Brief Report: The Impact of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir on HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Japanese Hemophilia Patients With 1, 4, and Mixed-Genotype HCV

Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Patients with Hemophilia: Links, Risks and Management

Haemophilia is a rare, hereditary bleeding disorder. Clotting factor concentrates were a revolutionary treatment which changed the life of people with haemophilia. However, early generation of clotting factor concentrates, without viral inactivation procedures in the manufacturing process, led to an increased risk of transmission of blood-borne viral infections, mainly due to hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. As only 20% of HCV-infected patients clear the infection naturally, chronic HCV infection constitutes a serious health problem and a major cause of chronic liver disease in this group of patients. Fortunately, the use of viral inactivation procedures in the plasma-derived factor concentrates manufacturing process and the availability of alternative treatment options, led to a significant reduction of transfusion-associated viral infections. The advent of multiple, orally administrated, highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is changing the natural history of HCV infection in patients with haemophilia as these drugs have an excellent safety profile and achieve very high sustained virological response rates, similar to the general population. Eradication of HCV-infection in patients with haemophilia is feasible via micro-elimination projects.

Clinical burden of hemophilia in older adults: Beyond bleeding risk

The prospect of hemophilia patients has dramatically improved in the last few decades with the introduction of various interventions that can effectively treat or prevent their bleeding risk. The life expectancy of patients can now reach that of the healthy population, but this has paved the way for several previously unrecognized morbidities to manifest in older adults with hemophilia. Such clinical complications are attributed to suboptimal management or poor access to effective therapy during childhood as well as chronicity and prolonged exposure to the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment. Complications common in the aging population are also becoming increasingly relevant in this vulnerable patient subgroup. In this review, we highlight peculiarities of such morbidities including chronic viral infections and liver disease, debilitating joint impairment and bone disease, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease, and cancers. We also reflect on topics of special interest in adulthood such as sexuality.

Successful treatment of Japanese hemophilia patient co-infected with HIV and HCV genotype 4a by glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy

Although direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies are very effective for patients with genotypes 1 and 2, evidence of the efficacy of DAA-based therapy for the special population of patients with genotypes 3-6 is insufficient due to the relatively small number of these subjects in Japan. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-co-infected patients are recommended to be treated as HCV-mono-infected patients by the latest version of the Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines. However, evidence of efficacy in patients with HIV/HCV genotype 3-6 co-infection is insufficient. Currently, HCV genotypes 3-6 can be treated with two DAA-based therapies, including glecaprevir (GLE)/pibrentasvir (PIB) therapy in Japan. We experienced a relatively rare case of a Japanese hemophilia patient co-infected with HIV/HCV genotype 4a. We evaluated resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) against GLE and PIB before GLE/PIB therapy and found that he had no RASs. He was treated with 12 weeks of GLE/PIB therapy and achieved a sustained virologic response at post-treatment weeks 24. Although the treatment was well tolerated, the patient developed hyper-low-density lipoproteinemia that was probably associated with HCV elimination during the therapy. Additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of GLE/PIB therapy for this special population in Japan.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection with direct-acting antiviral agent-based regimens in Iranian patients with hereditary bleeding disorders

Background

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is one of the most important comorbidities in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders (HBD). The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA)-based interferon-free HCV antiviral regimens in patients with HBD.

Patients and methods

The present study was performed on the patients with HBD and CHC between 2015 and 2019. Sofosbuvir-based interferon-free regimens with or without ribavirin were prescribed to treat HCV infection. The main endpoint of the study was to determine the sustained virologic response (SVR), assessed 12 weeks after the completion of treatment.

Results

A total of 147 patients with a mean age of 41.1 years were enrolled in the study; 4.1% of them were co-infected with HIV, 25.2% had cirrhosis, and 76.9% of them were diagnosed with hemophilia A. HCV genotype-1 includes the largest number (68.1%) of patients. 46.3% of patients were treatment-naïve and others had a treatment history with interferon-based regimens. Out of 147 patients, 15 patients were lost to follow-up during treatment or for SVR evaluation or discontinued treatment. 132 subjects completed treatment and were evaluated for SVR, 12 weeks after the completion of treatment. All of the patients achieved SVR 12 (SVR rate: 100%, 95% CI 97.2–100%).

Conclusion

Hepatitis C DAA-based regimens are the effective treatments for CHC in patients with HBD, regardless of the treatment modifiers such as previous treatment experience, cirrhosis, HIV co-infection, and HCV genotype.

Viral hepatitis in haemophilia: historical perspective and current management

The introduction of clotting factor concentrates has substantially improved the lives of people with clotting factor deficiencies. Unfortunately, the transmission of blood-borne viral infections through these plasma-derived products led to a huge epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in people with haemophilia (PWH). In a significant proportion of PWH exposed to these viruses, the ensuing decades-long chronic infection resulted in excess morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, developments in the safety of blood products, as well as vaccination and highly effective antiviral treatments have improved the prospects of PWH. The present article reviews the background of the viral hepatitis epidemic in PWH, the natural history of hepatitis B and C infections and their long-term management.

Long-Term Follow-Up of a Portuguese Single-Centre Cohort of Persons with Haemophilia and Hepatitis C Virus Infection

INTRODUCTION

Persons with haemophilia (PWH) used to represent a population with a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection due to the use of contaminated blood products. Although the goals of antiviral therapy are the same as the general population, long real-life follow-up data regarding their outcomes are still scarce. Our aim was to report the outcomes of HCV infection and the results of antiviral therapy in PWH.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed in a single-centre cohort of PWH with positive HCV antibody. Outcomes registered were rate of spontaneous clearance of HCV, sustained virologic response (SVR) achievement, development of end-stage liver disease, and all-cause and liver-related mortality.

RESULTS

Out of 131 PWH, 73 (55.7%) had positive HCV antibody. During a median follow-up time of 22 years, 46 patients (63.9%) developed chronic hepatitis C, of which 16 (34.8%) developed cirrhosis. Treatment was pursued in 34 PWH. Most (n = 32) were first treated with interferon (IFN)-based regimens with SVR rates of 40.6%. Direct-acting antivirals were used in 14 IFN-experienced and 2 naïve patients, with an overall SVR rate of 100%. Overall, 17 patients (23.3%) died during the follow-up, only 4 related to liver disease. Of these, none had achieved SVR.

CONCLUSIONS

We describe the outcomes of a cohort of Portuguese PWH and hepatitis C exposure after two decades of follow-up, with a lower mortality than previously described. Our response rates to HCV treatment were comparable to those in the general population and stress the importance of early treatment.

Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in Children: A Challenge for Hepatitis C Virus Elimination

Hepatitis C is a global public health threat. The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) brings the prospect of curing the 71 million people living with the disease, dramatically changing the landscape of hepatitis C. The World Health Organization developed a roadmap for the elimination and cure of hepatitis C by 2030 with a clear goal with measurable targets. However, there is a lack of a well-defined strategy to tackle the hepatitis C virus (HCV) problem in children and adolescents vis-à-vis the adult population. Hepatitis C in children and adolescents can be addressed as part of a national policy for elimination in the whole population, namely macroelimination, or could be fragmented into a microelimination approach targeting the high-risk population groups. Children born to HCV-infected mothers, adolescents who are injecting drugs, migrants, and those suffering from inherited blood diseases are important target populations. After the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the use of DAAs in children aged 3 years and above, evidence from clinical trials and real-world experience was accumulated using brand and generic medicines, with sustained virological response rates exceeding 95%. The evidence created should guide policies on the management of hepatitis C in children and adolescents. There are many challenges in managing HCV in this left-behind marginalized population. The lack of awareness and epidemiological data, consent age, prohibitive prices of medicines, and absence of policies on access to diagnostics, treatment, and linkage to care are among the many barriers to service delivery that should be addressed to achieve the elimination goal by 2030.

2020 Taiwan consensus statement on the management of hepatitis C: Part (II) special populations

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a silent killer that leads to rapid progression of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High prevalence of HCV infection has been reported in Taiwan, especially in high-risk populations including people who inject drugs (PWID) and patients requiring dialysis. Besides, certain populations merit special considerations due to suboptimal outcome, potential drug-drug interaction, or possible side effect. Therefore, in the second part of this 2-part consensus, the Taiwan Association for the Study of the Liver (TASL) proposes the treatment recommendations for the special population in order to serve as guidance to optimizing the outcome in the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era. Special populations include patients with acute or recent HCV infection, previous DAA failure, chronic kidney disease, decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, liver and other solid organ transplantations, receiving an HCV viremic organ, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV dual infection, HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, active tuberculosis infection, PWID, bleeding disorders and hemoglobinopathies, children and adolescents, and pregnancy. Moreover, future perspectives regarding the management of hepatitis C are also discussed and summarized in this consensus statement.

Full-genome analysis of hepatitis C virus in HIV-coinfected hemophiliac Japanese patients

AIM

More than 1400 Japanese hemophiliacs acquired HIV infection around 1983 through contaminated blood products imported from the USA, most of whom also acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To delineate the HCV genetic relations in HIV-coinfected hemophiliacs, we analyzed stocked plasma samples of the patients seen at the largest referral center for HIV care in Japan.

METHODS

Hepatitis C virus full-genome sequences were amplified and determined using next-generation sequencing, and genotyping and phylogenetic analyses of these sequences were carried out. The results of these hemophiliacs were compared with those of previously studied HIV-coinfected Japanese non-hemophiliacs who had undergone similar analysis of HCV full-genome sequences.

RESULTS

From 1997 to the end of 2017, 72 HIV-infected Japanese hemophiliacs regularly visited our outpatient clinic. Of these, 51 patients had detectable plasma HCV-RNA. The HCV full genome was successfully amplified and sequenced in 50 patients. Not only HCV genotypes 1b (28%) and 2a (6%), which are common in Japan, but also HCV genotypes 1a (32%) and 3a (22%) were identified at high frequency. A single case of intergenotypic recombinant form (2b/1a) and a single case of mixed infection (1a and 3a) were also identified. Each sequence derived from hemophiliacs was more than 0.05 genetic distance away from the other sequences in phylogenetic analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Various HCV genotypes were identified in Japanese hemophiliacs, a finding that reflects the HCV genotypic distribution in the USA. The genetic distance among them are the results of viral evolution in each patient plus HCV genetic diversity in the USA.

High rate of sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals in haemophiliacs with HCV infection: A multicenter study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chronic hepatitis C is the main co-morbidity in adult patients with haemophilia (PwH). It causes progressive liver damage leading to end-stage liver disease and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Eradication of HCV was possible with interferon (IFN)-based regimens in the past and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) more recently. PwH have been considered "difficult-to-treat" because of several bad predictors of response. The advent of DAAs has provided high rates of sustained virological response (SVR) despite bad prognostic factors. Here, we present the results of antiviral treatment with DAAs in PwH treated in 2 large Italian Hemophilia Treatment Centers.

METHODS

PwH and chronic hepatitis C sustained by any HCV genotype were eligible for therapy with DAAs, including those with compensated cirrhosis, HIV infection and/or previous failure to IFN-based antiviral therapy. Patients received DAAs for 8-24 weeks according to existing guidelines. SVR was defined as persistent negative serum HCV-RNA at 12 weeks after treatment completion (SVR12).

RESULTS

Between January 2015 and November 2018, 200 patients aged 21-84 years (median: 50.5) received DAAs. HCV genotype 1 was the most prevalent (158, 79%). Forty patients (20%) were HIV positive, 56 (28%) had cirrhosis and 91 (46%) previously failed interferon-based treatment. Ribavirin was used in 70 (35%). HCV-RNA was undetectable at week 4 in 124/192 (65%) and SVR12 was achieved in 193/195 (99%). No patient had serious side effects related to DAAs.

CONCLUSIONS

DAAs were safe and highly effective in PwH irrespective of HIV status, stage of liver disease severity and/or previous failure to IFN-based therapy.

Viral Hepatitis C Therapy: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations: A 2019 Update

It has been estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that over 71 million people were infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 2015. Since then, a number of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens have been licensed for the treatment of chronic HCV infection: sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, elbasvir/grazoprevir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir. With these treatment regimens, almost all chronic HCV-infected patients, even including prior DAA failures, can be treated effectively and safely. It is therefore likely that further development of DAAs will be limited. In this descriptive review we provide an overview of the clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics of currently available DAAs by describing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Potential drug-drug interactions with the DAAs are briefly discussed. Furthermore, we summarize what is known about the pharmacodynamics of the DAAs in terms of efficacy and safety. We briefly discuss the relationship between the pharmacokinetics of the DAAs and efficacy or toxicity in special populations, such as hard to cure patients and patients with liver cirrhosis, liver transplantation, renal impairment, hepatitis B virus or HIV co-infection, bleeding disorders, and children. The aim of this overview is to educate/update prescribers and pharmacists so that they are able to safely and effectively treat HCV-infected patients even in the presence of underlying co-infections or co-morbidities.

Hepatitis C infection in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders: epidemiology, natural history, and management

Hereditary bleeding disorders include a group of diseases with abnormalities of coagulation. Prior to 1990, infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) was mainly transmitted via pooled plasma products as a treatment for hereditary bleeding disorders. Anti-HCV positivity in these patients may be as high as >70% in some areas, while some of them have also been coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Since about 20% of HCV-infected patients clear the infection naturally, chronic HCV infection represents a significant health problem in this group of patients. Mortality due to chronic HCV infection is estimated to be >10 times higher in patients with hemophilia than in the general population, and is mainly due to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The antiviral treatment of HCV in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders is not different from that of any other infected patients. Nevertheless, many patients with hereditary bleeding disorders have declined (Peg)interferon-based treatment because of side effects. In recent years, multiple orally administrated direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have been approved for HCV treatment. Unfortunately, there is not much experience from treating these patients with DAA regimens, as major studies and real-life data did not include adequate numbers of patients with inherited hemorrhagic disorders. However, the available data indicate that DAAs have an excellent safety profile with a sustained virological response rate of >90%.

Current and future challenges in HCV: insights from an Italian experts panel

BACKGROUND

The recent availability of direct acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) has drastically changed hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment scenarios, due to the exceedingly high rates of sustained virological response (SVR) and excellent tolerability allowing for treatment at all disease stages.

METHODS

A panel of Italian experts was convened twice, in November 2016 and January 2017, to provide further support on some open issues and provide guidance for personalized HCV care, also in light of forthcoming regimens.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Treatment recommendations issued by international and national liver societies to guide clinicians in the management of HCV infection are constantly updated due to accumulating new data. Such recommendations may not be applicable to all healthcare settings for a variety of reasons. Moreover, some gaps still remain and the spectrum of patients to be treated is also evolving.

Interferon-free therapy with direct acting antivirals for HCV/HIV-1 co-infected Japanese patients with inherited bleeding disorders

Introduction

Almost 30 years ago, about 30% of Japanese hemophiliacs became infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) after receiving contaminated blood products. While several studies have reported the high efficacy and safety of direct acting antivirals (DAA) in HIV-1 co-infected patients, such data are limited in hemophiliacs.

Methods

We conducted a single-center, open-label study involving 27 Japanese patients (median age; 45 years) with inherited bleeding disorders who were co-infected with HCV/HIV-1. Patients with HCV genotype 1 (GT1) and GT4 received ledipasvir (90 mg) plus sofosbuvir (400 mg), those with HCV GT2 received sofosbuvir plus weight-based ribavirin, and those with HCV GT3 received daclatasvir (60 mg) plus sofosbuvir. Treatment was continued for 12 weeks in all patients. The primary endpoints were rate of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after end of therapy (SVR12) and occurrence of adverse events during DAA therapy.

Results

Eighteen (67%) patients had had received interferon-based therapy, and 11 (41%) had compensated cirrhosis. HCV genotypes were GT1a 4 (15%), GT1b 16 (59%), GT1 undetermined 2 (7%), GT2a 1 (4%), GT3a 3 (11%) and GT4a 1 (4%). All patients were on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and had undetectable HIV-1 viral load (<20 copies/μL) at baseline. All patients achieved SVR12. Serious adverse events were observed in 3 patients: arteritis of the leg, which resolved after completion of DAA therapy, asymptomatic QT prolongation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. cART failure was noted in one patient due to emergence of raltegravir resistance during ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment. Although α-fetoprotein, Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi), and Fibro Scan (FS) scores decreased in most patients during DAA therapy, M2BPGi (>2.0 cutoff index) and FS scores (>15.0 kPa) were still high in 6 patients at week 36.

Conclusions

DAA therapy is effective in all patients. However, adverse events and efficacy of cART should be monitored closely.