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Jin X, Yoo H, Tran VVT, Yi C, Hong KY, Chang H. Efficacy and Safety of Cell-Assisted Acellular Adipose Matrix Transfer for Volume Retention and Regeneration Compared to Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04408-0. [PMID: 39354227 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-assisted acellular adipose matrix (AAM) transfer is a novel technique for soft tissue volume restoration, where AAM acts as a scaffold for tissue proliferation and promotes host cell migration, vascularization, and adipogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of in vivo cell-assisted AAM transfer compared to hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection. METHODS Human adipose tissue was used to manufacture AAM, and murine adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were prepared. Nude mice were divided into four groups: AAM transfer (AT), ASC-assisted AAM transfer (CAT), HA filler injection (HI), and ASC-assisted HA filler injection (CHI). Eight weeks post-transfer, in vivo graft volume/weight, histology, and gene expression were analyzed to assess efficacy and safety. RESULTS The AAM retained its three-dimensional scaffold structure without cellular components. AT/CAT showed lower volume retention than HA/CHA; however, CAT maintained a similar volume to HA. Histologically, adipogenesis and collagen formation were increased in AT/CAT compared to HA/CHA, with CAT showing the highest levels. CAT also demonstrated superior angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and gene expression (Vegf and Pparg), along with lower Il-6 expression, higher Il-10 expression, and reduced capsule formation, indicating better biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS Cell-assisted AAM transfer is a promising technique for volume retention and tissue regeneration, offering a safe and effective alternative to HA filler injections. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokyung Yoo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinh Vuong The Tran
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chenggang Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ki Yong Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Feng J, Fu S, Luan J. Harnessing fine fibers in decellularized adipose-derived matrix for enhanced adipose regeneration. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100974. [PMID: 38322660 PMCID: PMC10844111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Decellularized Adipose-Derived Matrix (DAM) has the function of inducing adipogenesis, but the distribution of adipogenesis is uneven. We found for the first time that DAM contains two structural components: The tough fibers DAM (T-DAM) and the fine fibers DAM (F-DAM). T-DAM was a dense vortex structure composed of a large number of coarse fibers, characterized by myoblast-related proteins, which cannot achieve fat regeneration and forms a typical "adipose-free zone". While the F-DAM was a loose structure consisting of uniform fine fibers, has more matrix-related proteins and adipose-related proteins. It can not only better promote the adhesion and proliferation of adipose stem cells in vitro, but also achieve the regeneration of adipose tissue in vivo earlier and better, with a uniform range of adipogenesis. The F-DAM is the main and effective kind of DAM to initiate adipose tissue regeneration, which can be picked out by ultrasound fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Feng
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, China
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Cui L, Zhao Y, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang F, Chen X, Tong H, Fan J. Combining decellularized adipose tissue with decellularized adventitia extravascular matrix or small intestinal submucosa matrix for the construction of vascularized tissue-engineered adipose. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:567-579. [PMID: 37683968 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ. It serves many important functions, such as energy storage, hormones secretion, and providing insulation, cushioning and aesthetics to the body etc. Adipose tissue engineering offers a promising treatment for soft tissue defects. Early adipose tissue production and long-term survival are closely associated with angiogenesis. Decellularized matrix has a natural ECM (extracellular matrix) component, good biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, in this study, the injectable composite hydrogels were developed to construct vascularized tissue-engineered adipose by using the pro-angiogenic effects of aortic adventitia extravascular matrix (Adv) or small intestinal submucosa (SIS), and the pro-adipogenic effects of decellularized adipose tissue (DAT). The composite hydrogels were cross-linked by genipin. The adipogenic and angiogenic abilities of composite hydrogels were investigated in vitro, and in a rat dorsal subcutaneous implant model. The results showed that DAT and SIS or Adv 1:1 composite hydrogel promoted the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. Furthermore, DAT and SIS or Adv 1:1 composite hydrogel enhanced adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) through activation of PPARγ and C/EBPα. The in vivo studies further demonstrated that DAT with SIS or Adv in a 1:1 ratio also significantly promoted adipogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, DAT with SIS or Adv in a 1:1 ratio hydrogel recruited macrophage population with enhanced M2-type macrophage polarization, suggesting a positive effect of inflammatory response on angiogenesis. In conclusion, these data suggest that the composite hydrogels of DAT with SIS or Adv in 1:1 ratio have apparent pro-adiogenic and angiogenic abilities, thus providing a promising cell-free tissue engineering biomaterial with broad clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) has emerged as an important biomaterial in adipose tissue regeneration. Early adipose tissue production and long-term survival is tightly related to the angiogenesis. The revascularization of the DAT is a key issue that needs to be solved in adipose regeneration. In this study, the injectable composite hydrogels were developed by using DAT with Adv (aortic adventitia extravascular matrix) or SIS (small intestinal submucosa) in different ratio. We demonstrated that the combination of DAT with SIS or Adv in 1:1 ratio effectively improved the proliferation of adipose stem cells and endothelial cells, and promoted greater adipose regeneration and tissue vascularization as compared to the DAT scaffold. This study provides the potential biomaterial for clinical soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cui
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Xinnan Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Zhenglong Guo
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, PR China.
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Long J, Qin Z, Chen G, Song B, Zhang Z. Decellularized extracellular matrix (d-ECM): the key role of the inflammatory process in pre-regeneration after implantation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1215-1235. [PMID: 36625281 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical medicine is encountering the challenge of repairing soft-tissue defects. Currently, natural and synthetic materials have been developed as natural scaffolds. Among them, the decellularized extracellular matrix (d-ECM) can achieve tissue remodeling following injury and, thus, replace defects due to its advantages of the extensiveness of the source and excellent biological and mechanical properties. However, by analyzing the existing decellularization techniques, we found that different preparation methods directly affect the residual components of the d-ECM, and further have different effects on inflammation and regeneration of soft tissues. Therefore, we analyzed the role of different residual components of the d-ECM after decellularization. Then, we explored the inflammatory process and immune cells in an attempt to understand the mechanisms and causes of tissue degeneration and regeneration after transplantation. In this paper, we summarize the current studies related to updated protocols for the preparation of the d-ECM, biogenic and exogenous residual substances, inflammation, and immune cells influencing the fate of the d-ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zijin Qin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Baoqiang Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ziang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Bobrova M, Safonova L, Efimov A, Lyundup A, Mozheiko N, Agapova O, Agapov I. Scaffolds Based on Silk Fibroin with Decellularized Rat Liver Microparticles: Investigation of the Structure, Biological Properties and Regenerative Potential for Skin Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2313. [PMID: 36365132 PMCID: PMC9693194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of advanced biomaterials and constructs for accelerated recovery of damaged tissues is a key direction in regenerative medicine. Biocompatible scaffolds based on natural biopolymers are widely used for these tasks. Organ decellularization enables obtaining a cell-free extracellular matrix (ECM) with preserved composition and biological activity. The objectives of the present work were combining these two approaches for the development of a composite scaffold based on silk fibroin and ECM microparticles and assessing its structure, biological properties, and regenerative potential. ECM microparticles were obtained by grinding the decellularized matrix of Wistar rat liver in liquid nitrogen. Scaffolds in the form of films were prepared by the casting method. The sinuous and rough topography of the scaffold surface was assessed by the scanning probe nanotomography (SPNT) technique. The inclusion of ECM microparticles in the composition did not affect the elasticity and tensile strength of the scaffolds. The obtained scaffold was non-toxic to cells, maintained high levels of adhesion and proliferation of mouse 3T3 fibroblast and Hep-G2 cells, and showed high regenerative potential, which was studied in the experimental model of full-thickness rat skin wound healing. The wound healing was accelerated by 1.74 times in comparison with the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bobrova
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Safonova
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Efimov
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Lyundup
- Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya Mozheiko
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Agapova
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Agapov
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 1 Shchukinskaya Street, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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Liu K, He Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Ru J, Zhang X, Jin X, Xu M, Li Y, Ma Q, Gao J, Lu F. Methoxy polyethylene glycol modification promotes adipogenesis by inducing the production of regulatory T cells in xenogeneic acellular adipose matrix. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100161. [PMID: 34870140 PMCID: PMC8626673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acellular adipose matrix (AAM) has emerged as an important biomaterial for adipose tissue regeneration. Current decellularization methods damage the bioactive components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the residual immunogenic antigens may induce adverse immune responses. Here, we adopted a modified decellularization method which can protect more bioactive components with less immune reaction by methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG). Then, we determined the adipogenic mechanisms of mPEG-modified AAM after xenogeneic transplantation. AAM transplantation caused significantly lesser adipogenesis in the wild-type group than in the immune-deficient group. The mPEG-modified AAM showed significantly lower immunogenicity and higher adipogenesis than the AAM alone after xenogeneic transplantation. Furthermore, mPEG modification increased regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers in the AAM grafts, which in turn enhanced the M2/M1 macrophage ratio by secreting IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β1. These findings suggest that mPEG modification effectively reduces the immunogenicity of xenogeneic AAM and promotes adipogenesis in the AAM grafts. Hence, mPEG-modified AAM can serve as an ideal biomaterial for xenogeneic adipose tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfan He
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Cai
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangjiang Ru
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Jin
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Xu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibao Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhuan Ma
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Mamsen FP, Munthe-Fog L, Kring MKM, Duscher D, Taudorf M, Katz AJ, Kølle SFT. Differences of embedding adipose-derived stromal cells in natural and synthetic scaffolds for dermal and subcutaneous delivery. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:68. [PMID: 33468240 PMCID: PMC7814704 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have been heavily studied for soft tissue regeneration, augmentation, and dermal wound healing. Methods In this review, we investigated the trends in injectable scaffolds for ASC delivery in the dermis, and injectable or implantable scaffolds for ASC delivery in the subcutis. A total of 547 articles were screened across three databases; of these, 22 studies were found to be eligible and were included. The scaffolds were subdivided and analyzed based on their tissue placement (dermis or subcutis), delivery method (injected or implanted), and by the origin of the materials (natural, synthetic, and combinatory). Results ASCs embedded in scaffolds generally showed improved viability. Neovascularization in the transplanted tissue was greater when undifferentiated ASCs were embedded in a combinatory scaffold or if differentiated ASCs were embedded in a natural scaffold. ASCs embedded in natural materials underwent more adipogenic differentiation than ASCs embedded in synthetic scaffolds, indicating an etiologically unknown difference that has yet to be described. Increased mechanical strength of the scaffold material correlated with improved outcome measurements in the investigated studies. Wound healing studies reported reduced healing time in all except one article due to contraction of the control wounds. Conclusions In future clinical trials, we recommend embedding ASCs in injectable and implantable scaffolds for enhanced protection, retained viability, and improved therapeutic effects. Trial registration This review was registered with PROSPERO: ID=CRD42020171534. Graphical abstract The use of scaffolds as a vehicle for ASC delivery generally improved cell viability, angiogenesis, and wound healing in vivo compared to utilizing ASCs alone. ASCs embedded in natural materials induced more adipogenesis than ASCs embedded in synthetic materials. Adipogenic-induced ASCs further increased this effect. The included studies indicate that the seeded scaffold material influences the differentiation of ASCs in vivo. All studies investigating the mechanical strength of ASC scaffolds reported improved outcome measurements with improved mechanical strength. The results suggest that scaffolds, in general, are favorable for ASC delivery. We recommend initiating clinical studies using scaffolds based on mechanical properties and tunability to improve ASC viability. For fat regeneration, natural scaffolds are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Penzien Mamsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Stemform, Gyngemose Parkvej 74, DK-2860, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lea Munthe-Fog
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Stemform, Gyngemose Parkvej 74, DK-2860, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikkel Taudorf
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam J Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Yang JZ, Qiu LH, Xiong SH, Dang JL, Rong XK, Hou MM, Wang K, Yu Z, Yi CG. Decellularized adipose matrix provides an inductive microenvironment for stem cells in tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:585-603. [PMID: 32843915 PMCID: PMC7415251 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells play a key role in tissue regeneration due to their self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which are continuously regulated by signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Therefore, the unique biological and physical characteristics of the ECM are important determinants of stem cell behavior. Although the acellular ECM of specific tissues and organs (such as the skin, heart, cartilage, and lung) can mimic the natural microenvironment required for stem cell differentiation, the lack of donor sources restricts their development. With the rapid development of adipose tissue engineering, decellularized adipose matrix (DAM) has attracted much attention due to its wide range of sources and good regeneration capacity. Protocols for DAM preparation involve various physical, chemical, and biological methods. Different combinations of these methods may have different impacts on the structure and composition of DAM, which in turn interfere with the growth and differentiation of stem cells. This is a narrative review about DAM. We summarize the methods for decellularizing and sterilizing adipose tissue, and the impact of these methods on the biological and physical properties of DAM. In addition, we also analyze the application of different forms of DAM with or without stem cells in tissue regeneration (such as adipose tissue), repair (such as wounds, cartilage, bone, and nerves), in vitro bionic systems, clinical trials, and other disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Zhong Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Hong Qiu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shao-Heng Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Juan-Li Dang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ke Rong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Hou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Zhao P, Li X, Fang Q, Wang F, Ao Q, Wang X, Tian X, Tong H, Bai S, Fan J. Surface modification of small intestine submucosa in tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:339-348. [PMID: 32793379 PMCID: PMC7414999 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of tissue engineering, the required biomaterials need to have the ability to promote cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Especially, surface modification of the scaffold material has a great influence on biocompatibility and functionality of materials. The small intestine submucosa (SIS) is an extracellular matrix isolated from the submucosal layer of porcine jejunum, which has good tissue mechanical properties and regenerative activity, and is suitable for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In recent years, SIS is widely used in different areas of tissue reconstruction, such as blood vessels, bone, cartilage, bladder and ureter, etc. This paper discusses the main methods for surface modification of SIS to improve and optimize the performance of SIS bioscaffolds, including functional group bonding, protein adsorption, mineral coating, topography and formatting modification and drug combination. In addition, the reasonable combination of these methods also offers great improvement on SIS surface modification. This article makes a shallow review of the surface modification of SIS and its application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Cardiac Surgery, Liaoning First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
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Sharath SS, Ramu J, Nair SV, Iyer S, Mony U, Rangasamy J. Human Adipose Tissue Derivatives as a Potent Native Biomaterial for Tissue Regenerative Therapies. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:123-140. [PMID: 31953618 PMCID: PMC7105544 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adipose tissue is a great source of translatable biomaterials owing to its ease of availability and simple processing. Reusing discardable adipose tissue for tissue regeneration helps in mimicking the exact native microenvironment of tissue. Over the past 10 years, extraction, processing, tuning and fabrication of adipose tissue have grabbed the attention owing to their native therapeutic and regenerative potential. The present work gives the overview of next generation biomaterials derived from human adipose tissue and their development with clinical relevance. METHODS Around 300 articles have been reviewed to widen the knowledge on the isolation, characterization techniques and medical applications of human adipose tissue and its derivatives from bench to bedside. The prospective applications of adipose tissue derivatives like autologous fat graft, stromal vascular fraction, stem cells, preadipocyte, adipokines and extracellular matrix, their behavioural mechanism, rational property of providing native bioenvironment, circumventing their translational abilities, recent advances in featuring them clinically have been reviewed extensively to reveal the dormant side of human adipose tissue. RESULTS Basic understanding about the molecular and structural aspect of human adipose tissue is necessary to employ it constructively. This review has nailed the productive usage of human adipose tissue, in a stepwise manner from exploring the methods of extracting derivatives, concerns during processing and its formulations to turning them into functional biomaterials. Their performance as functional biomaterials for skin regeneration, wound healing, soft tissue defects, stem cell and other regenerative therapies under in vitro and in vivo conditions emphasizes the translational efficiency of adipose tissue derivatives. CONCLUSION In the recent years, research interest has inclination towards constructive tissue engineering and regenerative therapies. Unravelling the maximum utilization of human adipose tissue derivatives paves a way for improving existing tissue regeneration and cellular based therapies and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Sankari Sharath
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Janarthanan Ramu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Vasudevan Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Subramaniya Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India.
| | - Jayakumar Rangasamy
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India.
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11
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MicroRNA-150 Modulates Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Targeting Notch3. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2743047. [PMID: 31781236 PMCID: PMC6875317 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2743047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) influence stem cell functions, including mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation. miR-150 is abundantly expressed in monocytes. Knockdown of miR-150 promotes bone marrow stem cell migration. The role of miR-150 in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) is unclear. In this study, the effects of miR-150 on adipogenic differentiation and proliferation of ADSCs were investigated. ADSCs were isolated from the inguinal adipose tissue of wild-type (WT) and miR-150 knockout (KO) mice and were induced for adipogenic differentiation. The miR-150 level was detected by real-time PCR. ADSCs were transfected by miR-150 or small-interfering RNA (siRNA) of Notch3. MTT assay and colony formation assay were performed in miR-150 knockdown and control ADSCs. Real-time PCR showed that miR-150 was expressed in ADSCs. miR-150 knockdown significantly decreased the capacity of adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs, as compared with their counterparts from WT mice. It is intriguing that the overexpression of miR-150 significantly increased C/EBPα and PPAR-γ expression and lipid formation in ADSCs with adipogenic induction. Overexpression of miR-150 significantly decreased Notch3 expression in ADSCs compared with the control groups. Furthermore, Notch3 inhibition promoted the adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs. miR-150 also suppressed proliferation potential and the expression of Nanog in ADSCs. In summary, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that miR-150 promotes adipogenic differentiation and inhibits proliferation of ADSCs. miR-150 regulates adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs, likely mediated by the downregulation of Notch3.
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12
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Tissue-Engineered Grafts from Human Decellularized Extracellular Matrices: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124117. [PMID: 30567407 PMCID: PMC6321114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine involve many different artificial and biologic materials, frequently integrated in composite scaffolds, which can be repopulated with various cell types. One of the most promising scaffolds is decellularized allogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) then recellularized by autologous or stem cells, in order to develop fully personalized clinical approaches. Decellularization protocols have to efficiently remove immunogenic cellular materials, maintaining the nonimmunogenic ECM, which is endowed with specific inductive/differentiating actions due to its architecture and bioactive factors. In the present paper, we review the available literature about the development of grafts from decellularized human tissues/organs. Human tissues may be obtained not only from surgery but also from cadavers, suggesting possible development of Human Tissue BioBanks from body donation programs. Many human tissues/organs have been decellularized for tissue engineering purposes, such as cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, tendons, adipose tissue, heart, vessels, lung, dental pulp, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, gonads, uterus, childbirth products, cornea, and peripheral nerves. In vitro recellularizations have been reported with various cell types and procedures (seeding, injection, and perfusion). Conversely, studies about in vivo behaviour are poorly represented. Actually, the future challenge will be the development of human grafts to be implanted fully restored in all their structural/functional aspects.
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13
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Zhao Y, Fan J, Bai S. Biocompatibility of injectable hydrogel from decellularized human adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1684-1694. [PMID: 30352138 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is considered as a promising treatment for repairing soft tissue defects. The decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is becoming the research focus in tissue engineering for its tissue specificity. In this study, the human adipose tissue liposucted from healthy people were decellularized by a series of mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. The components of cell and lipid were effectively removed, whereas the collagens and other ingredients in adipose tissue were retained in the human decellularized adipose tissue (hDAT). Then the extracted hDAT was further fabricated into injectable hydrogel, which could be self-assembled to form gel under certain condition. The hDAT hydrogel was nontoxic to human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and could spontaneously induce adipogenic differentiation in vitro. It was highly biocompatible and could not cause inflammation and rejection after being implanted subcutaneously. The hDAT hydrogel developed in this study will be one of the available choices for soft tissue enlargement and cosmetic fillers because of its noninvasive in collection and implantation process. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1684-1694, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China.,Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
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14
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Cho KH, Uthaman S, Park IK, Cho CS. Injectable Biomaterials in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Review of the Current Status. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:559-574. [PMID: 30603579 PMCID: PMC6171701 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable biomaterials have attracted increasing attention for volume restoration and tissue regeneration. The main aim of this review is to discuss the current status of the injectable biomaterials for correction of tissue defects in plastic and reconstructive surgery. METHODS Requirements of injectable biomaterials, mechanism of in situ gelation, characteristics, and the combinational usage of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and growth factors were reviewed. RESULTS The ideal injectable biomaterials should be biocompatible, non-toxic, easy to use, and cost-effective. Additionally, it should possess adequate mechanical properties and stability. In situ gelation method includes physical, chemical, enzymatic and photo-initiated methods. Natural and synthetic biomaterials carry their pros and cons due to their inherent properties. The combined use of ADSCs and growth factors provides enhanced potential for adipose tissue regeneration. CONCLUSIONS The usage of injectable biomaterials has been increasing for the tissue restoration and regeneration. The future of incorporating ADSCs and growth factors into the injectable biomaterials is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju, 61469 Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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15
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Dong J, Yu M, Zhang Y, Yin Y, Tian W. Recent developments and clinical potential on decellularized adipose tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2563-2574. [PMID: 29664222 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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16
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Therapeutic Applications for Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-018-0125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang S, Lu Q, Cao T, Toh WS. Adipose Tissue and Extracellular Matrix Development by Injectable Decellularized Adipose Matrix Loaded with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:1171-1180. [PMID: 27018672 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant need for soft-tissue replacements in the field of reconstructive surgery. Decellularized adipose tissues were heparin crosslinked and loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). This injectable system was evaluated for its adipogenic and angiogenic capabilities for in vivo adipose tissue regeneration. METHODS Decellularized adipose tissues were harvested from the inguinal fat pads of C57BL/6J mice, minced, and heparinized before being loaded with bFGF. Decellularized adipose tissues without bFGF served as a control. In vivo adipose neotissue formation, neovascularization, and volume stability were evaluated over a period of 12 weeks. After 6 or 12 weeks, mice were killed and the newly formed adipose tissues, together with the contralateral endogenous adipose tissues, were harvested for gross, volumetric, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Decellularized adipose tissues that were heparinized and loaded with bFGF induced significant de novo adipose neotissue formation, with progressive tissue growth and neovascularization from 6 to 12 weeks. The adipose neotissues exhibited mature adipose morphology and extracellular matrix that closely resembled that of the endogenous adipose tissue. In contrast, decellularized adipose tissues without bFGF induced limited adipose neotissue formation and were completely resorbed by the end of 12 weeks. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the high efficiency of heparinized decellularized adipose tissue matrix loaded with bFGF in promoting adipose neotissue formation and neovascularization with long-term volume stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipin Zhang
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Qiqi Lu
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
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18
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Combellack EJ, Jessop ZM, Naderi N, Griffin M, Dobbs T, Ibrahim A, Evans S, Burnell S, Doak SH, Whitaker IS. Adipose regeneration and implications for breast reconstruction: update and the future. Gland Surg 2016; 5:227-41. [PMID: 27047789 PMCID: PMC4791352 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2016.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of breast reconstruction and management of breast cancer has evolved significantly since the earliest descriptions in the Edwin Smith Papyrus (3,000 BC). The development of surgical and scientific expertise has changed the way that women are managed, and plastic surgeons are now able to offer a wide range of reconstructive options to suit individual needs. Beyond the gold standard autologous flap based reconstructions, regenerative therapies promise the elimination of donor site morbidity whilst providing equivalent aesthetic and functional outcomes. Future research aims to address questions regarding ideal cell source, optimisation of scaffold composition and interaction of de novo adipose tissue in the microenvironment of breast cancer.
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19
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Banyard DA, Borad V, Amezcua E, Wirth GA, Evans GRD, Widgerow AD. Preparation, Characterization, and Clinical Implications of Human Decellularized Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix (hDAM): A Comprehensive Review. Aesthet Surg J 2016; 36:349-57. [PMID: 26333991 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat grafting is commonly employed by plastic and reconstructive surgeons to address contour abnormalities and soft-tissue defects; however, because retention rates and thus volume filling effects are unpredictable, there is a search for new and innovative approaches. Initial studies on the use of human decellularized adipose tissue extracellular matrix (hDAM) show promise for its use not only in tissue engineering, but also in fat grafting. In this review, we examine and analyze the literature for the preparation, characterization, and use of hDAM and its derivatives in tissue engineering and plastic surgery applications. All studies reviewed involve physical, chemical, and/or biological treatment stages for the preparation of hDAM; however a distinction should be made between detergent and nondetergent-based processing, the latter of which appears to preserve the native integrity of the hDAM while most-efficiently achieving complete decellularization. Methods of hDAM characterization vary among groups and included simple and immunohistochemical staining, biochemical assays, 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, and mechano-stress testing, all of which are necessary to achieve a comprehensive description of this novel tissue. Finally, we examine the various preclinical models utilized to optimize hDAM performance, which primarily include the addition of adipose-derived stem cells or cross-linking agents. Overall, hDAM appears to be a promising adjunct in fat-grafting applications or even possibly as a stand-alone soft-tissue filler with off-the-shelf potential for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Banyard
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Vedant Borad
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Eduardo Amezcua
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Garrett A Wirth
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Gregory R D Evans
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Alan D Widgerow
- Dr Banyard is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Clinical Fellow, Mr. Amezcua is an Undergraduate Student Research Assistant, and Dr Widgerow is Director and Clinical Professor, The Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. Dr Borad is a Plastic Surgery Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr Wirth is a Professor and Dr Evans is Chairman and a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
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20
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Fan J, Sun Z. The Antiaging Gene Klotho Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1615-25. [PMID: 26865060 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Klotho was originally discovered as an aging-suppressor gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether secreted Klotho (SKL) affects the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that short-form Klotho was expressed in mouse ADSCs. The Klotho gene mutation KL(-/-) significantly decreased proliferation of ADSCs and expression of pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4) in mice. The adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs was also decreased in KL(-/-) mice. Incubation with Klotho-deficient medium decreased ADSC proliferation, pluripotent transcription factor levels, and adipogenic differentiation, which is similar to what was found in KL(-/-) mice. These results indicate that Klotho deficiency suppresses ADSC proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, treatment with recombinant SKL protein rescued the Klotho deficiency-induced impairment in ADSC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. SKL also regulated ADSCs' differentiation to other cell lineages (osteoblasts, myofibroblasts), indicating that SKL maintains stemness of ADSCs. It is intriguing that overexpression of SKL significantly increased PPAR-γ expression and lipid formation in ADSCs following adipogenic induction, indicating enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of SKL inhibited expression of TGFβ1 and its downstream signaling mediator Smad2/3. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SKL is essential to the maintenance of normal proliferation and differentiation in ADSCs. Klotho regulates adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs, likely via inhibition of TGFβ1 and activation of PPAR-γ. Stem Cells 2016;34:1615-1625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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21
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Unser AM, Tian Y, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:962-79. [PMID: 26231586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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22
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Adipose stem cells promote smooth muscle cells to secrete elastin in rat abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108105. [PMID: 25243605 PMCID: PMC4171524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disease and its prevalence rate increases with social aging. The degradation of elastic is an important factor in the formation of AAA. Methods Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from rats, and identified by Oil red O and alizarin red staining after adipogenesis and osteogenesis induction. In addition, ADSCs were also identified by flow cytometry with CD markers. AAA model in rats was established, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were isolated from AAA aortic wall and identified by immunohistochemistry. ADSCs or BMSCs were co-cultured with AAA aortic wall for in vitro experiment, and ADSCs were injected into AAA model for in vivo test. Then orcein staining was used for observing the morphology of elastic fiber, Western blot and real-time PCR were used respectively to detect the protein and gene expression of elastin, gelatinases spectrum analysis was used to detect the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Results Lots of red lipid droplets were visible by Oil red O staining after adipogenesis induction, and black calcium nodules appeared by alizarin red staining after osteogenesis induction. The results of flow cytometry showed that ADSCs expressed CD44 and CD105, but exhibited negligible expression of CD31 and CD45. SMCs exhibited spindle-like morphology and α-actin protein was positive in cytoplasm. After co-cultured with ADSCs or BMSCs, the elastic fiber recovered normal winding shape, both the gene and protein expression of elastin increased, and the activity of MMP-2 decreased. The in vivo result was similar to that of in vitro. Conclusions ADSCs promote the expression of elastin in SMCs and contribute to the reconstruction of elastic fiber, which may provide new ideas for treating AAA.
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23
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Wang L, Johnson JA, Zhang Q, Beahm EK. Combining decellularized human adipose tissue extracellular matrix and adipose-derived stem cells for adipose tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8921-31. [PMID: 23816649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Repair of soft tissue defects resulting from lumpectomy or mastectomy has become an important rehabilitation process for breast cancer patients. This study aimed to provide an adipose tissue engineering platform for soft tissue defect repair by combining decellularized human adipose tissue extracellular matrix (hDAM) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). To derive hDAM incised human adipose tissues underwent a decellularization process. Effective cell removal and lipid removal were proved by immunohistochemical analysis and DNA quantification. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed a three-dimensional nanofibrous architecture in hDAM. The hDAM included collagen, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and vascular endothelial growth factor, but lacked major histocompatibility complex antigen I. hASC viability and proliferation on hDAM were proven in vitro. hDAM implanted subcutaneously in Fischer rats did not cause an immunogenic response, and it underwent remodeling, as indicated by host cell infiltration, neovascularization, and adipose tissue formation. Fresh fat grafts (Coleman technique) and engineered fat grafts (hDAM combined with hASCs) were implanted subcutaneously in nude rats. The implanted engineered fat grafts maintained their volume for 8 weeks, and the hASCs contributed to adipose tissue formation. In summary, the combination of hDAM and hASCs provides not only a clinically translatable platform for adipose tissue engineering, but also a vehicle for elucidating fat grafting mechanisms.
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