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Lail A, Ding J, Leyva BK, Jalal S, Nakae S, Fares S, Khosa F. Ivory tower in MD/PhD programmes: sticky floor, broken ladder and glass ceiling. BMJ LEADER 2024:leader-2024-001003. [PMID: 39103197 DOI: 10.1136/leader-2024-001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Achieving gender equity in academic medicine is not only a matter of social justice but also necessary in promoting an innovative and productive academic community. The purpose of this study was to assess gender distribution in dual MD/PhD academic programme faculty members across North America. METHODS Academic metrics were analysed to quantify the relative career success of academic faculty members in MD/PhD programmes. Measured parameters included academic and leadership ranks along with nominal research factors such as peer-reviewed research publications, H-index, citation number and years of active research. RESULTS Χ² analysis revealed a statistically significant (p<0.0001, χ²=114.5) difference in the gender distribution of faculty and leadership across North American MD/PhD programmes. Men held 74.2% of full professor positions, 64% of associate professor positions, 59.4% of assistant professor positions and 62.8% of lecturer positions. Moreover, men occupied a larger share of faculty leadership roles with a statistically significant disparity across all ranks (p<0.001, χ²=20.4). A higher proportion of men held positions as department chairs (79.6%), vice chairs (69.1%) and programme leads (69.4%). CONCLUSION Gender disparity was prevalent in the MD/PhD programmes throughout North America with women achieving a lower degree of professional stature than men. Ultimately, steps must be taken to support women faculty to afford them better opportunities for academic and professional advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achint Lail
- Faculty of Science, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brayden K Leyva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Faculty of Science, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sunny Nakae
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California, USA
| | - Saleh Fares
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Warsame R, Kim YH, Ouk MY, Mara KC, Lacy MQ, Hayes SN, Shalle Z, Balls-Berry J, Jordan BL, Enders FT, Wolanskyj-Spinner AP, Spinner RJ. Academic Promotions in Medicine: An Appraisal of Fairness. Mayo Clin Proc 2024; 99:424-434. [PMID: 38432747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the process of conferring academic rank or components of the promotion packet contribute to the lack of parity in academic advancement for women and individuals underrepresented in medicine (URMs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed prospective promotion applications to the position of associate professor or professor at Mayo Clinic from January 2, 2015, through July 1, 2019. Individuals with doctorate degrees who applied for either rank were included in the study. Data collected included demographic characteristics, curriculum vitae at time of application, committee score sheets, and deferral and approval decisions. Deferral rates for women compared with men and for URMs compared with non-URMs was the primary outcome. RESULTS Of 462 people who applied for associate professor, 10% (n=46) were deferred. Those promoted had worked longer at Mayo Clinic (median, 6 years vs 2 years; P=.01), had more mentees (median, 6 vs 4; P=.02), authored more publications (median [interquartile range (IQR)], 39 [32-52] vs 30 [24-35]; P<.001), and were more likely to be on a National Institutes of Health or institutional grant (P<.05). Of the 320 people who applied for professor, 8.8% (n=28) were deferred. Those promoted had authored more publications (median [IQR], 77 [60-99] vs 56 [44-66]; P<.001) and were less likely to hold an elected office to a professional society (22.6% vs 39.3%; P=.05). There was no significant association between deferral status and sex (P>.4) or race/ethnicity (P>.9) for either rank. CONCLUSION The process for academic advancement for professorships does not contribute to the gap in promotion rates for women and URMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Warsame
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Yong-Hun Kim
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Melody Y Ouk
- Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kristin C Mara
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Martha Q Lacy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sharonne N Hayes
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Joyce Balls-Berry
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Barbara L Jordan
- Office of Education Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Felicity T Enders
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Khullar K, Deek RA, Nelson B, Gaines D, Corrigan KL, LeCompte MC, Deville C, Deek MP, Jabbour SK. Gender and the Receipt of the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology Educator of the Year Award. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101305. [PMID: 38260226 PMCID: PMC10801657 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We hypothesized that there may be a gender disparity in the receipt of the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO) Educator of the Year Award and sought to elucidate factors that contribute to differences in award receipt. Methods and Materials Using a database provided by the American Society for Radiation Oncology, award recipients were identified from 2010 to 2022. Publicly available websites were accessed to obtain data regarding gender, years since residency graduation, percentage of female faculty, size of residency program, and program director designation. A 1-sample Z-test was used to assess whether the proportion of female ARRO award winners, defined as the proportion of female radiation oncology faculty members in the nominating universities that year, was significantly less than the population average. Secondary analyses used univariable binary logistic regression to identify global associations between gender, year since gradation, or program size. Results The lowest proportion of female awardees occurred in 2013 (14.3%) and the greatest proportion in 2022 (30.6%). Compared with the proportion of female faculty members in nominating programs for the respective year, there were significantly fewer female awardees in 2010 (18% female awardees vs 32% female faculty members; P = .02) and 2013 (14% female awardees vs 31% female faculty members; P = .01). There was a statistically significant increase in female awardees during the study period (P < .01). On logistic regression analysis, large program size (≥10 residents) (odds ratio [OR], 6.86; 95% CI, 2.71-23.1; P < .001) and medium program size (5-9 residents) (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.60-13.7; P < .001) were associated with a greater proportion of female awardees compared with small program size (1-4 residents). There was no association between awardee gender and years since graduation. Conclusions A gender disparity was present in the receipt of ARRO Educator Awards. Residency chiefs, program directors, and chairs should work to ensure that a diverse slate of faculty is considered annually for the ARRO Educator Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Khullar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A. Deek
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bailey Nelson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dakim Gaines
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelsey L. Corrigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael C. LeCompte
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Curtiland Deville
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew P. Deek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Salma K. Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Kohler F, Halford GRJ, Lukin M, Hafner BJ, Boone DA, Desmond DM, Franchignoni F, Gailey RS, Hagberg K, Major MJ, Resnik L, Tan JM. Categorization and recommendations for outcome measures for lower limb absence by an expert panel. Prosthet Orthot Int 2023; 47:565-574. [PMID: 37878250 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the psychometric strengths and limitations of outcome measures for use with people with lower limb absence (LLA) is important for selecting measures suited to evaluating patient outcomes, answering clinical and research questions, and informing health care policy. The aim of this project was to review the current psychometric evidence on outcome measures in people with LLA to determine which measures should be included in a stakeholder consensus process. METHODS An expert panel was assembled, and a 3-stage review process was used to categorize outcome measures identified in a systematic literature review into 3 distinct categories (recommended for measures with better than adequate psychometric properties; recommended with qualification; and unable to recommend). Panelists were asked to individually categorize measures based on results of a systematic review of identified measures' psychometric properties. Each measure's final categorization was based on ≥70% agreement by all panelists. RESULTS No outcome measure attained the ≥70% consensus threshold needed to achieve a rating of "recommend." Hence, panelists suggested combining "recommend" and "recommend with qualifications" into a single category of "recommend with qualifications." Using this approach, consensus was reached for 59 of 60 measures. Consensus could not be reached on 1 outcome measure (socket comfort score). Thirty-six outcome measures were categorized as "unable to recommend" based on available evidence; however, 23 (12 patient-reported measures and 11 performance-based measures) demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in LLA samples and were thus rated as "recommend with qualification" by the expert panel. The panel of experts were able to recommend 23 measures for inclusion in the subsequent stakeholder review. A key strength of this process was bringing together international researchers with extensive experience in developing and/or using LLA outcome measures who could assist in identifying psychometrically sound measures to include in a subsequent stakeholder consensus process. CONCLUSION The above categorizations represent the current state of psychometric evidence on outcome measures for people with LLA and hence may change over time as additional research becomes available. The results will be used to achieve wider consensus from clinicians, health policymakers, health clinic managers, researchers, and end users (i.e., individuals with LLA) on outcome measures for the International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics lower limb Consensus Outcome Measures for Prosthetic and Amputation ServiceS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedbert Kohler
- International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), Copenhagen, Denmark
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
- Braeside Hospital, HammondCare Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory R J Halford
- International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Physiotherapy, Podiatry, Prosthetics and Orthotics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martina Lukin
- International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), Copenhagen, Denmark
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
- Braeside Hospital, HammondCare Health, Sydney, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy, Podiatry, Prosthetics and Orthotics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Orthocare Innovations, Edmonds, WA
- Prosthetics and Orthotics International, Brussels, Belgium
- Exceed Worldwide, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Assisting Living and Learning Institute and Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI
- Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian J Hafner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David A Boone
- Orthocare Innovations, Edmonds, WA
- Prosthetics and Orthotics International, Brussels, Belgium
- Exceed Worldwide, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre M Desmond
- Assisting Living and Learning Institute and Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Franco Franchignoni
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - Robert S Gailey
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Kerstin Hagberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Major
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Resnik
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI
- Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jade M Tan
- School of Physiotherapy, Podiatry, Prosthetics and Orthotics, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI
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Yuen J, Kulathaivelu R, Hussain M, Mutwiri G, Jutras M, Patlas M, Robbins JB, Khosa F. Gender Differences in Academic Rank, Leadership, and Awards Among NIH Grant Recipients in Diagnostic Radiology. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:1200-1207. [PMID: 37639690 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Females have been traditionally underrepresented in academia across multiple medical specialties, including radiology. The present study investigated primary investigators (PIs) who received National Institutes of Health (NIH) radiology funding between 2016 and 2019 to establish if there was a correlation between NIH grants, gender, academic rank, first and second tier leadership positions, geographic location, and professional awards. Materials and Methods: Funding information was obtained from the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results (RePORTER) website for 2016-2019. Information for each PI was obtained from academic institutional websites, LinkedIn, and Doximity. Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square analyses were performed to compare and determine associations between gender and the stated variables of interest. Results: Of the 805 radiology PIs included in this study, 78% were male. There was a significant association of gender with the attainment of the highest academic rank (p = 0.026), with females occupied more of the assistant professor ranks (M:F = 1:1.5) and less of the professor ranks (F:M = 1:1.2). Between genders, there was no significant difference in first and second tier leadership positions (p = 0.497, p = 0.116), and postgraduate honors and awards (p = 0.149). The greatest proportion of grants was awarded in the setting of sole male PIs (55%) and the least proportion of grants were awarded when the contact PI and other project leader were female (1%). Conclusion: Despite having similar academic credentials, including number of leadership positions and postgraduate honors and awards, female radiology PIs who have received NIH grants continue to be underrepresented in higher academic ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Yuen
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Mehwish Hussain
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Mutwiri
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Marc Jutras
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Patlas
- Department of Radiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica B Robbins
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Jumreornvong O, Henson P, Haque A, Sanchez AN, Samaan A, Nehrbass E, Silver JK, Escalon MX. Analysis of physician recipients of recognition awards from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation by Race and Ethnicity. PM R 2023; 15:352-362. [PMID: 35187846 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical society recognition awards are important resources for physicians in advancing their careers. There is a need to better understand the representation of physician recipients by race and ethnicity, especially in women with intersectional identities. OBJECTIVE To assess the proportions of American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) award recipients by race and ethnicity and the intersection of gender. DESIGN Cross-sectional and retrospective study. SETTING AND METHODS One hundred seven (n = 107) published online physician award recipients from 2011 to 2020 were categorized by race, ethnicity, and gender by two independent researchers. There was 100% interrater agreement on race and gender and 95% on ethnicity. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and multilinear regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Awards given to physicians coded by race (White/Caucasian, Asian, and Black/African American), ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino), and the intersection of gender with race and ethnicity were analyzed. The primary comparator was proportions by race, ethnicity, and gender of academic physicians in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) using Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data. A secondary aim was recipients' proportions compared to AAMC benchmarks for all practicing physiatrists. RESULTS There were no significant differences in representation of award recipients by race or ethnicity compared to the primary comparator of their percentages in academic PM&R. Notably, 96.3% of awards were given to physicians identified as being in or having been in academic medicine. Secondary analysis of award recipients to all practicing physiatrists revealed significant underrepresentation of recipients who were coded as (1) White/Caucasian women, Asian men and women, Black/African American men and women (p = .016), and (2) Hispanic/Latino men and women (p = .028). CONCLUSIONS This is a novel study assessing race and ethnicity in physician recognition awards presented by a medical society. No significant disparities were found among recipients as compared to representation in academic PM&R. However, there were significant disparities when compared to all practicing physiatrists. These findings deserve further investigation and consideration as medical societies strive to equitably support all members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Henson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abid Haque
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley N Sanchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Angela Samaan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Nehrbass
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miguel X Escalon
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, New York, New York, USA
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Graff SL, Wildes T, Duma N, Dizon DS, LoConte NK, Mitchell E, Murphy MC, Perez EA, Temkin SM, Kunz PL, Winkfield KM. Understanding Modern Medical Centers: Beyond Simone-Intersectional Maxims for a New Era. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1350-1358. [PMID: 36166718 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Graff
- Division of Medical Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Narjust Duma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Don S Dizon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Noelle K LoConte
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Edith Mitchell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martina C Murphy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edith A Perez
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Pamela L Kunz
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karen M Winkfield
- Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Patel J, Duong A, Tang T, Cui C, Kohan L, Abd-Elsayed A, Ma JZ. Gender Disparities in Academic Pain Medicine: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Bibliometric Analysis. J Pain Res 2022; 15:3893-3897. [PMID: 36536696 PMCID: PMC9758991 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s359069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to characterize the gender disparities within academic pain management departments in the United States, specifically focusing on its relation to research and academic leadership. This will allow for targeted improvements in efforts made to reduce gender gaps within academic pain medicine. METHODS This is a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis study evaluating pain management faculty of various positions at academic institutions across the United States. We utilized publicly available data on faculty positions and sex to analyze research impact, H-index, number of publications and citations through bibliometric and linear regression analysis. RESULTS Our analysis found that female faculty had significantly less research output to male faculty. The three research measurement indices used in this study including H-index, number of publications, and number of citations were significantly lower in females than in males among associate and full professor faculty ranking. Multivariable analysis did not display any significant disparities of research output at the division director and department chair level. DISCUSSION As in many areas of medicine, there continues to be a significant gender disparity in academic pain management departments, particularly with regard to leadership positions and research impact within the field. Our study found that female pain physicians had a significantly less research output based on the three variables of H indices, number of publications, and number of citations compared to their male counterparts. This has been shown to have the impact on discrepancies in female faculty ranking. Interestingly, these variables were not significantly different between male and female faculty members of the same level of leadership except for program director. There are various contributory reasons for these disparities, including implicit biases, lack of mentorship, and familial obligations. Addressing some of these factors can help narrow the schism and promote greater gender equality within academic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anne Duong
- McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tuan Tang
- McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Cui
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lynn Kohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Azar M, Lagacé F, Muntyanu A, Netchiporouk E, Zhou Y, Lynde C, Moreau L, Mathieu S, Sasseville D, Asiniwasis R, Shear NH, Gniadecki R, Rahme E, Litvinov IV. Measuring h-index and scholarly productivity in academic dermatology in Canada. Scientometrics 2022; 128:1071-1090. [PMID: 37033383 PMCID: PMC10077966 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Promotion in academia heavily relies on research productivity. The h-index is a standardized metric used to quantify research productivity at the individual level. We evaluated factors associated with h -index in dermatology across select Canadian academic centers with special focus on sex and academic rank. Medical academic centers throughout Canada with dermatology training programs were included. For each faculty member, we extracted the following data from public sources: sex, graduate degree, academic rank, years since the Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCPC) certification or equivalent, recent Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funding and H-index (based on Scopus author profile). Log-linear univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between h-index and these factors. An ordinal logistic regression was performed to explore sex differences in academic ranking. Our results showed that out of 300 faculty members across Canada, 155 were females (51.67%) and 145 were male (48.33%). H-index was available for 279 dermatologists. The average h-index was 8.35 (SD 11.53) and the median was 4.00 (1st quartile = 2.00, 3rd quartile = 10.00). Higher h-index was associated with more years since dermatology certification, successive academic rank, graduate degree and recent CIHR funding, but not with sex. In conclusion, h-index was not associated with sex when controlling for potential confounders. These results could reflect recent demographic changes in the field with an increase in newly appointed female dermatologists. Longitudinal assessment of academic productivity in dermatology is needed to assess the impact of continued efforts to promote equal opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleine Azar
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francois Lagacé
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anastasiya Muntyanu
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charles Lynde
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Steve Mathieu
- Division of Dermatology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rachel Asiniwasis
- Division of Dermatology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Neil H. Shear
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elham Rahme
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Mutwiri G, Kulanthaivelu R, Yuen J, Hussain M, Jutras M, Deville C, Jagsi R, Khosa F. Gender Differences Among Academic Radiation Oncology National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding Recipients. Cureus 2022; 14:e28982. [PMID: 36237768 PMCID: PMC9548333 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of our study was to evaluate National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding recipients between 2016 and 2019 to determine if there was an association between gender, research productivity, academic rank, leadership positions, and post-graduate awards. Materials and Methods The NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results (RePORTER) website was used to retrieve data for grants in Radiation Oncology from 2016-2019. Demographics and profiles of awardees were retrieved from institutional websites, LinkedIn, and Doximity. Publication metrics were collected through the Scopus database. Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square analyses were performed to compare and determine associations between gender and other variables. Results Three hundred and forty radiation oncology principal investigators (PIs) were included in this study, of whom 76% were men. Of the 776 total NIH grants awarded, 62% of the grants had a sole male PI and 1% had two or more PIs in which the contact PI and co-PI were women. Between the genders of PIs in this sample, there was no significant difference in highest academic rank, leadership positions (i.e., chair, director, founder, president, and other), and post-graduate honors and awards. Total publications, years of active research, h-index, and m-index were higher amongst men in the professor category but were largely similar between genders in the associate and assistant professor categories. Conclusions The results demonstrate that most NIH grants in radiation oncology were awarded to men. Strategies that increase women in radiation oncology (RO), as well as those that increase NIH grants amongst women may also increase the prevalence of women in senior academic ranks and leadership positions.
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Gender and Racial Trends among Geriatric Psychiatry Fellows in the USA: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Q 2022; 93:559-570. [PMID: 35091828 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-021-09969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The United States (USA) is a culturally and ethnically diverse country with an estimated 5.6 to 8 million elderly population living with psychiatric and substance use disorders and a dwindling geriatric psychiatry workforce. In this study, we explored the gender and racial trends in USA geriatrics psychiatry fellowship programs from 2007-20, and forecasted the 2030 geriatric psychiatry workforce to identify the gaps and provide recommendations. METHOD This retrospective analysis of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) data included trainees in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA from 2007-20. Races were classified as White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Black (Non-Hispanic), Native American/Alaskan, Others, and Unknown. Gender was categorized as Male, Female, and Not Reported. RESULTS Amongst the geriatric psychiatry fellowship trainees, there was an overall decrease in the representation of all races from 2011-20. There was a relative decrease of 16%, 8.6% and 2.3% for White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, and Black (Non-Hispanics) respectively whereas the Hispanic and Native American/Alaskan trainees remained unchanged. Women relatively increased 28.4% from 2007-20 while men relatively decreased 27.1%. Our projections suggest that without changes in the current health professional recruitment trends and the shortage of geriatric psychiatrists will persist with a shortfall of 1,080 (9.7%) by 2030. CONCLUSION There are critical gaps in racial and gender representation in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA. An inclusive workforce is required to address diverse communities and bridge gaps in physician workforce gender and racial disparities.
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12
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National Institutes of Health: Gender Differences in Radiology Funding. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:748-754. [PMID: 32893113 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Radiology has traditionally remained one of the most male-dominated specialties, although a higher proportion of women are now beginning to occupy roles as academic radiologists than their male counterparts. The present study investigated trends in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding within Diagnostic Radiology stratified by gender, and correlated with measures of academic output, including h-index. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on funding was obtained from the online NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results for fiscal years 2016-2019, and information regarding each Principal Investigator (PI) was obtained from the Scopus database and departmental websites. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed on collected data for statistical comparison of continuous variables. RESULTS Of the 2929 grants included in this analysis, 1789 (61.07%) were awarded to male PIs and 1140 (38.9%) to female PIs. Among PIs holding a PhD degree, male PIs had a higher mean grant amount ($619,807.00) compared to female PIs ($158,486.00). CONCLUSION Although female representation within academic radiology has been increasing, the mean NIH grants awarded to women is less than that awarded to men. Reasons for this are numerous and may include differential prioritization of career objectives among men and women, although such rationalization is inevitably speculative in nature. Significant gender differences in NIH funding were seen at the PhD level, and the strongest correlation between NIH funding and academic output was observed for the h-index of female PIs. These results underscore the fact that women are ostensibly being held to a higher academic standard than men in terms of funding decisions.
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13
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Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Katz NB, Fleming TK, Silver EM, Hunter TL, El Sayed N, Escalon MX, Lorello GR, Silver JK. Author Diversity on Clinical Practice Guideline Committees. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:493-503. [PMID: 34775456 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reports have demonstrated that women overall and women physicians, in particular, are underrepresented as authors of clinical practice guidelines. This analysis used publicly available information to explore the diversity of rehabilitation-related clinical practice guideline authors by gender, race, and ethnicity. Primary analysis identified authors' gender, race, ethnicity, and visible minority status. Two sets were analyzed: (1) clinical practice guidelines by Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) categorized as "Rehabilitation" or "Pain" (n = 7; VA clinical practice guidelines) and (2) a set (n = 10) published in the United States (US) from 2019 to 2021 that were selected because of low numbers of inclusion at less than 20% women authors. Key findings include that among physician authors, both the VA and US clinical practice guidelines underrepresented women (15 [24.2%] and 27 [16.7%], respectively) and those coded as a racial or ethnic minority were particularly underrepresented. Notably, women authors overall were equally represented (92 [50.0%]) in the VA clinical practice guidelines. The US clinical practice guidelines had women authors who were underrepresented (36 [19.0%]). Secondary analysis of the entire set of VA clinical practice guidelines (n = 21) found gaps in diversity-related content. Clinical practice guidelines have far-reaching health and economic impacts, and addressing disparities in the diversity of author teams and/or gaps in diversity-related content is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (MV-G); Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts (NBK); JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute at Hackensack Meridian Health, Edison, New Jersey (TKF); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey (TKF); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey (TKF); Department of Psychology, Integrative Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (EMS); Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, California (TLH); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts (NES); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (NES); Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (MXE); Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (GRL); Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (GRL); The Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (GRL); Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (GRL); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (JKS); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JKS); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JKS); and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JKS)
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14
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Olson EM, Kennedy CC, Kelm DJ. Assessment of Gender Parity: Leadership Representation in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:439-446. [PMID: 33956512 PMCID: PMC9022127 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Academic centers' and professional societies' top leadership representation and professional societies' award recipients remain disparate by gender in many fields. Little is known regarding leadership representation and recognition within pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine (PCCM), which has ∼22% women physicians. We sought to understand the landscape of female PCCM leaders. Methods: We abstracted gender of fellowship program directors (PDs), Department of Medicine (DOM) Chairs and Division Chiefs from academic medical centers with PCCM fellowship programs from 2018 and for comparison 2008. We abstracted leadership and recognition award recipients within four PCCM professional societies from 2013 to 2018 (American Thoracic Society [ATS], American Academy of Sleep Medicine [AASM], American College of Chest Physicians [CHEST], and Society of Critical Care Medicine [SCCM]). Results: In 2018, 29% of PCCM PD, 15% of PCCM Division Chiefs, and 15% of DOM Chairs were women. There were significantly more female PDs in 2018 (29%) compared with 2008 (16%, p = 0.04). On average, 25% of society presidents were women, with 28% of PCCM societal awards going to women, with significant difference between societies (p = 0.04). Each society differed in average distribution of female board members over the 6-year period: ATS 38%, AASM 35%, CHEST 18%, and SCCM 44% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: PCCM leadership and societal recognition are disparate by gender with few women holding top leadership roles and receiving societal recognition. Fortunately, the distribution notably is starting to reflect the specialty's demographics. Understanding why these inequalities exist will be essential to achieving gender parity in PCCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cassie C. Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diana J. Kelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Address correspondence to: Diana J. Kelm, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Pfirrman SJ, Yheulon CG, Parziale JR. The Hirsch Index and Self-Citation in Academic Physiatry Among Graduate Medical Education Program Directors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:294-297. [PMID: 34596099 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Hirsch Index is a measure of academic productivity which captures both the quantity and quality of an author's output. A well-accepted bibliometric, the Hirsch Index still may be influenced by self-citation, which has been assessed in other medical and surgical specialties. This study aims to evaluate research output and self-citation in physiatry, establishing a benchmark for the field, in addition to identifying differences between physical medicine and rehabilitation subspecialties. This study identified physical medicine and rehabilitation residency and fellowship program directors and analyzed the number of publications, citations, self-citations, and h-indices. A total of 169 program directors were identified, and the mean number ± SD of publications, citations, and Hirsch Index for the cohort were 16.7 ± 29.5, 348 ± 753, and 5.7 ± 6.7, respectively. When self-citation was excluded, less than 2% of program directors (3 of 169) had changes in Hirsch Index greater than one integer, and none greater than two integers. The Hirsch Index remained unchanged for 90% (152 of 169). Spinal cord injury fellowship directors had significantly higher mean number of publications (28, P = 0.04), mean number of citations (672, P = 0.03), and Hirsch Index (9.2, P < 0.01; 95% confidence interval). Overall, self-citation is infrequent in physical medicine and rehabilitation, and spinal cord injury directors had more robust academic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Pfirrman
- From the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (SJP, JRP); Department of Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (CGY); and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (CGY)
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16
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Kim KY, Kearsley EL, Yang HY, Walsh JP, Jain M, Hopkins L, Wazzan AB, Khosa F. Sticky Floor, Broken Ladder, and Glass Ceiling in Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology in the United States and Canada. Cureus 2022; 14:e22535. [PMID: 35345751 PMCID: PMC8956275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the gender proportion in academic obstetrics and gynecology faculty across the United States and Canada and further assess any gender differences in academic ranks, leadership positions, and research productivity. Methods Obstetrics and gynecology programs were searched from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) (n=145) and the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) (n=13) to compile a database of gender and academic profiles of faculty physicians with Medical Doctorate (MD) or Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degrees. Elsevier's Scopus was used to gather individual research metrics for analysis, and the data were analyzed using Strata v14.2 (StataCorp. 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). Results Among 3556 American and 689 Canadian Obstetrics and Gynaecology physicians, women comprised 60.9% and 61.4%, respectively. Among physicians with professorships, women physicians comprised 36.2% and 35.8% in the United States and Canada, respectively. When examining the gender proportion of physicians in leadership roles, women comprised 52.2% and 56.1% in the United States and Canada, respectively. The h-index between men and women physicians showed a significant difference overall in both the United States (p<0.001) and Canada (p<0.001), indicating that men have higher academic output. Conclusion Although the overall proportion of women academic staff physicians in Obstetrics and Gynaecology is higher than the proportion of men, there are more men who had a full professor rank. Men also had higher academic productivity.
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Trikha R, Olson TE, Chaudry A, Ishmael CR, Villalpando C, Chen CJ, Hori KR, Bernthal NM. Assessing the academic achievement of United States orthopaedic departments. World J Orthop 2022; 13:201-211. [PMID: 35317404 PMCID: PMC8891657 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v13.i2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing academic productivity allows academic departments to identify the strengths of their scholarly contribution and provides an opportunity to evaluate areas for improvement.
AIM To provide objective benchmarks for departments seeking to enhance academic productivity and identify those with significant improvement in recent past.
METHODS Our study retrospectively analyzed a cohort of orthopaedic faculty at United States-based academic orthopaedic programs. 5502 full-time orthopaedic faculty representing 178 programs were included in analysis. Variables included for analysis were National Institutes of Health funding (2014-2018), leadership positions in orthopaedic societies (2018), editorial board positions of top orthopaedic journals (2018), total number of publications and Hirsch-index. A weighted algorithm was used to calculate a cumulative score for each academic program. This study was performed at a large, United States medical school.
RESULTS All 178 programs included in analysis were evaluated using the comprehensive weighted algorithm. The five institutions with the highest cumulative score, in decreasing order, were: Washington University in St. Louis, the Hospital for Special Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC) at Thomas Jefferson University, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)/Brigham and Women’s/Harvard. The five institutions with the highest score per capita, in decreasing order, were: Mayo Clinic (Rochester), Washington University in St. Louis, Rush University, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) and MGH/Brigham and Women’s/Harvard. The five academic programs that had the largest improvement in cumulative score from 2013 to 2018, in decreasing order, were: VCU, SKMC at Thomas Jefferson University, UCSF, MGH/Brigham and Women’s/Harvard, and Brown University.
CONCLUSION This algorithm can provide orthopaedic departments a means to assess academic productivity, monitor progress, and identify areas for improvement as they seek to expand their academic contributions to the orthopaedic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Trikha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
| | - Thomas E Olson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ameen Chaudry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chad R Ishmael
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
| | - Cristina Villalpando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Clark J Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
| | - Kellyn R Hori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Nicholas M Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, United States
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18
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Thelwall M, Maflahi N. Small female citation advantages for US journal articles in medicine. J Inf Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0165551520942729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Female under-representation continues in senior roles within academic medicine, potentially influenced by a perception that female research has less citation impact. This article provides systematic evidence of (a) female participation rates from the perspective of published journal articles in 46 Scopus medical subject categories 1996–2018 and (b) gender differences in citation rates 1996–2014. The results show female proportion increases 1996–2018 in all fields and a female majority of first-authored articles in two-fifths of categories, but substantial differences between fields. A paper is 7.3 times more likely to have a female first author in Obstetrics and Gynaecology than in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Only three fields had a female last author majority by 2018, a probable side effect of ongoing problems with appointing female leaders. Female first-authored research tended to be more cited than male first-authored research in most fields (59%), although with a maximum difference of only 5.1% (log-transformed normalised citations). In contrast, male last-authored research tends to be more cited than female last-authored research, perhaps due to cases where a senior male has attracted substantial funding for a project. These differences increase if team sizes are not accounted for in the calculations. Since female first-authored research is cited slightly more than male first-authored research, properly analysed bibliometric data considering career gaps should not disadvantage female candidates for senior roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Thelwall
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Nabeil Maflahi
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK
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19
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Kryshtalskyj MT, Novello MJ, Malvankar-Mehta MS, Nicolela MT, Hutnik CML. Scholarly Impact of Academic Ophthalmologists and Vision Scientists in Canada. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:4513-4525. [PMID: 34858018 PMCID: PMC8631994 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s335503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To outline the current impact of Canadian ophthalmology and vision science research as measured by novel research metrics. Design Cross-sectional survey. Participants All Canadian ophthalmologists (n = 687) and vision scientists (n = 119) with an online bibliometric profile and academic appointment at a major ophthalmology training centre were included. Methods Faculty lists of Canada’s 15 major academic ophthalmology departments were obtained. Faculty names, appointments, sex, and educational background were recorded. Elsevier’s Scopus database was used to calculate H-index, m-quotient, and total citations for each faculty member. Details around grant funding were obtained through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Funding Decisions Database. Results Average H-indices were 7.42 ± 7.98 for ophthalmologists and 23.78 ± 15.25 for vision scientists. Higher academic appointment was correlated with higher h-indices and m-quotients (p <0.0001 for both). Most academic departments had significantly more males than females (avg. 71% male, 29% female); however, more equal ratios were seen in faculties in Quebec. No significant differences in research impact were identified between male and female ophthalmologists when controlled for academic appointment and career stage (p > 0.05). In clinical ophthalmology research, the top three departments with the highest average H-indices were Western University, the University of Toronto, and Dalhousie University. The University of British Columbia, Université de Montréal, and McGill University received the most funding from the CIHR in the last 10 years. Conclusion This study highlights the current scope of ophthalmology and vision science research in Canada. Important trends were identified in research productivity across academic rank, sex, and clinical subspecialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kryshtalskyj
- Department of Surgery (Section of Ophthalmology), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew J Novello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monali S Malvankar-Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo T Nicolela
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cindy M L Hutnik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Rano J, Jalal S, Sedlak T, Butler J, Khan MS, Manning WJ, Khosa F. Sex Disparity Among Canadian Cardiologists in Academic Medicine: Differences in Scholarly Productivity and Academic Rank. Cureus 2021; 13:e18687. [PMID: 34786263 PMCID: PMC8580548 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women remain relatively underrepresented in all subspecialties of academic medicine. While sex disparity is prevalent in a number of specialties, the association between academic productivity and sex in academic cardiology has not been assessed in the Canadian context. Methods Academic faculty of accredited Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) programs were included from cardiology division websites across 17 universities. Cardiology faculty members’ names, academic ranks, leadership positions, and sex were obtained from each institutions’ website. The Elsevier database Scopus© was used to extract the Hirsch index (H-index), years of active research, and number of publications of each faculty member. The H-index was used as a metric of academic output and research productivity. Univariate regression was run with the H-Index as the outcome of interest, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with higher H-index. Results Sex was identified for 1,040 members, of whom 836 (80%) were male. Male members had higher numbers of publications (p <0.001). There was a trend for males in a leadership position to have a higher H-index (p = 0.07). Median H-index was lower for women (p = 0.02). Males across assistant and associate professor ranks had a higher H-index. Women achieving professor rank demonstrated greater productivity with a higher median H-index (p = 0.002). Conclusions There is a prevalent sex gap in academic cardiology with regard to scholarly productivity and academic achievement. Factors that may help narrow the sex gap need to be identified and corrective measures implemented to enhance sex equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Rano
- Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain (RCSI - MUB), Busaiteen, BHR.,Medical Education and Simulation, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Tara Sedlak
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Javed Butler
- Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, USA
| | - Warren J Manning
- Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
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21
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Karol DL, Sheriff L, Jalal S, Ding J, Larson AR, Trister R, Khosa F. Gender disparity in dermatologic society leadership: A global perspective. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:445-450. [PMID: 34621957 PMCID: PMC8484972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last half-century, there has been increased representation of women in medicine. Despite this increase, there continues to be underrepresentation of women in medical leadership positions. The objective of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of gender disparity in the leadership of professional societies of dermatology worldwide. METHODS Online databases were used to extract the names of global dermatologic societies. Individual society websites were accessed to obtain information on executive members. Data not available on society websites were obtained through internet searches. Scopus was used to obtain H-indexes and other bibliometric outcomes. RESULTS Our data collection spanned 92 countries, with 1733 society leaders identified and information available for 1710. In North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East, women were in a minority in dermatology professional society leadership. In South America, Central America, and Africa, women were in a slight majority. Across all professional societies, the role of president was more frequently held by men (n = 95) as opposed to women (n = 75). Female leaders were less likely to hold concurrent academic positions as deans/chairpersons/directors (83.33%) than their male counterparts (92.06%). The median H-index of female leaders (9) was lower than that of men (14). CONCLUSION Gender disparity exists in leadership positions in professional dermatology societies. Cultural/continental specific factors should be explored further. Enhancement of institutional support, mentorship, and sponsorship for female dermatologists should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Limor Karol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Sheriff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Trister
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Gender inequalities on editorial boards of indexed pediatrics journals. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:300-314. [PMID: 33239709 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of women in decision-making positions, such as on editorial committees of biomedical journals, is not the same as that of men. This paper analyzes the gender composition of editorial committees (EBMs) and editors-in-chief (ECs) positions of pediatric journals. METHODS The gender of EBMs and ECs of 125 journals classified in the pediatrics area of the Journal Citation Report (JCR) was analyzed. The following indicators were calculated: gender distribution of ECs and EBMs by journal, publisher, subject speciality, country, quartile of the journal in JCR and country of affiliation of the members. RESULTS The total number of EBMs was 4242. The distribution by sex of the ECs was 19.44% women and 80.56% men, while that of the EBMs were 33.05% women and 66.95% men. Twenty journals exhibited a greater representation of women than of men, and in four there was parity. Journals with greater participation of women specialized in nursing and physical therapy and were related to nutrition (lactation and breastfeeding). CONCLUSIONS Only one-fifth of ECs and one-third of EBMs are females. Women's participation is higher in journals related to nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and nutrition. The United States has the highest number of EBMs, followed by the European Union. IMPACT Only one-fifth of Editors-in-chief in pediatrics journals are female. Only one-third of Editorial Board Members in pediatrics journals are female. Women's participation is higher in editorials committees in pediatrics journals related to nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and nutrition. Medical and pediatric associations and societies must work together to eliminate the disparities that exist between women and men. Achieving gender equity and empowering all women is one of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals.
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D'Souza RS, Langford B, Moeschler S. Gender Representation in Fellowship Program Director Positions in ACGME-Accredited Chronic Pain and Acute Pain Fellowship Programs. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:1360-1366. [PMID: 33880559 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We quantified the representation of female program directors (PDs) and assessed their respective demographics, academic metrics, and program-related characteristics in chronic pain and acute pain medicine fellowship programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). METHODS We identified chronic and acute pain PDs on the ACGME website on November 15, 2020. We abstracted data from public databases and performed comparisons of demographics, academic metrics, and program-related characteristics between female and male PDs. RESULTS We identified 111 chronic pain programs and 35 acute pain programs. Overall, there were 35 (31.5%) chronic pain programs with a female PD and 76 (68.5%) chronic pain programs with a male PD. Female chronic pain PDs published fewer peer-reviewed articles (4.0 publications, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.0-12.0) compared with male chronic pain PDs (9.0 publications, IQR = 4.0-27.0; P = 0.050), although there was no difference in the H-index score (3.0 vs 4.0 publications, respectively; P = 0.062) or senior academic rank status (57.1% vs 50.0%, respectively; P = 0.543). There were 10 (28.6%) acute pain programs with a female PD and 25 (71.4%) acute pain programs with a male PD. Similar to the chronic pain cohort, there was no difference in senior academic rank status based on gender in acute pain PDs (50.0% vs 24.0%, respectively; P = 0.227). CONCLUSION Our study highlights gender differences in the PD role in ACGME-accredited chronic and acute pain fellowships. Female PDs remain underrepresented and have fewer peer-reviewed publications. Senior academic rank status was similar across genders, contradicting the current evidence in academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D'Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brendan Langford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan Moeschler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Ha GL, Lehrer EJ, Wang M, Holliday E, Jagsi R, Zaorsky NG. Sex Differences in Academic Productivity Across Academic Ranks and Specialties in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112404. [PMID: 34185071 PMCID: PMC8243235 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite equal numbers of men and women entering medical school, women are underrepresented in the upper echelons of academic medicine and receive less compensation and research funding. Citation-related publication productivity metrics, such as the h-index, are increasingly used for hiring, salary, grants, retention, promotion, and tenure decisions. Exploring sex differences in these metrics across academic medicine provides deeper insight into why differences are observed in career outcomes. OBJECTIVE To systematically examine the available literature on sex differences in h-index of academic faculty physicians across all medical specialties and all levels of academic rank. DATA SOURCES Medical literature with the term h-index found in PubMed and published between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018, was used. STUDY SELECTION A PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes), PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses), and MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) selection protocol was used to find observational studies that published h-indexes for faculty physicians that were stratified by sex. Studies were excluded if they were review articles, retracted, or unavailable online. Ultimately, 14 of 786 studies (1.78%) met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data from 9 studies across 16 specialties were examined using weighted random-effects meta-analyses. Five studies were excluded because of overlapping specialties with another study or because they were missing appropriate statistics for the meta-analysis. Four of these studies were included in qualitative synthesis to bring the total to 13 studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary study outcome was the h-index. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 10 665 North American unique academic physicians across 9 different studies from the years 2009 to 2018. Of the 10 665 physicians, 2655 (24.89%) were women. Summary effect sizes for mean h-indexes of men and women and mean h-index difference between men and women were determined for all faculty physicians and at each academic rank. Overall, female faculty had lower h-indexes than male faculty (mean difference, -4.09; 95% CI, -5.44 to -2.73; P < .001). When adjusting for academic rank, female faculty still had lower h-indexes than male faculty at the ranks of assistant professor (mean difference, -1.3; 95% CI, -1.90 to -0.72; P < .001), associate professor (mean difference, -2.09; 95% CI, -3.40 to -0.78; P = .002), and professor (mean difference, -3.41; 95% CI, -6.24 to -0.58; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, women had lower h-indexes than men across most specialties and at all academic ranks, but it is unclear why these differences exist. These findings suggest that future investigation should be conducted regarding the causes of lower h-indexes in women and that interventions should be developed to provide a more equitable environment for all physicians regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang L. Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric J. Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Nicholas G. Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Khoshpouri P, Bahar R, Khoshpouri P, Ebrahimi A, Ghahramani O, Singh Sekhon A, Mansouri S, Choo-Foo J, Khosa F. The Beginning of the End. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:873-878. [PMID: 33313715 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between gender, research productivity, academic rank, and departmental leadership positions of pathology faculty in North America. METHODS The online information presented for the faculty members in all American- and Canadian-accredited pathology residency programs' official websites and Elsevier's SCOPUS were queried to assess research productivity, academic ranks, and leadership positions. RESULTS Among 5,228 academic pathologists included in our study, there were 3,122 (59.7%) males and 2,106 (40.3%) females. Male faculty held higher academic ranks (being professor) and leadership positions (chair/program director) (P < .0001). Males were more likely to hold combined MD-PhD degrees (P < .0001) than females. The median h-index for the male faculty was 17 vs 9 for the female faculty (P = .023). CONCLUSIONS Gender has a significant influence on leadership positions, academic ranks, and research productivity among pathology faculty members in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pegah Khoshpouri
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Somayeh Mansouri
- Art School, Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jade Choo-Foo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital
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Adham S, Rybicki FJ, Mahoney MC, Yong-Hing CJ, Khosa F. Analysis of Gender Disparity in US and Canadian Radiology Residency Programs. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2021; 51:21-24. [PMID: 33775505 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic radiology are a work in progress and although the gender gap has decreased, there remains a paucity of studies examining female representation among radiology trainees over the past decade. OBJECTIVE The aim of our undertaking was to evaluate gender parity in United States (US) and Canadian radiology residency programs and to suggest future directions to improve female representation MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of publicly available data on radiology residents from the US and Canada was performed from 2007to 2019. Data on diagnostic radiology residents was collected from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for the US and the Canadian Post M.D. Education Registry for Canada. Statistical tests including regression and ANOVA were used to study the gender proportions from 2007to 2019. RESULTS There has been little progress in bridging the gender gap in the last 12 years. The proportion of female residents pursuing radiology has remained at an average of 26.74% (n = 1,238of 4,629) in US programs and 31.78% (n = 28 of88) in Canadian programs. The average change in the percentage of female residents was 0.0% per year (P = 0.0) for US programs and -2.9% per year (P = 0.3) for Canadian programs. DISCUSSION Despite a higher proportion of females in North American medical schools, gender disparity persists among radiology residents. More research is needed to identify barriers limiting female representation and improve gender parity across North American radiology programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Adham
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON; Canada..
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mary C Mahoney
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- Department of Cancer, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer - Vancouver, Vancouver, BC; Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Canada
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Hutchinson D, Das P, Lall MD, Hill J, Fares S, Khosa F. Emergency Medicine Journal Editorial Boards: Analysis of Gender, H-Index, Publications, Academic Rank, and Leadership Roles. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:353-359. [PMID: 33856323 PMCID: PMC7972362 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.49122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal in this study was to determine female representation on editorial boards of high-ranking emergency medicine (EM) journals. In addition, we examined factors associated with gender disparity, including board members' academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined EM editorial boards with an impact factor of 1 or greater according to the Clarivate Journal Citations Report for a total of 16 journals. All board members with a doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine degree, or international equivalent were included, resulting in 781 included board members. We analyzed board members' gender, academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. RESULTS Gender disparity was clearly notable, with men holding 87.3% (682/781) of physician editorial board positions and women holding 12.7% (99/781) of positions. Only 6.6% (1/15) of included editorial board chiefs were women. Male editorial board members possessed higher h-indices, total citations, and more publishing years than their female counterparts. Male board members held a greater number of departmental leadership positions, as well as higher academic ranks. CONCLUSION Significant gender disparity exists on EM editorial boards. Substantial inequalities between men and women board members exist in both the academic and departmental realms. Addressing these inequalities will likely be an integral part of achieving gender parity on editorial boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Hutchinson
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Priya Das
- Universirty of Kerala, Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kerala, India
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesse Hill
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Zayed Military Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Department of Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zhang Y, Silver JK, Tiwana S, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty Diversity Trends by Sex, Race, and Ethnicity, 2007 to 2018 in the United States. PM R 2021; 13:994-1004. [PMID: 33340253 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex and race/ethnicity disparities persist in academic Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R). This study contributes to the current body of knowledge by demonstrating changes in academic PM&R by sex and race/ethnicity in multiple categories over a 12-year period. OBJECTIVE To evaluate workforce disparities in academic PM&R by measuring sex and race/ethnicity diversity in academic degree, rank, and tenure status. DESIGN Surveillance study. SETTING AND METHODS Self-reported data for PM&R from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) annual Faculty Roster report from 2007 to 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 12-year average percentage composition in academic degree, rank, and tenure status was calculated to compare the overall distribution. Counts and proportion changes were plotted to depict the temporal trends. Absolute changes in racial percentage composition were graphed to highlight the progress. RESULTS From 2007 to 2018, the increase by sex was roughly equal (male = 216; female = 236), whereas most of the increase was in White faculty (207). The representation of female and Underrepresented in Medicine (URiM) faculty decreased as academic level advanced. Instructors is the only category with a higher proportion of female faculty, from 2007 (53%) to 2018 (59.3%), whereas male faculty occupied over 75% of the full professor positions at any time. Among the non-White faculty, Asian faculty had the greatest increase in proportion of full professors (3.7% to 10%) and Hispanic/Latino faculty in associate professors (2% to 7.1%), whereas full professors who were Black/African American decreased from 4 persons (2.5%) to 2 persons (0.8%). CONCLUSION An increase in total number of female and URiM faculty was observed in academic PM&R over 2007 to 2018, but sex and ethnicity/race disparities persisted, especially in higher ranks and leadership positions. For non-White faculty, greater disparities existed, pointing toward the need to target challenges faced by URiM race/ethnicity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabeen Tiwana
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Arrowhead Neurosurgical Medical Group, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Radford DM, Parangi S, Tu C, Silver JK. h-Index and Academic Rank by Gender Among Breast Surgery Fellowship Faculty. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 31:110-116. [PMID: 33626311 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gender disparities in academic promotion and leadership are well documented. Scholarly impact is essential for promotion. The Hirsch-index (h-index) is a measure of impact using number of publications and citations. We sought to (i) evaluate breast surgery fellowship faculty in North America by academic rank and research impact using the h-index, (ii) determine whether there is a gender difference in scholarly productivity, and (iii) determine the relationship between academic rank, h-index, and gender. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of h-index and academic rank disparity in breast surgery faculty by gender was performed. We reviewed the faculty of Society of Surgical Oncology-accredited breast surgery fellowships in February 2019. Rank, gender, academic appointment, years in practice, program directorship, National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center association, size of the program, and h-index (via Scopus) were recorded. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Fifty-two programs were identified, and 209 faculty had an h-index. Of them, 69.9% were women and 30.1% were men. h-index increased with academic rank although there was considerable overlap between ranks. Women were underrepresented at the professor level (46.4%), but accounted for the majority of assistant professors (91.5%, p < 0.001), and program directors (70.7%). Men professors had a significantly higher mean h-index than women professors, p < 0.001. However, women associate professors had a higher mean h-index than men, but this did not reach significance. Conclusions: Mean h-index increased with increasing rank among breast surgery faculty for both genders. Average h-index was significantly higher for men professors compared to women professors. No significant gender difference in h-index was found for assistant professors. For associate professors, h-index for women was higher than for men. Women are underrepresented at higher academic ranks despite forming the majority of breast surgical teaching faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Radford
- Breast Services, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Diseases & Surgery Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Larson AR, Capizzi AN, Bean AC, Zafonte RD, Odonkor CA, Bosques G, Silver JK. How Physician Compensation and Education Debt Affects Financial Stress and Burnout: A Survey Study of Women in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PM R 2021; 13:836-844. [PMID: 33301648 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of financial stress to physician burnout and satisfaction among women physiatrists. Relationships among education debt and compensation with demographic, sociologic, and workplace factors were also assessed. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional survey study of women physicians in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) in the United States. The survey consisted of 51 questions covering demographic information (current and maximum education debt, race/ethnicity, years out of training, practice type and setting, hours worked, family structure, and domestic duties), work/life satisfaction, and burnout. The association between current/maximum debt and demographic characteristics, work/life satisfaction, and physician burnout were examined. RESULTS Of the 245 U.S. women attending physiatrists who met inclusion criteria, 222 (90.6%) reported ever having education debt (median category $101 000-150 000) and 162 (66.1%) reported current debt (median category ≤ $50 000). Of these participants, 218 (90.5%) agreed that they would have fewer burnout symptoms if they were able to do more work that is core to their professional mission and 226 (92.2%) agreed that feeling undervalued at work is linked to physiatrists' burnout symptoms. Greater debt was seen in those who identified as Black/African American, were fewer years out of training, practiced general physiatry, and had both inpatient and outpatient responsibilities. Greater current debt had a significant relationship with measurements of work/life dissatisfaction. Burnout was associated with higher debt, lower compensation, more hours worked per week, and fewer hours of exercise performed per week. CONCLUSIONS This study examined women physiatrists' perceptions of financial stress and found that greater education debt was associated with personal life dissatisfaction, career regret, and burnout. Further research is needed to address related causes and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allison N Capizzi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Allison C Bean
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ross D Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Charles A Odonkor
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT
| | - Glendaliz Bosques
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, Houston, TX
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA
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Doshi TL, Richter HC, Salisu M, Samen C. Representation of Women in Pain Medicine Fellowships in the United States, 2017-2018. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 21:e62-e67. [PMID: 31665511 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the representation of women trainees and faculty and to explore associations between them at Pain Medicine (PM) fellowship programs in the United States. SETTING PM fellowship programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. METHODS All PM programs approved for at least four fellows as of December 2017 were identified. Websites of these programs were reviewed to determine the number and gender of current fellows and faculty, and programs were contacted to verify the information. RESULTS A total of 56 PM programs were eligible; of these, 48 PM programs (86%) provided information about the gender distribution of fellows. Women comprised ∼25% of PM fellows. PM programs with a female rather than male fellowship program director (PD) had 2.40 times increased odds of a female trainee. Proportion of female faculty and division chief gender were not significantly associated with trainee gender composition. The adjusted odds of a faculty member being female was 1.99 times greater for PM programs with a female vs male PD and 3.13 times greater for programs with a female vs male division chief. CONCLUSIONS Women are underrepresented throughout all levels of academic pain medicine. The presence of women in leadership roles is associated with higher proportions of female trainees and faculty, highlighting the need for more female role models in academic pain medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Doshi
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hira C Richter
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariam Salisu
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christelle Samen
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ahmad I, Khan NU. Sex Disparity Among Faculty of Physiology in North American Academia: Differences in Scholarly Productivity and Academic Rank. Cureus 2020; 12:e11850. [PMID: 33409087 PMCID: PMC7781568 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical academic research done in various specialties shows sex disparity in terms of academic and leadership rank. Research shows that in many medical academic research fields, there are a greater number of men with higher academic and leadership ranks, as well as higher research productivity. This begs the question: What is the case for medical academic research specifically in physiology departments throughout North America? Upon review of the literature, we found that a knowledge gap still exists in North America regarding sex differences among the faculty of physiology. Our rationale for this study is that if a sex disparity among the faculty of physiology in North American academia is found, steps can be taken to lower this disparity. The very first step is identifying that a problem exists. Scopus was used to obtain the h-index, years of active research, and the number of publications and citations of each faculty member. The h-index was used as a metric of academic output and scholarly productivity. Univariate regression was run with the h-index as the outcome of interest and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with a higher h-index. The analysis showed that while the overall number of females holding academic positions in physiology departments throughout North America has increased over the years, a large sex disparity still exists between males and females in the field. This disparity exists not only in academic and leadership rank but also in research productivity, a key predictor of success in the field. This finding warrants that further work be done to find what is causing this disparity and how it can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ahmad
- Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Najib U Khan
- Internal Medicine, Medical Unit, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, PAK
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Gender gap in mental health research productivity: Results from Qatar. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54:102347. [PMID: 33271680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Qatar's contribution to biomedical research has increased significantly in the past couple of decades, but the exact participation of women researchers remains obscure. This study aims to explore the gender gap in research production of Qatar in the field of mental health. METHODS The authors searched five databases for published articles from Qatar in the field of mental health from 2015 to 2019. The authors examined the retrieved articles for the gender gap in 1) the number of researchers. 2) the numbers of articles produced by men-only research teams vs. the research teams included women. 3) h-index. 4) foreign collaboration. 5) research design and themes. RESULTS The authors identified 152 published articles in the field of mental health. Men researchers outnumbered women researchers (124 vs. 81). Men had statistically significant higher h-index compared to women (14.6 ± 1.4 vs 4.6 ± 0.9; p < 0.001). Research teams that included women had produced fewer articles compared to men-only groups (41.4 %), they also had less foreign collaborators (68 % vs. 91 %, p = 0.001). They were less involved in experimental research and more involved in observational research compared to male-only research groups (15.90 % vs. 38.6 % and 47.6 % vs. 25 % respectively; p = 0.034). In articles with women authors, women were the first authors in 50.8 % of the articles, and men were the senior authors in 79.4 % of them. CONCLUSION The study identifies gender gaps in some aspects of research productivity in Qatar. This data will provide a benchmark for future research in the field.
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Chan HF, Torgler B. Gender differences in performance of top cited scientists by field and country. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Battaglia F, Farhan SA, Narmeen M, Karimuddin AA, Jalal S, Tse M, Khosa F. Does gender influence leadership roles in academic surgery in the United States of America? A cross-sectional study. Int J Surg 2020; 83:67-74. [PMID: 32871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparity remains prevalent in the field of academic surgery with an under-representation of women at senior leadership ranks. A wide variety of causes are reported to contribute to this gender-based discrimination but a current quantitative analysis in the US has significant importance. This cross-sectional study aims to document gender disparity in academic and leadership positions in surgery as well as its relationship with scholarly productivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The American Medical Association's Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA), was used to identify General Surgery programs. Each institution's website was used to identify its faculty's primary profiles for data collection. Individuals with an MD or DO, and an academic ranking of Professor, Associate Professor or Assistant Professor were included. Academic productivity was quantified by recording H-index, number of publications, number of citations, and years of active research of a physician. All statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Statistics version 20.0. RESULTS A total of 144 academic programs were including in our analysis constituting 4085 surgeons, only one-fifth (n = 873, 21%) of which were women. Furthermore, only 19% of all leadership positions were assumed by female surgeons. Leadership positions and academic rank correlated significantly with increasing research productivity. The difference in H-index between genders was statistically significant (P < 0.05) with men possessing a higher median for H-index [13] than women [9]. Transplantation Surgery [17] had the highest median H-indices for female surgeons. Male surgeons (n = 18) were twice as likely to be Departmental Chairs as their female counterparts (n = 9). However, female surgical oncologists held the highest proportion of leadership positions (31%). CONCLUSION A significant gender-based disparity was found in leadership positions and academic ranks. Research productivity appeared to be integral for academic and leadership appointments. Institution-level measures that enhance support, mentorship, and sponsorship for women are imperative to achieve overall parity in general surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Battaglia
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Syed Ali Farhan
- Department of Surgery,Doctor Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Sindh, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Mehek Narmeen
- Department of Surgery,Doctor Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Sindh, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmer Azhar Karimuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Room C310, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Matthew Tse
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Frandsen TF, Jacobsen RH, Ousager J. Gender gaps in scientific performance: a longitudinal matching study of health sciences researchers. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Farhan SA, Shahid I, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Assessing the Gap in Female Authorship in Neurosurgery Literature: A 20-Year Analysis of Sex Trends in Authorship. World Neurosurg 2020; 141:e661-e669. [PMID: 32522642 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Publications are considered a major factor for advancement in academia. An effort has been made to study authorship trends in neurosurgery publications. The objective of this study was to investigate authorship trends in the neurosurgery literature for the last 20 years (1998-2018). METHODS Articles for the years 1998, 2008, and 2018 were extracted from Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery, and World Neurosurgery for this retrospective study. Only original articles, case reports, and review articles were included. The gender of the first, senior, and corresponding author was determined. Subspecialty topic, type of paper, geographic origin of articles, and the number of citations for each article were also collected. RESULTS A total of 3912 articles were included. The number of articles, the total number of authors, and nonexperimental studies increased in the successive decades. A total of 744 women (19.0%) were first authors and 520 (13.3%) were senior authors of their respective publications. A decreasing trend (P < 0.05) was noted between female first authors and male senior authors over time. All 3 journals showed an increasing pattern of female authorships across the 2 decades. CONCLUSIONS A rapid rise in female authorship positions in particular and authorship positions in general demonstrates the diversity that is slowly burgeoning to cater to perspectives and issues that require a multidimensional approach in neurosurgery. Increasing linkages among researchers in neurosurgery on a global scale are evident by the increase in multinational collaborations. Expansive efforts are needed at institutional and individual levels to eradicate sex-based pitfalls that hinder excellence in neurosurgery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Farhan
- Department of General Surgery, Doctor Ruth K.M. Fau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Izza Shahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Performance appraisal, justice and organizational effectiveness: a comparison between two universities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/ijppm-05-2019-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify how the design of a performance appraisal system (PAS) affects the perceived justice of academic employees (AE) about their performance appraisal (PA) and how this is associated with organizational effectiveness in terms of organizational leadership (OL).Design/methodology/approachThe study subjects are two economic faculties of two Estonian public universities. The data for the study were collected using the PA Survey with a total of 82 AEs, OL Capability Questionnaire with a total of 72 AEs and the organizations' documents to analyze PAS. Assessment and analysis of the data included: the measurement of PAS design; the measurement of perceived justice from PA; the measurement of organizational leadership capability; analysis of the results gained from studying perceived justice from different PAS designs and organizational effectiveness in terms of OL.FindingsUltimately, the study reveals that PAS design affects academic employees' perception of distributive justice and organizational external effectiveness in terms of OL but does not affect academic employees' perception of procedural justice and organizational internal effectiveness in terms of OL.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that organizational effectiveness depends on perceived justice of employees from the design of PAS. However, the results of this study are valid in the arrangements of academic jobs in universities and in similar or close context of Estonian culture.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates the role of PAS design in conditions of intellectual job arrangement in universities with its influence on organizational effectiveness in the context of OL.
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Gender-Based Salary Inequities Among Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine Physicians in the United States. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:741-749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Counter WB, Khurshid K, Jalal S, Castillo M, White AM, Otero HJ, Nicolaou S, Khosa F. Gender Differences Among Academic Pediatric Radiology Faculty in the United States and Canada. Acad Radiol 2020; 27:575-581. [PMID: 31371209 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is currently unknown whether efforts in recent years to create equal opportunities for female faculty in academic medicine have succeeded. We looked at faculty members in academic pediatric radiology departments across the United States and Canada to assess for evidence of gender disparities and differences in academic performance between males and females. METHODS The analysis included diagnostic radiology programs across the United States and Canada, as specified by the American Medical Association's Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA Online) and the Canadian Resident Matching Service website. The Scopus database was used to retrieve the H-index, number of publications, and number of citations for each faculty member. We examined the distribution of male and female faculty members across geographical regions, academic ranks, and leadership roles. Academic performance was also compared. RESULTS Across all regions and academic ranks, disparities exist between the number of male and female faculty members. The greatest disparity was found amongst the professor rank, where more than 70% of positions were occupied by males. Female professors were found to demonstrate similar levels of academic performance compared to their male counterparts, although this parity was not observed amongst assistant and associate professors. CONCLUSION Women occupied almost half (46.6%) of the total academic pediatric radiology workforce, despite having been previously shown to make up only 21% of radiologists. However, gender disparities currently exist among academic pediatric radiology faculty, with a significantly higher percentage of men in pediatric radiology faculty positions. Women, however, currently occupy a greater percentage of leadership positions compared to men, even though the majority of senior academic ranks are held by men.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Counter
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kiran Khurshid
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mauricio Castillo
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ammie M White
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hansel J Otero
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Savvas Nicolaou
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Silva DAS, Silva CFD. Analysis of factors related to the H Index of CNPq scientific productivity researchers in the field of Physical Education in Brazil. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ilin J, Langlois E, Jalal S, Khosa F. Gender disparity within academic Canadian urology. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 14:106-110. [PMID: 31702549 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing female matriculation into medical school has shown an increase in women training in academic urology, but gender disparity still exists within this male-dominated field. This study aims to evaluate publication productivity and rank differences of Canadian female and male academic urologists. METHODS The Canadian Residency Matching Service (CaRMS) was used to compile a list of 12 Canadian accredited urology programs. Using each institution's website, faculty members' names, genders, academic positions, and leadership ranks were noted. SCOPUS© was consulted to tabulate the number of documents published, citations, and h-index of each faculty member. To account for temporal bias associated with the h-index, the m-quotient was also computed. RESULTS There was a significantly higher number of men (164, 88.17%) among academic faculty than women (22, 11.83%). As academic rank increased, the proportion of female urologists decreased. Overall, male urologists had higher academic ranks, h-index values, number of publications, and citations (p=0.038, p=0.0038, p=0.0011, and p=0.014, respectively). There was an insignificant difference between men and women with respect to their m-quotient medians (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS There is an increasing number of women completing residency in urology, although there are disproportionally fewer female urologists at senior academic positions. Significant differences were found in the h-index, publication count, and citation number between male and female urologists. When using the m-quotient to adjust for temporal bias, no significant differences were found between the gender in terms of academic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ilin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emilie Langlois
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Silver JK. Understanding and addressing gender equity for women in neurology. Neurology 2019; 93:538-549. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the percentages of women among physicians and neurologists have been rising, gender-related disparities in numerous metrics persist, notably in compensation, promotion, funding, recognition, leadership, publishing, and speaking. Simultaneously, women working in academia, including medicine, face high rates of sexual harassment. Leaders of all health care-related organizations must accept the moral and ethical imperative to expeditiously address both gender-related discrimination and harassment (inclusive of but not limited to sexual harassment) of women in medicine. At this unique time in history, there is an opportunity for leaders in neurology to strategically accelerate efforts to address workforce gender disparities and ensure harassment-free training and work environments. Leaders will have to plan an intentional path forward, using a systematic process, metrics, and strategies unique to their own organizations, to overcome barriers to an equitable and safe work environment for women. Moreover, leaders in 4 gatekeeper organizations—medical schools/academic medical centers, funding agencies, journals, and medical societies—must hold each other accountable for gender equity as their own success and financial return on investment is dependent on the efforts of those in the other categories. In short, the path forward is to focus on ethical principles and behavior when it comes to addressing workforce gender disparities for women in medicine.
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