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Du S, Hu X, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. Target-based drug design strategies to overcome resistance to antiviral agents: opportunities and challenges. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 73:101053. [PMID: 38301487 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections have a major impact in human health. Ongoing viral transmission and escalating selective pressure have the potential to favor the emergence of vaccine- and antiviral drug-resistant viruses. Target-based approaches for the design of antiviral drugs can play a pivotal role in combating drug-resistant challenges. Drug design computational tools facilitate the discovery of novel drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current drug design strategies employed in the field of antiviral drug resistance, illustrated through the description of a series of successful applications. These strategies include technologies that enhance compound-target affinity while minimizing interactions with mutated binding pockets. Furthermore, emerging approaches such as virtual screening, targeted protein/RNA degradation, and resistance analysis during drug design have been harnessed to curtail the emergence of drug resistance. Additionally, host targeting antiviral drugs offer a promising avenue for circumventing viral mutation. The widespread adoption of these refined drug design strategies will effectively address the prevailing challenge posed by antiviral drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Jiao J, Xiao F, Wang C, Zhang Z. Iodine-Promoted Metal-Free Cyclization and O/S Exchange of Acrylamides with Thiuram: One-Step Synthesis of Quinolino-2-thiones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4965-4970. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fangtao Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Sayan M, Yildirim FS, Akhan S, Karaoglan I, Akalin H. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (INSTI) Genotypic Resistance Analysis in Treatment-nNaive, INSTI Free Antiretroviral-Experienced and INSTI-Experienced Turkish Patients Infected with HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:184-192. [PMID: 35240975 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220303104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently the standard of practice for first-line HIV therapy for most patients. We evaluated the mutations associated with INSTI resistance in naive HIV-1 infected patients and treated them with antiretrovirals (ART). METHODS The study, conducted in the 2018 - 2020 period, included 50 ART-naïve patients, 69 INSTI free ART-experienced patients, and 82 INSTI-experienced patients. INSTI resistance mutations were interpreted using the Stanford University HIVdb Program algorithm. RESULTS INSTI resistance was not detected in ART naïve patients. At least one INSTI resistance mutation was detected in 10% of the INSTI-free patients and 29% of the INSTI-treated patients. Major INSTI-mutations E138K, Y143R, S147G, Q148R, N155H, and E157Q were found in raltegravir. Additional mutations, E92Q, E138K, G140A, S147G, and Q148R were found in elvitegravir; E192Q, E138K/T, G140A/S, S147G, Q148H/R, N155H, E157Q were found in dolutegravir (DTG) experienced patients. According to all drug classes, drug resistance mutation prevalences were determined at the rate of 60%, 46%, and 46% in the RAL, EVG, and DTG groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings provide data for treatment and resistance management of INSTIs and may provide feedback for INSTIs resistance surveillance consensus-building efforts. In viral rebound under INSTI treatment, INSTI-resistant mutations follow typical INSTI resistance pathways and high resistance rates. INSTI resistance genotypic analysis should be considered before any DTG-based regimes can be initiated in the future, and reduced DTG susceptibility should be carefully monitored and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sayan
- Kocaeli University, Research and Education Hospital, PCR Laboratory, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Near East University, DESAM Research Institute, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
| | - Figen Sarigul Yildirim
- Health Sciences University, Antalya Research and Education Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sila Akhan
- Kocaeli University, Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Karaoglan
- Gaziantep University, Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Uludağ University, Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa, Turkey
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Discovery of Novel Integrase Inhibitors Acting outside the Active Site Through High-Throughput Screening. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203675. [PMID: 31614773 PMCID: PMC6832134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an increasing number of drugs are becoming available to clinics for the treatment of HIV infection. Even if this targeted therapy is highly effective at suppressing viral replication, caregivers are facing growing therapeutic failures in patients, due to resistance with or without treatment adherence concerns. Accordingly, it is important to continue to discover small molecules that have a novel mechanism of inhibition. In this work, HIV integrase inhibitors were selected by high-throughput screening. Chemical structure comparisons enabled the identification of stilbene disulfonic acids as a potential new chemotype. Biochemical characterization of the lead compound stilbenavir (NSC34931) and a few derivatives was performed. Stilbene disulfonic acid derivatives exhibit low to sub-micromolar antiviral activity, and they inhibit integrase through DNA-binding inhibition. They probably bind to the C-terminal domain of integrase, in the cavity normally occupied by the noncleaved strand of the viral DNA substrate. Because of this original mode of action compared to active site strand transfer inhibitors, they do not exhibit cross-resistance to the three main resistance pathways to integrase inhibitors (G140S-Q148H, N155H, and Y143R). Further structure–activity optimization should enable the development of more active and less toxic derivatives with potential clinical relevance.
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Engelman AN. Multifaceted HIV integrase functionalities and therapeutic strategies for their inhibition. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15137-15157. [PMID: 31467082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral inhibitors that are used to manage HIV infection/AIDS predominantly target three enzymes required for virus replication: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. Although integrase inhibitors were the last among this group to be approved for treating people living with HIV, they have since risen to the forefront of treatment options. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are now recommended components of frontline and drug-switch antiretroviral therapy formulations. Integrase catalyzes two successive magnesium-dependent polynucleotidyl transferase reactions, 3' processing and strand transfer, and INSTIs tightly bind the divalent metal ions and viral DNA end after 3' processing, displacing from the integrase active site the DNA 3'-hydroxyl group that is required for strand transfer activity. Although second-generation INSTIs present higher barriers to the development of viral drug resistance than first-generation compounds, the mechanisms underlying these superior barrier profiles are incompletely understood. A separate class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, the allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs), engage integrase distal from the enzyme active site, namely at the binding site for the cellular cofactor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 that helps to guide integration into host genes. ALLINIs inhibit HIV-1 replication by inducing integrase hypermultimerization, which precludes integrase binding to genomic RNA and perturbs the morphogenesis of new viral particles. Although not yet approved for human use, ALLINIs provide important probes that can be used to investigate the link between HIV-1 integrase and viral particle morphogenesis. Herein, I review the mechanisms of retroviral integration as well as the promises and challenges of using integrase inhibitors for HIV/AIDS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Pham HT, Mesplède T. Bictegravir in a fixed-dose tablet with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of HIV infection: pharmacology and clinical implications. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:385-397. [PMID: 30698467 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1560423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current antiretroviral therapy is more effective and simpler than in previous times due to the development of new drugs with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and the advent of single pill regimens with low toxicity that facilitate long-term adherence. The recent approval of the novel potent integrase strand-transfer inhibitor bictegravir (BIC) co-formulated with emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in a fixed daily dose pill, B/F/TAF, adds to the list of single-tablet regimens available to treat HIV infection. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the pharmacological and clinical information obtained from MEDLINE/PubMed publications and the latest international conferences. Expert opinion: BIC is a potent antiretroviral with an improved resistance profile over previous integrase inhibitors. Its combination with the new tenofovir prodrug TAF and FTC creates an effective regimen B/F/TAF for treatment-naïve patients and for those switching from another successful combination. B/F/TAF's favorable pharmacokinetic profile, simple dose, low pill burden, and few drug-drug interactions or treatment-related adverse events, will make it one of the preferred regimens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- a Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital , McGill University AIDS Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- a Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital , McGill University AIDS Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,c Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,d Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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Lee GE, Kim J, Shin CG. Single residue mutation in integrase catalytic core domain affects feline foamy viral DNA integration. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:270-280. [PMID: 30319037 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1530969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DD(35)E motif in catalytic core domain (CCD) of integrase (IN) is extremely involved in retroviral integration step. Here, nine single residue mutants of feline foamy virus (FFV) IN were generated to study their effects on IN activities and on viral replication. As expected, mutations in the highly conserved D107, D164, and E200 residues abolished all IN catalytic activities (3'-end processing, strand transfer, and disintegration) as well as viral infectivity by blocking viral DNA integration into cellular DNA. However, Q165, Y191, and S195 mutants, which are located closely to DDE motif were observed to have diverse levels of enzymatic activities, compared to those of the wild type IN. Their mutant viruses produced by one-cycle transfection showed different infectivity on their natural host cells. Therefore, it is likely that effects of single residue mutation at DDE motif is critical on viral replication depending on the position of the residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Lee
- a Department of Systems Biotechnology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsun Kim
- a Department of Systems Biotechnology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Republic of Korea
| | - Cha-Gyun Shin
- a Department of Systems Biotechnology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Republic of Korea
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Kalathiya U, Padariya M, Baginski M. Extracting functional groups of ALLINI to design derivatives of FDA-approved drugs: Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:594-607. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kalathiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Monikaben Padariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
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Bonnard D, Le Rouzic E, Eiler S, Amadori C, Orlov I, Bruneau JM, Brias J, Barbion J, Chevreuil F, Spehner D, Chasset S, Ledoussal B, Moreau F, Saïb A, Klaholz BP, Emiliani S, Ruff M, Zamborlini A, Benarous R. Structure-function analyses unravel distinct effects of allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase on viral maturation and integration. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6172-6186. [PMID: 29507092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors with a dual mode of action, called IN-LEDGF/p75 allosteric inhibitors (INLAIs), was described. Designed to interfere with the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction during viral integration, unexpectedly, their major impact was on virus maturation. This activity has been linked to induction of aberrant IN multimerization, whereas inhibition of the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction accounts for weaker antiretroviral effect at integration. Because these dual activities result from INLAI binding to IN at a single binding site, we expected that these activities co-evolved together, driven by the affinity for IN. Using an original INLAI, MUT-A, and its activity on an Ala-125 (A125) IN variant, we found that these two activities on A125-IN can be fully dissociated: MUT-A-induced IN multimerization and the formation of eccentric condensates in viral particles, which are responsible for inhibition of virus maturation, were lost, whereas inhibition of the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction and consequently integration was fully retained. Hence, the mere binding of INLAI to A125 IN is insufficient to promote the conformational changes of IN required for aberrant multimerization. By analyzing the X-ray structures of MUT-A bound to the IN catalytic core domain (CCD) with or without the Ala-125 polymorphism, we discovered that the loss of IN multimerization is due to stabilization of the A125-IN variant CCD dimer, highlighting the importance of the CCD dimerization energy for IN multimerization. Our study reveals that affinity for the LEDGF/p75-binding pocket is not sufficient to induce INLAI-dependent IN multimerization and the associated inhibition of viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bonnard
- From Biodim Mutabilis, 93230 Romainville, .,Inserm U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Université Paris Diderot, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 75010 Paris
| | | | - Sylvia Eiler
- the Centre for Integrative Biology, IGBMC, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, and
| | - Céline Amadori
- From Biodim Mutabilis, 93230 Romainville.,the Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Igor Orlov
- the Centre for Integrative Biology, IGBMC, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Danièle Spehner
- the Centre for Integrative Biology, IGBMC, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, and
| | | | | | | | - Ali Saïb
- Inserm U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Université Paris Diderot, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 75010 Paris
| | - Bruno P Klaholz
- the Centre for Integrative Biology, IGBMC, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, and
| | | | - Marc Ruff
- the Centre for Integrative Biology, IGBMC, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, and
| | - Alessia Zamborlini
- Inserm U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Université Paris Diderot, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 75010 Paris,
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Fun A, Leitner T, Vandekerckhove L, Däumer M, Thielen A, Buchholz B, Hoepelman AIM, Gisolf EH, Schipper PJ, Wensing AMJ, Nijhuis M. Impact of the HIV-1 genetic background and HIV-1 population size on the evolution of raltegravir resistance. Retrovirology 2018; 15:1. [PMID: 29304821 PMCID: PMC5755036 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of resistance against integrase inhibitor raltegravir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) patients is generally associated with selection of one of three signature mutations: Y143C/R, Q148K/H/R or N155H, representing three distinct resistance pathways. The mechanisms that drive selection of a specific pathway are still poorly understood. We investigated the impact of the HIV-1 genetic background and population dynamics on the emergence of raltegravir resistance. Using deep sequencing we analyzed the integrase coding sequence (CDS) in longitudinal samples from five patients who initiated raltegravir plus optimized background therapy at viral loads > 5000 copies/ml. To investigate the role of the HIV-1 genetic background we created recombinant viruses containing the viral integrase coding region from pre-raltegravir samples from two patients in whom raltegravir resistance developed through different pathways. The in vitro selections performed with these recombinant viruses were designed to mimic natural population bottlenecks. RESULTS Deep sequencing analysis of the viral integrase CDS revealed that the virological response to raltegravir containing therapy inversely correlated with the relative amount of unique sequence variants that emerged suggesting diversifying selection during drug pressure. In 4/5 patients multiple signature mutations representing different resistance pathways were observed. Interestingly, the resistant population can consist of a single resistant variant that completely dominates the population but also of multiple variants from different resistance pathways that coexist in the viral population. We also found evidence for increased diversification after stronger bottlenecks. In vitro selections with low viral titers, mimicking population bottlenecks, revealed that both recombinant viruses and HXB2 reference virus were able to select mutations from different resistance pathways, although typically only one resistance pathway emerged in each individual culture. CONCLUSIONS The generation of a specific raltegravir resistant variant is not predisposed in the genetic background of the viral integrase CDS. Typically, in the early phases of therapy failure the sequence space is explored and multiple resistance pathways emerge and then compete for dominance which frequently results in a switch of the dominant population over time towards the fittest variant or even multiple variants of similar fitness that can coexist in the viral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Fun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP G04.614, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Leitner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Däumer
- Institute of Immunology and Genetics, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Buchholz
- Pediatric Clinic, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth H Gisolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP G04.614, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP G04.614, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP G04.614, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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HIV-1 Resistance to Dolutegravir Is Affected by Cellular Histone Acetyltransferase Activity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00912-17. [PMID: 28835492 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00912-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the newest class of antiretrovirals to be approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Canonical resistance to these competitive inhibitors develops through substitutions in the integrase active site that disrupt drug-protein interactions. However, resistance against the newest integrase inhibitor, dolutegravir (DTG), is associated with an R263K substitution at the C terminus of integrase that causes resistance through an unknown mechanism. The integrase C-terminal domain is involved in many processes over the course of infection and is posttranslationally modified via acetylation of three lysine residues that are important for enzyme activity, integrase multimerization, and protein-protein interactions. Here we report that regulation of the acetylation of integrase is integral to the replication of HIV in the presence of DTG and that the R263K mutation specifically disrupts this regulation, likely due to enhancement of interactions with the histone deacetylase I complex, as suggested by coimmunoprecipitation assays. Although no detectable differences in the levels of cell-free acetylation of the wild-type (WT) and mutated R263K enzymes were observed, the inhibition of cellular histone acetyltransferase enzymes sensitized the NL4.3WT virus to DTG, while NL4.3R263K was almost completely unaffected. When levels of endogenous acetylation were manipulated in virus-producing cells, inhibitors of acetylation enhanced the replication of NL4.3R263K, whereas inhibition of deacetylation greatly diminished the replication of NL4.3WT Taken together, these results point to a pivotal role of acetylation in the resistance mechanism of HIV to some second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors, such as DTG.IMPORTANCE This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the influence of posttranslational modifications on HIV drug resistance. Both viral replication and resistance to second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors of both WT and INSTI-resistant HIV strains were differentially affected by acetylation, likely as a result of altered interactions between integrase and the cellular deacetylation machinery. Many "shock and kill" strategies to eradicate HIV manipulate endogenous levels of acetylation in order to reactivate latent HIV. However, our results suggest that some drug-resistant viruses may differentially respond to such stimulation, which may complicate the attainment of this goal. Our future work will further illuminate the mechanisms involved.
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de Campos LJ, de Melo EB. A QSAR study of integrase strand transfer inhibitors based on a large set of pyrimidine, pyrimidone, and pyridopyrazine carboxamide derivatives. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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El Khoury L, Piquemal JP, Fermandjian S, Maroun RG, Gresh N, Hobaika Z. The inhibition process of HIV-1 integrase by diketoacids molecules: Understanding the factors governing the better efficiency of dolutegravir. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:433-438. [PMID: 28478035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 integrase is responsible for the covalent insertion of a newly synthesized double-stranded viral DNA into the host cells, and is an emerging target for antivirus drug design. Raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) are the first two integrase strand transfer inhibitors used in therapy. However, treated patients eventually develop detrimental resistance mutations. By contrast, a recently approved drug, dolutegravir (DTG), presents a high barrier to resistance. This study aims to understand the increased efficiency of DTG upon focusing on its interaction properties with viral DNA. The results showed DTG to be involved in more extended interactions with viral DNA than EVG. Such interactions involve the halobenzene and scaffold of DTG and EVG and bases 5'G-43', 3'A35'and 3'C45'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa El Khoury
- UR EGP, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, B.P. 11-514 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon; Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR7616 CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR7616 CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75005, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, 75231, France; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Serge Fermandjian
- Chemistry and Biology Nucleo(S)Tides and Immunology for Therapy (CBNIT), UMR 8601 CNRS, UFR Biomédicale, Paris, France.
| | - Richard G Maroun
- UR EGP, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, B.P. 11-514 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon.
| | - Nohad Gresh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR7616 CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Zeina Hobaika
- UR EGP, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, B.P. 11-514 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon.
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HIV drug resistance against strand transfer integrase inhibitors. Retrovirology 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28583191 PMCID: PMC5460515 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the newest class of antiretroviral drugs to be approved for treatment and act by inhibiting the essential HIV protein integrase from inserting the viral DNA genome into the host cell’s chromatin. Three drugs of this class are currently approved for use in HIV-positive individuals: raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG), and dolutegravir (DTG), while cabotegravir (CAB) and bictegravir (BIC) are currently in clinical trials. RAL and EVG have been successful in clinical settings but have relatively low genetic barriers to resistance. Furthermore, they share a high degree of cross-resistance, which necessitated the development of so-called second-generation drugs of this class (DTG, CAB, and BIC) that could retain activity against these resistant variants. In vitro selection experiments have been instrumental to the clinical development of INSTIs, however they cannot completely recapitulate the situation in an HIV-positive individual. This review summarizes and compares all the currently available information as it pertains to both in vitro and in vivo selections with all five INSTIs, and the measured fold-changes in resistance of resistant variants in in vitro assays. While the selection of resistance substitutions in response to RAL and EVG bears high similarity in patients as compared to laboratory studies, there is less concurrence regarding the “second-generation” drugs of this class. This highlights the unpredictability of HIV resistance to these inhibitors, which is of concern as CAB and BIC proceed in their clinical development.
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15
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Kessl JJ, Sharma A, Kvaratskhelia M. Methods for the Analyses of Inhibitor-Induced Aberrant Multimerization of HIV-1 Integrase. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1354:149-64. [PMID: 26714710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3046-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an important therapeutic target as its function is essential for the viral lifecycle. The discovery of multifunctional allosteric IN inhibitors or ALLINIs, which potently impair viral replication by promoting aberrant, higher order IN multimerization as well as inhibit IN interactions with its cellular cofactor, LEDGF/p75, has opened new venues to exploit IN multimerization as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, the recent discovery of multimerization selective IN inhibitors or MINIs, has provided new investigational probes to study the direct effects of aberrant IN multimerization in vitro and in infected cells. Here we describe three complementary methods designed to detect and quantify the effects of these new classes of inhibitors on IN multimerization. These methods include a homogenous time-resolved fluorescence-based assay which allows for measuring EC50 values for the inhibitor-induced aberrant IN multimerization, a dynamic light scattering-based assay which allows for monitoring the formation and sizes of oligomeric IN particles in a time-dependent manner, and a chemical cross-linking-based assay of interacting IN subunits which allows for the determination of IN oligomers in viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques J Kessl
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Amit Sharma
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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16
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Heger E, Theis AA, Remmel K, Walter H, Pironti A, Knops E, Di Cristanziano V, Jensen B, Esser S, Kaiser R, Lübke N. Development of a phenotypic susceptibility assay for HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:29-37. [PMID: 27737783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic resistance analysis is an indispensable method for determination of HIV-1 resistance and cross-resistance to novel drug compounds. Since integrase inhibitors are essential components of recent antiretroviral combination therapies, phenotypic resistance data, in conjunction with the corresponding genotypes, are needed for improving rules-based and data-driven tools for resistance prediction, such as HIV-Grade and geno2pheno[integrase]. For generation of phenotypic resistance data to recent integrase inhibitors, a recombinant phenotypic integrase susceptibility assay was established. For validation purposes, the phenotypic resistance to raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir of nine subtype-B virus strains, isolated from integrase inhibitor-naïve and raltegravir-treated patients was determined. Genotypic resistance analysis identified four virus strains harbouring RAL resistance-associated mutations. Phenotypic resistance analysis was performed as follows. The HIV-1 integrase genes were cloned into a modified pNL4-3 vector and transfected into 293T cells for the generation of recombinant virus. The integrase-inhibitor susceptibility of the recombinant viruses was determined via an indicator cell line. While raltegravir resistance profiles presented a high cross-resistance to elvitegravir, dolutegravir maintained in-vitro activity in spite of the Y143R and N155H mutations, confirming the strong activity of dolutegravir against raltegravir-resistant viruses. Solely a Q148H+G140S variant presented reduced susceptibility to dolutegravir. In conclusion, our phenotypic susceptibility assay permits resistance analysis of the integrase gene of patient-derived viruses for integrase inhibitors by replication-competent recombinants. Thus, this assay can be used to analyze phenotypic drug resistance of integrase inhibitors in vitro. It provides the possibility to determine the impact of newly appearing mutational patterns to drug resistance of recent integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Remmel
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Hauke Walter
- Medical Center for Infectiology, Berlin, and Medical Laboratory Stendal, Stendal, Germany
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Björn Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Esser
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Lübke
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Dawei Z, Hongqiu H, Mengmeng L, Zhixia M, Shunxing G. A Novel Assay for Screening Inhibitors Targeting HIV Integrase LEDGF/p75 Interaction Based on Ni(2+) Coated Magnetic Agarose Beads. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33477. [PMID: 27633629 PMCID: PMC5025856 DOI: 10.1038/srep33477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) plays an essential role in viral replication and thus serves as an important target for chemotherapeutic intervention against HIV-1 infection. However, the current three clinical IN inhibitors, raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir share the same inhibitory mechanism, resulting in a common clinical resistance profile which have emerged in infected patients receiving treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop small molecule inhibitors that impair IN function with distinct mechanisms of action. In this work, a magnetic-beads based biochemical assay targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between HIV IN and the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 was developed for identification of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. Furthermore, a library containing 1000 US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs currently used for human medication was screened to identify inhibitors targeting the PPI. The assay was proved to be quite robust and with the novel assay we successfully identified dexlansoprazole (IC50 of 4.8 μM), a FDA-approved proton pump inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor for the PPI between IN and LEDGF/p75, which bound to the LEDGF/p75 partner with a kinetic dissociation (Kd) constant of 330 nM ± 2.6 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dawei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - He Hongqiu
- Chongqing Center for Biomedicines and Medical Equipment, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Liu Mengmeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Meng Zhixia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo Shunxing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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18
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Agharbaoui FE, Hoyte AC, Ferro S, Gitto R, Buemi MR, Fuchs JR, Kvaratskhelia M, De Luca L. Computational and synthetic approaches for developing Lavendustin B derivatives as allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:673-683. [PMID: 27517812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Through structure-based virtual screening and subsequent activity assays of selected natural products, Lavendustin B was previously identified as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase (IN) interaction with its cognate cellular cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). In order to improve the inhibitory potency we have employed in silico-based approaches. Particularly, a series of new analogues was designed and docked into the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of HIV-1 IN. To identify promising leads we used the Molecular Mechanics energies combined with the Generalized Born and Surface Area continuum solvation (MM-GBSA) method, molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of hydrogen bond occupancies. On the basis of these studies, six analogues of Lavendustine B, containing the benzylamino-hydroxybenzoic scaffold, were selected for synthesis and structure activity-relationship (SAR) studies. Our results demonstrated a good correlation between computational and experimental data, and all six analogues displayed an improved potency for inhibiting IN binding to LEDGF/p75 in vitro to respect to the parent compound Lavendustin B. Additionally, these analogs show to inhibit weakly LEDGF/p75-independent IN catalytic activity suggesting a multimodal allosteric mechanism of action. Nevertheless, for the synthesized compounds similar profiles for HIV-1 inhibition and cytoxicity were highlighted. Taken together, our studies elucidated the mode of action of Lavendustin B analogs and provided a path for their further development as a new promising class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima E Agharbaoui
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy; Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Ashley C Hoyte
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
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19
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Métifiot M, Johnson BC, Kiselev E, Marler L, Zhao XZ, Burke TR, Marchand C, Hughes SH, Pommier Y. Selectivity for strand-transfer over 3'-processing and susceptibility to clinical resistance of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors are driven by key enzyme-DNA interactions in the active site. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6896-906. [PMID: 27369381 PMCID: PMC5001616 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are highly effective against HIV infections. Co-crystal structures of the prototype foamy virus intasome have shown that all three FDA-approved drugs, raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir and dolutegravir (DTG), act as interfacial inhibitors during the strand transfer (ST) integration step. However, these structures give only a partial sense for the limited inhibition of the 3′-processing reaction by INSTIs and how INSTIs can be modified to overcome drug resistance, notably against the G140S-Q148H double mutation. Based on biochemical experiments with modified oligonucleotides, we demonstrate that both the viral DNA +1 and −1 bases, which flank the 3′-processing site, play a critical role for 3′-processing efficiency and inhibition by RAL and DTG. In addition, the G140S-Q148H (SH) mutant integrase, which has a reduced 3′-processing activity, becomes more active and more resistant to inhibition of 3′-processing by RAL and DTG in the absence of the −1 and +1 bases. Molecular modeling of HIV-1 integrase, together with biochemical data, indicate that the conserved residue Q146 in the flexible loop of HIV-1 integrase is critical for productive viral DNA binding through specific contacts with the virus DNA ends in the 3′-processing and ST reactions. The potency of integrase inhibitors against 3′-processing and their ability to overcome resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métifiot
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barry C Johnson
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura Marler
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Ammar FF, Hobaika Z, Abdel-Azeim S, Zargarian L, Maroun RG, Fermandjian S. A targeted DNA substrate mechanism for the inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by inhibitors with antiretroviral activity. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:234-50. [PMID: 27239438 PMCID: PMC4821353 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that viral DNA could be the primary target of raltegravir (RAL), an efficient anti‐HIV‐1 drug, which acts by inhibiting integrase. To elucidate this mechanism, we conducted a comparative analysis of RAL and TB11, a diketoacid abandoned as an anti‐HIV‐1 drug for its weak efficiency and marked toxicity, and tested the effects of the catalytic cofactor Mg2+ (5 mm) on drug‐binding properties. We used circular dichroism and fluorescence to determine drug affinities for viral DNA long terminal repeats (LTRs) and peptides derived from the integrase active site and DNA retardation assays to assess drug intercalation into DNA base pairs. We found that RAL bound more tightly to LTR ends than did TB11 (a diketo acid bearing an azido group) and that Mg2+ significantly increased the affinity of both RAL and TB11. We also observed a good relationship between drug binding with processed LTR and strand transfer inhibition. This unusual type of inhibition was caused by Mg2+‐assisted binding of drugs to DNA substrate, rather than to enzyme. Notably, while RAL bound exclusively to the cleavable/cleaved site, TB11 further intercalated into DNA base pairs and interacted with the integrase‐derived peptides. These unwanted binding sites explain the weaker bioavailability and higher toxicity of TB11 compared with the more effective RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah F Ammar
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon; LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Zeina Hobaika
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon
| | - Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Loussinée Zargarian
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon
| | - Serge Fermandjian
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France; Chemistry and Biology, Nucleo(s)tides and Immunology for Therapy UMR8601 CNRS Paris Cedex 06 France
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21
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Zhang D, He H, Liu M, Meng Z, Guo S. A novel assay for screening inhibitors targeting HIV-1 integrase dimerization based on Ni-NTA magnetic agarose beads. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25375. [PMID: 27137477 PMCID: PMC4853713 DOI: 10.1038/srep25375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 integrase (IN), which mediates integration of viral cDNA into the cellular chromosome, is a validated antiviral drug target. Three IN inhibitors, raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir, have been clinically approved since 2008. However, drug resistance have emerged in infected patients receiving treatment using these drugs which share the same mechanism of action and have a low genetic barrier for resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop drugs with novel mechanism. IN requires a precise and dynamic equilibrium between several oligomeric species for its activities. The modulation of the process which is termed as IN oligomerization, presents an interesting allosteric target for drug development. In this research, we developed a magnetic beads based approach to assay the IN dimerization. Then, using the assay we screened a library of 1000 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for IN dimerization inhibitors and identified dexlansoprazole as a potential IN dimerization inhibitor. In conclusion, the assay presented here has been proven to be sensitive and specific for the detection of IN dimerization as well as for the identification of antiviral drugs targeting IN dimerization. Moreover, a FDA-approved proton-pump inhibitors, dexlansoprazole, was identified as a potential inhibitor for IN dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Hongqiu He
- Chongqing Center for Biomedicines and Medical Equipment, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhixia Meng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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22
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Zhao XZ, Smith SJ, Maskell DP, Metifiot M, Pye VE, Fesen K, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Cherepanov P, Hughes SH, Burke TR. HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors with Reduced Susceptibility to Drug Resistant Mutant Integrases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1074-81. [PMID: 26808478 PMCID: PMC4836387 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
HIV
integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are among
the newest anti-AIDS drugs; however, mutant forms of IN can confer
resistance. We developed noncytotoxic naphthyridine-containing INSTIs
that retain low nanomolar IC50 values against HIV-1 variants
harboring all of the major INSTI-resistant mutations. We found by
analyzing crystal structures of inhibitors bound to the IN from the
prototype foamy virus (PFV) that the most successful inhibitors show
striking mimicry of the bound viral DNA prior to 3′-processing
and the bound host DNA prior to strand transfer. Using this concept
of “bi-substrate mimicry,” we developed a new broadly
effective inhibitor that not only mimics aspects of both the bound
target and viral DNA but also more completely fills the space they
would normally occupy. Maximizing shape complementarity and recapitulating
structural components encompassing both of the IN DNA substrates could
serve as a guiding principle for the development of new INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel P. Maskell
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Metifiot
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Fesen
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, St-Mary’s
Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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23
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Feng L, Larue RC, Slaughter A, Kessl JJ, Kvaratskhelia M. HIV-1 integrase multimerization as a therapeutic target. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:93-119. [PMID: 25778682 PMCID: PMC4791179 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multimeric HIV-1 integrase (IN) plays an essential, multifunctional role in virus replication and serves as an important therapeutic target. Structural and biochemical studies have revealed the importance of the ordered interplay between IN molecules for its function. In the presence of viral DNA ends, individual IN subunits assemble into a tetramer and form a stable synaptic complex (SSC), which mediates integration of the reverse transcribed HIV-1 genome into chromatin. Cellular chromatin-associated protein LEDGF/p75 engages the IN tetramer in the SSC and directs HIV-1 integration into active genes. A mechanism to deregulate the productive interplay between IN subunits with small molecule inhibitors has recently received considerable attention. Most notably, allosteric IN inhibitors (ALLINIs) have been shown to bind to the IN dimer interface at the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket, stabilize interacting IN subunits, and promote aberrant, higher order IN multimerization. Consequently, these compounds impair formation of the SSC and associated LEDGF/p75-independent IN catalytic activities as well as inhibit LEDGF/p75 binding to the SSC in vitro. However, in infected cells, ALLINIs more potently impaired correct maturation of virus particles than the integration step. ALLINI treatments induced aberrant, higher order IN multimerization in virions and resulted in eccentric, non-infectious virus particles. These studies have suggested that the correctly ordered IN structure is important for virus particle morphogenesis and highlighted IN multimerization as a plausible therapeutic target for developing new inhibitors to enhance treatment options for HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- The Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ross C. Larue
- The Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alison Slaughter
- The Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacques J. Kessl
- The Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- The Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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24
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Slaughter A, Jurado KA, Deng N, Feng L, Kessl JJ, Shkriabai N, Larue RC, Fadel HJ, Patel PA, Jena N, Fuchs JR, Poeschla E, Levy RM, Engelman A, Kvaratskhelia M. The mechanism of H171T resistance reveals the importance of Nδ-protonated His171 for the binding of allosteric inhibitor BI-D to HIV-1 integrase. Retrovirology 2014; 11:100. [PMID: 25421939 PMCID: PMC4251946 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allosteric HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) are an important new class of anti-HIV-1 agents. ALLINIs bind at the IN catalytic core domain (CCD) dimer interface occupying the principal binding pocket of its cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75. Consequently, ALLINIs inhibit HIV-1 IN interaction with LEDGF/p75 as well as promote aberrant IN multimerization. Selection of viral strains emerging under the inhibitor pressure has revealed mutations at the IN dimer interface near the inhibitor binding site. RESULTS We have investigated the effects of one of the most prevalent substitutions, H171T IN, selected under increasing pressure of ALLINI BI-D. Virus containing the H171T IN substitution exhibited an ~68-fold resistance to BI-D treatment in infected cells. These results correlated with ~84-fold reduced affinity for BI-D binding to recombinant H171T IN CCD protein compared to its wild type (WT) counterpart. However, the H171T IN substitution only modestly affected IN-LEDGF/p75 binding and allowed HIV-1 containing this substitution to replicate at near WT levels. The x-ray crystal structures of BI-D binding to WT and H171T IN CCD dimers coupled with binding free energy calculations revealed the importance of the Nδ- protonated imidazole group of His171 for hydrogen bonding to the BI-D tert-butoxy ether oxygen and establishing electrostatic interactions with the inhibitor carboxylic acid, whereas these interactions were compromised upon substitution to Thr171. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a distinct mechanism of resistance for the H171T IN mutation to ALLINI BI-D and indicate a previously undescribed role of the His171 side chain for binding the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Slaughter
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kellie A Jurado
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Nanjie Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Lei Feng
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jacques J Kessl
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Nikoloz Shkriabai
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Ross C Larue
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hind J Fadel
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Pratiq A Patel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Nivedita Jena
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Eric Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ronald M Levy
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Alan Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave, 508 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Nair V, Okello M, Mishra S, Mirsalis J, O'Loughlin K, Zhong Y. Pharmacokinetics and dose-range finding toxicity of a novel anti-HIV active integrase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:25-9. [PMID: 24821255 PMCID: PMC4101043 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into human chromosomal DNA catalyzed by HIV integrase represents the "point of no return" in HIV infection. For this reason, HIV integrase is considered a crucial target in the development of new anti-HIV therapeutic agents. We have discovered a novel HIV integrase inhibitor 1, that exhibits potent antiviral activity and a favorable metabolism profile. This paper reports on the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of compound 1 and the relevance of these findings with respect to further development of this integrase-targeted antiviral agent. Oral administration of compound 1 in Sprague Dawley rats revealed rapid absorption. Drug exposure increased with increasing drug concentration, indicative of appropriate dose-dependence correlation. Compound 1 exhibited suitable plasma half-life, extensive extravascular distribution and acceptable bioavailability. Toxicity studies revealed no compound-related clinical pathology findings. There were no changes in erythropoietic, white blood cell or platelet parameters in male and female rats. There was no test-article related change in other clinical chemistry parameters. In addition, there were no detectable levels of bilirubin in the urine and there were no treatment-related effects on urobilinogen or other urinalysis parameters. The preclinical studies also revealed that the no observed adverse effect level and the maximum tolerated dose were both high (>500mg/kg/day). The broad and significant antiviral activity and favorable metabolism profile of this integrase inhibitor, when combined with the in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data and their pharmacological relevance, provide compelling and critical support for its further development as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jon Mirsalis
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhong
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Effect of HIV-1 integrase resistance mutations when introduced into SIVmac239 on susceptibility to integrase strand transfer inhibitors. J Virol 2014; 88:9683-92. [PMID: 24920794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00947-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies on the in vitro susceptibility of SIV to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have been rare. In order to determine the susceptibility of SIVmac239 to INSTIs and characterize the genetic pathways that might lead to drug resistance, we inserted various integrase (IN) mutations that had been selected with HIV under drug pressure with raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG), and dolutegravir (DTG) into the IN gene of SIV. We evaluated the effects of these mutations on SIV susceptibility to INSTIs and on viral infectivity. Sequence alignments of SIVmac239 IN with various HIV-1 isolates showed a high degree of homology and conservation of each of the catalytic triad and the key residues involved in drug resistance. Each of the G118R, Y143R, Q148R, R263K, and G140S/Q148R mutations, when introduced into SIV, impaired infectiousness and replication fitness compared to wild-type virus. Using TZM-bl cells, we demonstrated that the Q148R and N155H mutational pathways conferred resistance to EVG (36- and 62-fold, respectively), whereas R263K also displayed moderate resistance to EVG (12-fold). In contrast, Y143R, Q148R, and N155H all yielded low levels of resistance to RAL. The combination of G140S/Q148R conferred high-level resistance to both RAL and EVG (>300- and 286-fold, respectively). DTG remained fully effective against all site-directed mutants except G118R and R263K. Thus, HIV INSTI mutations, when inserted into SIV, resulted in a similar phenotype. These findings suggest that SIV and HIV may share similar resistance pathways profiles and that SIVmac239 could be a useful nonhuman primate model for studies of HIV resistance to INSTIs. IMPORTANCE The goal of our project was to establish whether drug resistance against integrase inhibitors in SIV are likely to be the same as those responsible for drug resistance in HIV. Our data answer this question in the affirmative and show that SIV can probably serve as a good animal model for studies of INSTIs and as an early indicator for possible emergent mutations that may cause treatment failure. An SIV-primate model remains an invaluable tool for investigating questions related to the potential role of INSTIs in HIV therapy, transmission, and pathogenesis, and the present study will facilitate each of the above.
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Sharma A, Slaughter A, Jena N, Feng L, Kessl JJ, Fadel HJ, Malani N, Male F, Wu L, Poeschla E, Bushman FD, Fuchs JR, Kvaratskhelia M. A new class of multimerization selective inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004171. [PMID: 24874515 PMCID: PMC4038613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The quinoline-based allosteric HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) are promising candidates for clinically useful antiviral agents. Studies using these compounds have highlighted the role of IN in both early and late stages of virus replication. However, dissecting the exact mechanism of action of the quinoline-based ALLINIs has been complicated by the multifunctional nature of these inhibitors because they both inhibit IN binding with its cofactor LEDGF/p75 and promote aberrant IN multimerization with similar potencies in vitro. Here we report design of small molecules that allowed us to probe the role of HIV-1 IN multimerization independently from IN-LEDGF/p75 interactions in infected cells. We altered the rigid quinoline moiety in ALLINIs and designed pyridine-based molecules with a rotatable single bond to allow these compounds to bridge between interacting IN subunits optimally and promote oligomerization. The most potent pyridine-based inhibitor, KF116, potently (EC50 of 0.024 µM) blocked HIV-1 replication by inducing aberrant IN multimerization in virus particles, whereas it was not effective when added to target cells. Furthermore, KF116 inhibited the HIV-1 IN variant with the A128T substitution, which confers resistance to the majority of quinoline-based ALLINIs. A genome-wide HIV-1 integration site analysis demonstrated that addition of KF116 to target or producer cells did not affect LEDGF/p75-dependent HIV-1 integration in host chromosomes, indicating that this compound is not detectably inhibiting IN-LEDGF/p75 binding. These findings delineate the significance of correctly ordered IN structure for HIV-1 particle morphogenesis and demonstrate feasibility of exploiting IN multimerization as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, pyridine-based compounds present a novel class of multimerization selective IN inhibitors as investigational probes for HIV-1 molecular biology. The administration of highly active-antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed what was once a terminal disease into a manageable chronic infection. The success of HAART is manifested by reduced mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infected patients. However, evolution of HIV-1 strains resistant to current therapies is a major clinical problem in the fight against AIDS. Therefore, new inhibitors with novel mechanisms of action are needed. One such mechanism is to target multimerization of HIV-1 integrase. In the present study, we report the design of pyridine-based small molecules that contain a rotatable single bond to allow optimal bridging between interacting integrase subunits. As a result, pyridine-based compounds stabilized interacting IN subunits and promoted aberrant, higher order integrase multimerization. The most potent compound, KF116, potently inhibited HIV-1 replication by interfering with proper maturation of HIV-1 particles, whereas KF116 at therapeutically relevant (submicromolar) concentrations had no detectable effects on LEDGF/p75 mediated HIV-1 integration. Our findings highlight HIV-1 integrase multimerization as a plausible therapeutic target and offer a path for designing improved inhibitors for potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alison Slaughter
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nivedita Jena
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lei Feng
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacques J. Kessl
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hind J. Fadel
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nirav Malani
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frances Male
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James R. Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Pollicita M, Surdo M, Di Santo F, Cortese MF, Fabeni L, Fedele V, Malet I, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Perno CF, Svicher V. Comparative replication capacity of raltegravir-resistant strains and antiviral activity of the new-generation integrase inhibitor dolutegravir in human primary macrophages and lymphocytes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2412-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion into the genome of the infected human cell of viral DNA produced by the retrotranscription process. The discovery of raltegravir validated the existence of the IN, which is a new target in the field of anti-HIV drug research. The mechanism of catalysis of IN is depicted, and the characteristics of the inhibitors of the catalytic site of this viral enzyme are reported. The role played by the resistance is elucidated, as well as the possibility of bypassing this problem. New approaches to block the integration process are depicted as future perspectives, such as development of allosteric IN inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting both IN and other enzymes, inhibitors of enzymes that activate IN, activators of IN activity, as well as a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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31
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Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion into the genome of the infected human cell of viral DNA produced by the retrotranscription process. The discovery of raltegravir validated the existence of the IN, which is a new target in the field of anti-HIV drug research. The mechanism of catalysis of IN is depicted, and the characteristics of the inhibitors of the catalytic site of this viral enzyme are reported. The role played by the resistance is elucidated, as well as the possibility of bypassing this problem. New approaches to block the integration process are depicted as future perspectives, such as development of allosteric IN inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting both IN and other enzymes, inhibitors of enzymes that activate IN, activators of IN activity, as well as a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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32
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Lampiris HW. Elvitegravir: a once-daily, boosted, HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 10:13-20. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Integrase (IN) is required for lentivirus replication and is a proven drug target for the prevention of AIDS in HIV-1-infected patients. While clinical strand transfer inhibitors disarm the IN active site, allosteric inhibition of enzyme activity through the disruption of IN-IN protein interfaces holds great therapeutic potential. A promising class of allosteric IN inhibitors (ALLINIs), 2-(quinolin-3-yl) acetic acid derivatives, engage the IN catalytic core domain dimerisation interface at the binding site for the host integration co-factor LEDGF/p75. ALLINIs promote IN multimerisation and, independent of LEDGF/p75 protein, block the formation of the active IN-DNA complex, as well as inhibit the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction in vitro. Yet, rather unexpectedly, the full inhibitory effect of these compounds is exerted during the late phase of HIV-1 replication. ALLINIs impair particle core maturation as well as reverse transcription and integration during the subsequent round of virus infection. Recapitulating the pleiotropic phenotypes observed with numerous IN mutant viruses, ALLINIs provide insight into underlying aspects of IN biology that extend beyond its catalytic activity. Therefore, in addition to the potential to expand our repertoire of HIV-1 antiretrovirals, ALLINIs afford important structural probes to dissect the multifaceted nature of the IN protein throughout the course of HIV-1 replication.
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Hurt CB, Sebastian J, Hicks CB, Eron JJ. Resistance to HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors among clinical specimens in the United States, 2009-2012. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:423-31. [PMID: 24145878 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on integrase inhibitor resistance come primarily from clinical trials and in vitro studies. We examined results of all clinically indicated integrase genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) performed at a US national referral lab from 2009 through 2012. METHODS Integrase sequences and demographic data were compiled with paired protease-reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) GRT results, when available. Analyses utilized the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. "Major" integrase mutations included T66AIK, E92QV, F121Y, Y143CHR, S147G, Q148HKR, and N155H; multiple accessory mutations were also assessed. RESULTS Among 3294 sequences from 3012 patients, 471 patients had viruses with ≥ 1 raltegravir or elvitegravir resistance mutation (15.6%). Q148 and N155 pathways were equally represented (both n = 197); 84 had Y143 mutations. Q148 rarely occurred without accessory mutations (n = 3). Among 224 patients with serial integrase GRTs, 22 with baseline wild-type acquired a major mutation, after a median 224 days between tests (interquartile range, 148-335 days). Major mutations were observed to persist up to 462 days. Most (62%) had paired PR-RT results. Patients with integrase-resistant viruses were older and more likely to have PR-RT mutations (both P < .001). Among those with PR-RT data, 42 patients had 4-class resistance (2.3%). Sex, geographic region, and test year were not associated with integrase resistance. High-level dolutegravir resistance was predicted in 12% of patients with raltegravir- or elvitegravir-resistant viruses (2% of all patients). CONCLUSIONS Approximately 1 in 6 US patients undergoing integrase GRT for clinical decision making harbors significant resistance, with Q148 and N155 pathways equally common. Dolutegravir is likely to have full or partial activity against most variants observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Hurt
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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35
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Johnson LB, Saravolatz LD. The quad pill, a once-daily combination therapy for HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:93-8. [PMID: 24065329 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quad pill is the newest single-pill, once-daily option for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection. In addition to tenofovir difumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC), the quad pill includes cobicistat (COBI; an inactivator of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A without anti-HIV activity) and a new integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir (EVG). The quad does not have drug interactions with H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors, does not cause central nervous system (CNS) side effects, and is pregnancy category B. It does have substantial drug interactions with medications that are metabolized using CYP3A and causes reversible declines in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) owing to inhibition of renal tubule transport of creatinine. In clinical trials, the virologic and immunologic efficacy of the quad pill is equivalent to that of other comparator regimens with low rates of discontinuation. The major side effect is nauseam which is self-limited, and the primary mutations associated with treatment failure frequently lead to cross-resistance with raltegravir (RAL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Canducci F, Ceresola ER, Saita D, Castagna A, Gianotti N, Underwood M, Burioni R, Lazzarin A, Clementi M. In vitro phenotypes to elvitegravir and dolutegravir in primary macrophages and lymphocytes of clonal recombinant viral variants selected in patients failing raltegravir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2525-32. [PMID: 23798668 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cross-resistance profiles of elvitegravir and dolutegravir on raltegravir-resistant variants is still controversial or not available in macrophages and lack extensive evaluations on wide panels of clonal variants. Thus, a complete evaluation in parallel with all currently available integrase inhibitors (INIs) was performed. METHODS The integrase coding region was RT-PCR-amplified from patient-derived plasma samples and cloned into an HIV-1 molecular clone lacking the integrase region. Twenty recombinant viruses bearing mutations to all primary pathways of resistance to raltegravir were phenotypically evaluated with each integrase inhibitor in freshly purified CD4+ T cells or monocyte-derived macrophages. RESULTS Y143R single mutants conferred a higher level of raltegravir resistance in macrophages [fold change (FC) 47.7-60.24] compared with CD4+ T cells (FC 9.55-11.56). All other combinations had similar effects on viral susceptibility to raltegravir in both cell types. Elvitegravir displayed a similar behaviour both in lymphocytes and macrophages with all the tested patterns. When compared with raltegravir, none to modest increases in resistance were observed for the Y143R/C pathways. Dolutegravir maintained its activity and cross-resistance profile in macrophages. Only Q148H/R variants had a reduced level of susceptibility (FC 5.48-18.64). No variations were observed for the Y143R/C (+/-T97A) or N155H variants. CONCLUSIONS All INIs showed comparable antiretroviral activity in both cell types even if single mutations were associated with a different level of susceptibility in vitro to raltegravir and elvitegravir in macrophages. In particular, dolutegravir was capable of inhibiting with similar potency infection of raltegravir-resistant variants with Y143 or N155 pathways in both HIV-1 major cell reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Canducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Multiple genetic pathways involving amino acid position 143 of HIV-1 integrase are preferentially associated with specific secondary amino acid substitutions and confer resistance to raltegravir and cross-resistance to elvitegravir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4105-13. [PMID: 23733474 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00204-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Y143C,R substitutions in HIV-1 integrase define one of three primary raltegravir (RAL) resistance pathways. Here we describe clinical isolates with alternative substitutions at position 143 (Y143A, Y143G, Y143H, and Y143S [Y143A,G,H,S]) that emerge less frequently, and we compare the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of these viruses to Y143C,R viruses to reconcile the preferential selection of Y143C,R variants during RAL treatment. Integrase amino acid sequences and RAL susceptibility were characterized in 117 patient isolates submitted for drug resistance testing and contained Y143 amino acid changes. The influence of specific Y143 substitutions on RAL susceptibility and their preferential association with particular secondary substitutions were further defined by evaluating the composition of patient virus populations along with a large panel of site-directed mutants. Our observations demonstrate that the RAL resistance profiles of Y143A,G,H,S viruses and their association with specific secondary substitutions are similar to the well-established Y143C profile but distinct from the Y143R profile. Y143R viruses differ from Y143A,C,G,H,S viruses in that Y143R confers a greater reduction in RAL susceptibility as a single substitution, consistent with a lower resistance barrier. Among Y143A,C,G,H,S viruses, the higher prevalence of Y143C viruses is the result of a lower genetic barrier than that of the Y143A,G,S viruses and a lower resistance barrier than that of the Y143H viruses. In addition, Y143A,C,G,H,S viruses require multiple secondary substitutions to develop large reductions in RAL susceptibility. Patient-derived viruses containing Y143 substitutions exhibit cross-resistance to elvitegravir.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have become a key component of antiretroviral therapy since the approval of twice-daily raltegravir in 2007 and the more recent approval of elvitegravir in 2012. At the same time, a third compound, dolutegravir, is in late-phase clinical trials, being tested as part of a multidrug once-daily formulation comprising this INSTI and two other antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. This review focuses on the factors leading to the development of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) against INSTIs, evidence of cross-resistance among them, and the results of regimen simplification in regard to this topic. RECENT FINDINGS Sequencing data show that DRMs are highly dynamic in patients failing INSTI therapy. Considerations of viral fitness and drug resistance can together determine the evolution of drug resistance mutations, and in this regard the Y143 and Q148 pathways are superior to the N155 pathway in the promotion of resistance. Preventing the emergence of DRMs requires that effective reverse transcriptase or other inhibitors be used together with INSTIs and that high-level adherence to treatment be maintained. SUMMARY Because of the susceptibility to drug resistance, INSTIs should always be used together with other effective ARV drugs.
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Aouri M, Calmy A, Hirschel B, Telenti A, Buclin T, Cavassini M, Rauch A, Decosterd LA. A validated assay by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantification of elvitegravir and rilpivirine in HIV positive patients. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:616-625. [PMID: 23674286 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the large variability in the pharmacokinetics of anti-HIV drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring in patients may contribute to optimize the overall efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy. An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous assay in plasma of the novel antiretroviral agents rilpivirine (RPV) and elvitegravir (EVG) has been developed to that endeavor. Plasma samples (100 μL) extraction is performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, and the supernatant is subsequently diluted 1:1 with 20-mM ammonium acetate/MeOH 50:50. After reverse-phase chromatography, quantification of RPV and EVG, using matrix-matched calibration samples, is performed by electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by selected reaction monitoring detection using the positive mode. The stable isotopic-labeled compounds RPV-(13) C6 and EVG-D6 were used as internal standards. The method was validated according to FDA recommendations, including assessment of extraction yield, matrix effects variability (<6.4%), as well as EVG and RPV short and long-term stability in plasma. Calibration curves were validated over the clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 5 to 2500 ng/ml for RPV and from 50 to 5000 ng/ml for EVG. The method is precise (inter-day CV%: 3-6.3%) and accurate (3.8-7.2%). Plasma samples were found to be stable (<15%) in all considered conditions (RT/48 h, +4°C/48 h, -20°C/3 months and 60°C/1 h). Selected metabolite profiles analysis in patients' samples revealed the presence of EVG glucuronide, that was well separated from parent EVG, allowing to exclude potential interferences through the in-source dissociation of glucuronide to parent drug. This new, rapid and robust LCMS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of these two major new anti-HIV drugs EVG and RPV offers an efficient analytical tool for clinical pharmacokinetics studies and routine therapeutic drug monitoring service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Aouri
- Innovation & Development Laboratory, Service of Biomedicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent data on the pathways of resistance that impact the clinical activity of first-generation and second-generation integrase inhibitors. RECENT FINDINGS Raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) are highly efficacious in first-line antiretroviral therapy, with small numbers of virological failures observed in clinical trials. Durable activity in treatment-experienced patients requires a fully supportive background regimen. RAL and EVG show a low-to-moderate genetic barrier to resistance and extensive cross-resistance, which preclude their sequential use. Resistance to dolutegravir (DTG) is not selected as readily in vitro and has not emerged in studies of treatment-naïve patients to date. Both in vitro and in vivo, DTG retains activity against several RAL and EVG resistant strains, but susceptibility is variably impaired by multiple mutations within the G148 pathway, which are common after RAL or EVG failure. Cross-resistance can be partially overcome by doubling DTG dosing to twice daily, but durability of responses remains dependent on a supportive background regimen. There is variability in the integrase gene of circulating HIV strains, which does not appear to reduce drug activity, although it may influence the emergence and evolution of integrase resistance. Transmission of integrase resistance remains rare but surveillance is required. SUMMARY Integrase inhibitors provide a potent option for the treatment of HIV infection. Drug resistance remains a challenge, which may be partially overcome by the introduction of second-generation compounds. Prompt management of RAL and EVG failure is required to prevent the accumulation of multiple resistance mutations that reduce DTG susceptibility.
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Colafigli M, Di Giambenedetto S, Cauda R. Resistance to antiretroviral drugs. Microb Drug Resist 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/ebo.12.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Colafigli
- Manuela Colafigli graduated in medicine and surgery at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Rome (Italy) in 2001. She received a postgraduate degree in tropical medicine in 2005 and a PhD in biology and clinics of tropical and infectious diseases in 2010. Her main research focuses are HIV drug resistance and metabolic complications of antiretroviral drugs
| | - Simona Di Giambenedetto
- Simona Di Giambenedetto is Confirmed Research Fellow at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Rome (Italy). Her main research focuses are resistance and therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral drugs and cART-related toxicity. She is author of 85 papers published on peer-reviewed scientific journals with an impact factor of 410 and a H-index of 17
| | - Roberto Cauda
- Roberto Cauda is Professor of Infectious Diseases and Chairman of the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Rome (Italy). He is the author of more than 300 papers in the field of AIDS/HIV, infectious diseases, microbiology and immunology. He is an editor and serves on the editorial board of several international journals
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Impact of primary elvitegravir resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 integrase on drug susceptibility and viral replication fitness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2654-63. [PMID: 23529738 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02568-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elvitegravir (EVG) is an effective HIV-1 integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) in advanced clinical development. Primary INSTI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) at six IN positions have been identified in HIV-1-infected patients failing EVG-containing regimens in clinical studies: T66I/A/K, E92Q/G, T97A, S147G, Q148R/H/K, and N155H. In this study, the effect of these primary IN mutations, alone and in combination, on susceptibility to the INSTIs EVG, raltegravir (RAL), and dolutegravir (DTG); IN enzyme activities; and viral replication fitness was characterized. Recombinant viruses containing the six most common mutations exhibited a range of reduced EVG susceptibility: 92-fold for Q148R, 30-fold for N155H, 26-fold for E92Q, 10-fold for T66I, 4-fold for S147G, and 2-fold for T97A. Less commonly observed primary IN mutations also showed a range of reduced EVG susceptibilities: 40- to 94-fold for T66K and Q148K and 5- to 10-fold for T66A, E92G, and Q148H. Some primary IN mutations exhibited broad cross-resistance between EVG and RAL (T66K, E92Q, Q148R/H/K, and N155H), while others retained susceptibility to RAL (T66I/A, E92G, T97A, and S147G). Dual combinations of primary IN mutations further reduced INSTI susceptibility, replication capacity, and viral fitness relative to either mutation alone. Susceptibility to DTG was retained by single primary IN mutations but reduced by dual mutation combinations with Q148R. Primary EVG RAMs also diminished IN enzymatic activities, concordant with their structural proximity to the active site. Greater reductions in viral fitness of dual mutation combinations may explain why some primary INSTI RAMs do not readily coexist on the same HIV-1 genome but rather establish independent pathways of resistance to EVG.
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Fantauzzi A, Turriziani O, Mezzaroma I. Potential benefit of dolutegravir once daily: efficacy and safety. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2013; 5:29-40. [PMID: 23413040 PMCID: PMC3570074 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s27765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The viral integrase enzyme has recently emerged as a primary alternative target to block HIV-1 replication, and integrase inhibitors are considered a pivotal new class of antiretroviral drugs. Dolutegravir is an investigational next-generation integrase inhibitor showing some novel and intriguing characteristics, ie, it has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with a prolonged intracellular half-life, rendering feasible once-daily dosing without the need for ritonavir boosting and without regard to meals. Moreover, dolutegravir is primarily metabolized via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltranferase 1A1, with a minor component of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform, thereby limiting drug–drug interactions. Furthermore, its metabolic profile enables coadministration with most of the other available antiretroviral agents without dose adjustment. Recent findings also demonstrate that dolutegravir has significant activity against HIV-1 isolates with resistance mutations associated with raltegravir and/or elvitegravir. The attributes of once-daily administration and the potential to treat integrase inhibitor-resistant viruses make dolutegravir an interesting and promising investigational drug. In this review, the main concerns about the efficacy and safety of dolutegravir as well as its resistance profile are explored by analysis of currently available data from preclinical and clinical studies.
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Quashie PK, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA. HIV Drug Resistance and the Advent of Integrase Inhibitors. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013. [PMID: 23180144 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the topic of HIV integrase inhibitors that are potent antiretroviral drugs that efficiently decrease viral load in patients. However, emergence of resistance mutations against this new class of drugs represents a threat to their long-term efficacy. Here, we provide new information about the most recent mutations identified and other mutations that confer resistance to several integrase inhibitors, such as new resistance mutations-for example, G118R, R263K, and S153Y-that have been identified through in vitro selection studies with second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). These add to the three main resistance pathways involving mutations at positions Y143, N155, and Q148. Deep sequencing, structural modeling, and biochemical analyses are methods that currently help in the understanding of the mechanisms of resistance conferred by these mutations. Although the new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to second-generation drugs, the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all drugs of the INSTI family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Quashie
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Métifiot M, Maddali K, Johnson BC, Hare S, Smith SJ, Zhao X, Marchand C, Burke TR, Hughes SH, Cherepanov P, Pommier Y. Activities, crystal structures, and molecular dynamics of dihydro-1H-isoindole derivatives, inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:209-17. [PMID: 23075516 PMCID: PMC3548936 DOI: 10.1021/cb300471n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a series of lactam and phthalimide derivatives that inhibit HIV-1 integrase, we developed a new molecule, XZ-259, with biochemical and antiviral activities comparable to raltegravir. We determined the crystal structures of XZ-259 and four other derivatives in complex with the prototype foamy virus intasome. The compounds bind at the integrase-Mg(2+)-DNA interface of the integrase active site. In biochemical and antiviral assays, XZ-259 inhibits raltegravir-resistant HIV-1 integrases harboring the Y143R mutation. Molecular modeling is also presented suggesting that XZ-259 can bind in the HIV-1 intasome with its dimethyl sulfonamide group adopting two opposite orientations. Molecular dynamics analyses of the HIV-1 intasome highlight the importance of the viral DNA in drug potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry C. Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen Hare
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - XueZhi Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (KM, MM, CM, YP). Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (SH, PC). HIV Drug Resistance Program (SS, BJ, SHH) and Chemical Biology Laboratory (XZ, TB), Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV integrase inhibitors are potent antiretroviral drugs that efficiently decrease viral load in patients. Emergence of resistance mutations against this new class of drugs represents a threat to their long-term efficacy. The purpose of this review is to provide new information about the most recent mutations identified and other mutations that confer resistance to several integrase inhibitors. RECENT FINDINGS New resistance mutations, such as G118R, R263K and S153Y, have been recently identified through in-vitro selection studies with second-generation integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). These add to the three main resistance pathways involving mutations at positions Y143, N155 and Q148. Structural modeling, biochemical analyses and deep sequencing are methods that currently help in the understanding of the mechanisms of resistance conferred by these mutations. Although these new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to second-generation drugs, the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all drugs of the INSTI family. SUMMARY Recent mutations selected in vitro with second-generation INSTIs suggest the existence of low levels of cross-resistance between these drugs and first-generation compounds. In clinical practice, the emergence of mutations at position Q148 should be monitored whenever possible. More datasets are needed to assess the long-term efficacy of second-generation INSTIs in patients failing older INSTIs such as raltegravir and elvitegravir.
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Métifiot M, Marchand C, Pommier Y. HIV integrase inhibitors: 20-year landmark and challenges. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:75-105. [PMID: 23885999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV as the cause for AIDS 30 years ago, major progress has been made, including the discovery of drugs that now control the disease. Here, we review the integrase (IN) inhibitors from the discovery of the first compounds 20 years ago to the approval of two highly effective IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (Isentress) and elvitegravir (Stribild), and the promising clinical activity of dolutegravir. After summarizing the molecular mechanism of action of the INSTIs as interfacial inhibitors, we discuss the remaining challenges. Those include: overcoming resistance to clinical INSTIs, long-term safety of INSTIs, cost of therapy, place of the INSTIs in prophylactic treatments, and the development of new classes of inhibitors (the LEDGINs) targeting IN outside its catalytic site. We also discuss the role of chromatin and host DNA repair factor for the completion of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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49
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Wainberg MA. The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:238278. [PMID: 24278679 PMCID: PMC3820659 DOI: 10.6064/2012/238278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combinations of drugs to achieve maximal virological response and reduce the potential for the emergence of antiviral resistance. There are two broad classes of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Since the first classes of such compounds were developed, viral resistance against them has necessitated the continuous development of novel compounds within each class. This paper considers the NRTIs and NNRTIs currently in both preclinical and clinical development or approved for second line therapy and describes the patterns of resistance associated with their use, as well as the underlying mechanisms that have been described. Due to reasons of both affordability and availability, some reverse transcriptase inhibitors with low genetic barrier are more commonly used in resource-limited settings. Their use results to the emergence of specific patterns of antiviral resistance and so may require specific actions to preserve therapeutic options for patients in such settings. More recently, the advent of integrase strand transfer inhibitors represents another major step forward toward control of HIV infection, but these compounds are also susceptible to problems of HIV drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wainberg
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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50
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Zhao XZ, Maddali K, Smith SJ, Métifiot M, Johnson BC, Marchand C, Hughes SH, Pommier Y, Burke TR. 6,7-Dihydroxy-1-oxoisoindoline-4-sulfonamide-containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7309-13. [PMID: 23149229 PMCID: PMC3523327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although an extensive body of scientific and patent literature exists describing the development of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors, Merck's raltegravir and Gilead's elvitegravir remain the only IN inhibitors FDA-approved for the treatment of AIDS. The emergence of raltegravir-resistant strains of HIV-1 containing mutated forms of IN underlies the need for continued efforts to enhance the efficacy of IN inhibitors against resistant mutants. We have previously described bicyclic 6,7-dihydroxyoxoisoindolin-1-ones that show good IN inhibitory potency. This report describes the effects of introducing substituents into the 4- and 5-positions of the parent 6,7-dihydroxyoxoisoindolin-1-one platform. We have developed several sulfonamide-containing analogs that enhance potency in cell-based HIV assays by more than two orders-of-magnitude and we describe several compounds that are more potent than raltegravir against the clinically relevant Y143R IN mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Kasthuraiah Maddali
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Steven J. Smith
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barry C. Johnson
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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