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de Gier M, Oosterman JM, Hughes AM, Moss-Morris R, Hirsch C, Beckerman H, de Groot V, Knoop H. The presence of attentional and interpretation biases in patients with severe MS-related fatigue. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:731-745. [PMID: 38575519 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe fatigue is a prevalent and disabling symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study tested if a fatigue- and physical activity-related attentional bias (AB) and a somatic interpretation bias (IB) are present in severely fatigued patients with MS. Biases were compared to healthy controls and patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). METHOD Severely fatigued patients with MS or ME/CFS and healthy controls completed a Visual Probe Task (VPT) assessing fatigue- and physical activity-related AB and an IB task that assesses the tendency to interpret ambiguous information in either a somatically threatening way or in a more neutral manner. The VPT was completed by 38 MS patients, 44 ME/CFS patients, and 46 healthy controls; the IB task was completed by 156, 40 and 46 participants respectively. RESULTS ANOVA showed no statistically significant group differences in a fatigue-related AB or physical activity-related AB (omnibus test of interaction between topic × condition: F2,125 = 1.87; p = .159). Both patient groups showed a tendency to interpret ambiguous information in a somatically threatening way compared to healthy controls (F1,2 = 27.61, p < .001). This IB was significantly stronger in MS patients compared to ME/CFS patients. IB was significantly correlated with cognitive responses to symptoms in MS patients. CONCLUSION MS patients tend to interpret ambiguous information in a somatically threatening way. This may feed into unhelpful ways of dealing with symptoms, possibly contributing to the perpetuation of severe fatigue in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke de Gier
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joukje M Oosterman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alicia M Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rona Moss-Morris
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colette Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heleen Beckerman
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent de Groot
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Knoop
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mavroudis I, Kazis D, Kamal FZ, Gurzu IL, Ciobica A, Pădurariu M, Novac B, Iordache A. Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4470. [PMID: 38674056 PMCID: PMC11050230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly called conversion disorder, is a condition characterized by neurological symptoms that lack an identifiable organic purpose. These signs, which can consist of motor, sensory, or cognitive disturbances, are not deliberately produced and often vary in severity. Its diagnosis is predicated on clinical evaluation and the exclusion of other medical or psychiatric situations. Its treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary technique addressing each of the neurological symptoms and underlying psychological factors via a mixture of medical management, psychotherapy, and supportive interventions. Recent advances in neuroimaging and a deeper exploration of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation have shed new light on this disorder. This paper synthesizes the current knowledge on FND, focusing on its epidemiology and underlying mechanisms, neuroimaging insights, and the differentiation of FND from feigning or malingering. This review highlights the phenotypic heterogeneity of FND and the diagnostic challenges it presents. It also discusses the significant role of neuroimaging in unraveling the complex neural underpinnings of FND and its potential in predicting treatment response. This paper underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of FND in informing clinical practice and guiding future research. With advancements in neuroimaging techniques and growing recognition of the disorder's multifaceted nature, the paper suggests a promising trajectory toward more effective, personalized treatment strategies and a better overall understanding of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neuroscience, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Faculty of Medicine, Leeds University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dimitrios Kazis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Fatima Zahra Kamal
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technical (ISPITS), Marrakech 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Processes and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Irina-Luciana Gurzu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania (A.I.)
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue 20th A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Teodor Codrescu 2, 700481 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, Păcurari Street 11, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Manuela Pădurariu
- “Socola” Institute of Psychiatry, Șoseaua Bucium 36, 700282 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Novac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania (A.I.)
| | - Alin Iordache
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania (A.I.)
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Pick S, Millman LM, Sun Y, Short E, Stanton B, Winston JS, Mehta MA, Nicholson TR, Reinders AA, David AS, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hotopf M, Chalder T. Objective and subjective neurocognitive functioning in functional motor symptoms and functional seizures: preliminary findings. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:970-987. [PMID: 37724767 PMCID: PMC11057846 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2245110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to provide a preliminary assessment of objective and subjective neurocognitive functioning in individuals with functional motor symptoms (FMS) and/or functional seizures (FS). We tested the hypotheses that the FMS/FS group would display poorer objective attentional and executive functioning, altered social cognition, and reduced metacognitive accuracy. METHOD Individuals with FMS/FS (n = 16) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 17) completed an abbreviated CANTAB battery, and measures of intellectual functioning, subjective cognitive complaints, performance validity, and comorbid symptoms. Subjective performance ratings were obtained to assess local metacognitive accuracy. RESULTS The groups were comparable in age (p = 0.45), sex (p = 0.62), IQ (p = 0.57), and performance validity (p-values = 0.10-0.91). We observed no impairment on any CANTAB test in this FMS/FS sample compared to HCs, although the FMS/FS group displayed shorter reaction times on the Emotional Bias task (anger) (p = 0.01, np2 = 0.20). The groups did not differ in subjective performance ratings (p-values 0.15). Whilst CANTAB attentional set-shifting performance (total trials/errors) correlated with subjective performance ratings in HCs (p-values<0.005, rs = -0.85), these correlations were non-significant in the FMS/FS sample (p-values = 0.10-0.13, rs-values = -0.46-0.50). The FMS/FS group reported more daily cognitive complaints than HCs (p = 0.006, g = 0.92), which were associated with subjective performance ratings on CANTAB sustained attention (p = 0.001, rs = -0.74) and working memory tests (p < 0.001, rs = -0.75), and with depression (p = 0.003, rs = 0.70), and somatoform (p = 0.003, rs = 0.70) and psychological dissociation (p-values<0.005, rs-values = 0.67-0.85). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a discordance between objective and subjective neurocognitive functioning in this FMS/FS sample, reflecting intact test performance alongside poorer subjective cognitive functioning. Further investigation of neurocognitive functioning in FND subgroups is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Pick
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - L.S. Merritt Millman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Yiqing Sun
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Eleanor Short
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Biba Stanton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Joel S. Winston
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Mitul A. Mehta
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Timothy R. Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | | | | | - Mark J. Edwards
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Laura H. Goldstein
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
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Bjerre-Nielsen E, Kallesøe KH, Nielsen ES, Gehrt TB, Frostholm L, Rask CU. A New Experimental Design to Examine Cognitive Biases for Gastrointestinal Related Stimuli in Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1327. [PMID: 37628326 PMCID: PMC10453649 DOI: 10.3390/children10081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive biases toward disorder-specific stimuli are suggested as crucial to the development and maintenance of symptoms in adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD), a subtype of FGID, are common in children and adolescents, but the influence of cognitive biases is sparsely examined. This study aimed to (1) develop a new experimental design for assessing cognitive biases toward gastrointestinal stimuli in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 17 years) and (2) derive comparative data on bias toward gastrointestinal stimuli using a healthy "normative" sample. The online experimental design-BY-GIS (Bias in Youth toward GastroIntestinal-related Stimuli)-includes a word task and a picture task. Stimuli in both tasks are related to general and gastrointestinal symptoms, and the design includes three phases: (1) encoding, (2) free recall, and (3) recognition. Data were collected between April 2022 and April 2023 from 96 healthy participants (Mage = 12.32, 47.92% female). Adolescents were significantly better at recalling words than children (p = 0.03), whereas there were no significant gender or age differences with regard to recalling pictures (p > 0.05). Across age and gender, participants performed above chance level in the recognition phases of both tasks. The results support that the design is suitable within the age span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Bjerre-Nielsen
- Research Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Hansen Kallesøe
- Research Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Skovslund Nielsen
- Research Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Bennedsen Gehrt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus BSS, Bartholins Allé 11, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Research and Development, Prehospital Emergency Medical Services, Central Denmark Region, Brendstrupgårdsvej 7, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Frostholm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- Research Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Ducroizet A, Zimianti I, Golder D, Hearne K, Edwards M, Nielsen G, Coebergh J. Functional neurological disorder: Clinical manifestations and comorbidities; an online survey. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 110:116-125. [PMID: 36871491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is common and is often accompanied by multiple comorbid symptoms and conditions. There have been no large-scale studies exploring the change of its clinical manifestations and comorbidities. We used an online survey to assess FND patient characteristics, changes to fatigue, sleep and pain and comorbid symptoms and diagnoses, as well as treatment strategies. The survey was shared via the charities FND Action and FND Hope. 527 participants were included in the analysis. Most (97.3%) reported experiencing more than one core FND symptom. Many respondents reported associated pain (78.1%), fatigue (78.0%) and sleep disturbances (46.7%) before FND diagnosis which often increased thereafter. Rates of obesity were higher (36.9%) than in the general population. Obesity was associated with increased pain, fatigue and sleep difficulties. There was frequent weight gain after diagnosis. 50.0% of participants reported having other diagnoses prior to FND, while in 43.3% new comorbidities arise after FND diagnosis. Many respondents reported being dissatisfied with their care, expressing a wish for further follow-up from mental health (32.7%) and/or neurological services (44.3%). This large online survey further supports the phenotypic complexity of FND. High rates of pain, fatigue and sleep disturbance exist before diagnosis but monitoring for change is worthwhile. Our study identified major gaps in service provision; we highlight the importance of an open mind regarding change in symptoms; this could aid the early identification and management of co-morbidities, including obesity and migraine, which possibly have a negative impact on FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ducroizet
- Department of Neurology, Ashford St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark Edwards
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Glenn Nielsen
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Department of Neurology, St. George's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jan Coebergh
- Department of Neurology, Ashford St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK; Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Department of Neurology, St. George's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Generalized Worry in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study in Secondary Care. Behav Ther 2022; 53:828-842. [PMID: 35987542 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that generalized anxiety disorder is commonly associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the prevalence of generalized worry in CFS patients and its relationship with fatigue, anxiety and social functioning, before and after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Our cohort consisted of 470 patients diagnosed with CFS who received CBT at a secondary care, specialist clinic. Patients completed self-report measures investigating levels of generalized worry, fatigue, work and social adjustment, anxiety and depression at baseline (pretreatment), discharge from treatment, 3-month and 6-month follow up (posttreatment). Analysis indicated a high prevalence of generalized worry (72.4%) at assessment. A significant reduction in worry following CBT (M = -3.42, p < .001, 95% CIs: 2.26, 4.57) was observed at discharge, which remained stable at follow-up. Severe baseline worriers had greater overall fatigue score (M = 3.74, p = .026, 95% CIs: .33, 7.15) and worse overall work and social adjustment than mild worriers across time-points (M = 5.42, p = .035 95% CIs: .27, 10.58). Avoidance behavior mediated the association between generalized worry and work and social adjustment (95% bootstrap CIs: 013, .080). The majority of patients with CFS had comorbid generalized worry and severe worriers reported greater fatigue, anxiety, and worse work and social adjustment. This suggests that CFS patients may benefit from targeting generalized worry during CBT.
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Hamouda K, Senf-Beckenbach PA, Gerhardt C, Irorutola F, Rose M, Hinkelmann K. Executive Functions and Attention in Patients With Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Compared With Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:880-886. [PMID: 34292202 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) are considered functional neurological symptoms and are highly prevalent in specialized epilepsy clinics. The underlying mechanisms of PNES are not fully understood. Recent findings point toward possible alterations in attention and executive functions. This study aimed to extend the current knowledge of attention and executive function in patients with PNES and to assess possible relationships between seizures and dissociation, childhood trauma, and cognitive function. METHODS We recruited 40 patients with PNES and 40 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) in this study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires to assess early life stress (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]), dissociation (the German version of the Dissociative Experience Scale, or Fragebogen zu dissoziativen Symptomen), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Executive functions and attention were assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span, and Attention Network Task. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients with PNES reported significantly higher levels of childhood trauma, depression, and dissociation. Patients with PNES also had reduced performance indices for Digit Span Forward (d = 0.62), Digit Span Backward (d = 0.62), and TMT (d = 0.67) but not Attention Network Task. CTQ scores positively correlated with TMT and Digit Span Backward performance in patients with PNES. Adjusting for CTQ scores attenuated the observed group difference in TMT performance. Depression and dissociation did not explain the observed findings. CONCLUSIONS These results contribute to the evidence of impaired executive functions in patients with PNES. Furthermore, childhood trauma scores, but not (trait) dissociation or depression scores, seem to drive group differences (HC versus patients with PNES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hamouda
- From the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Cecchini MP, Tamburin S, Zanini A, Boschi F, Demartini B, Goeta D, Dallocchio C, Marotta A, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. Hedonicity in functional motor disorders: a chemosensory study assessing taste. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1399-1407. [PMID: 32856158 PMCID: PMC7497316 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore hedonicity to basic tastes in patients with functional motor disorders (FMDs) that are often associated with impairment in emotional processing. We recruited 20 FMD patients and 24 healthy subjects, matched for age and sex. Subjects were asked to rate the hedonic sensation (i.e., pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant) on a - 10 to +10 scale to the four basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) at different concentrations, and neutral stimuli (i.e., no taste stimulation) by means of the Taste Strips Test. Anxiety, depression, and alexithymia were assessed. FMD patients rated the highest concentration of sweet taste (6.7 ± 2.6) as significantly more pleasant than controls (4.7 ± 2.5, p = 0.03), and the neutral stimuli significantly more unpleasant (patients: - 0.7 ± 0.4, controls: 0.1 ± 0.4, p = 0.013). Hedonic ratings were not correlated to anxiety, depression, or alexithymia scores. Hedonic response to taste is altered in FMD patients. This preliminary finding might result from abnormal interaction between sensory processing and emotional valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Section, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Diana Goeta
- Psychiatry Unit II, A.O. San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Dallocchio
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Area, ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Section, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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