts are needed to better understand treatment-specific effects so that targeted rehabilitation can be developed to improve patient function, QoL, and ability to return to work and life activities post-breast cancer.

Cancer Rehabilitation:: Acute and Chronic Issues, Nerve Injury, Radiation Sequelae, Surgical and Chemo-Related, Part 2

Cancer affects millions of individuals, and approximately half will develop functional impairments. Cancers that commonly, either from direct effects or from its treatments, result in functional impairments include breast, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord tumors. There is a plethora of potential impairments including pain, spasticity, dystonia, weakness, and neurogenic bowel or bladder. This article reviews the functional impairments frequently encountered in breast, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord tumors. The authors also discuss management and treatment options incorporated in comprehensive cancer rehabilitation to address these impairments to maximize and maintain function and quality of life.

Therapeutic Alliance in a Single Versus Group Rehabilitative Setting After Breast Cancer Surgery: Psychological Profile and Performance Rehabilitation

The survival rate of women after breast cancer has improved significantly worldwide. More attention should be paid to the rehabilitation intervention after surgery. Cancer rehabilitation helps breast cancer survivors maintain the highest possible physical, social, psychological, and vocational function in the limits that are imposed by the cancer and its treatments. The aim of our research was to determine the rehabilitative setting that promotes greater efficacy of the rehabilitation. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial with 45 patients enrolled was conducted. All participants were randomized into two groups: single rehabilitative training (N = 22) and group rehabilitative training (N = 23). Outcomes were assessed for each group before treatment (T0), after first 6 weeks of rehabilitative treatment (T1), and after 3 months (T2). All patients underwent the same rehabilitation treatment, but the setting differed between single and group rehabilitative training, which included four to five patients each and evaluated using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), Working Alliance Inventory Patient form (WAIP), Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), and visual analog scale (VAS). Two patients dropped out in the single treatment group. In the within-group analysis at the three evaluation times, on the VAS, a significant reduction in pain was reported and maintained at the follow-up, as was observed for the DASH and WAIP scales. In the between-group analysis WAIP and Bond scale scores differed significantly in favor of the single treatment. In the group treatment, the Psychopathic Deviate, Masculine/Feminine, and Social Discomfort scales of the MMPI-2 correlated with WAIP Tot at T1. There was an association between the Correction, Hysteria, Paranoid, and Schizophrenia MMPI-2 scales and Δ VAS T0T1 in the total sample. Proposing the same rehabilitative intervention in both breast cancer groups, our results showed significant reduction in pain and good functional recovery of the upper limb, which did not depend on the setting (single or group). However, with single rehabilitation treatment, patients developed a better therapeutic alliance and experienced a more comfortable environment.