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Di Bella S, Sanson G, Monticelli J, Zerbato V, Principe L, Giuffrè M, Pipitone G, Luzzati R. Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0013523. [PMID: 38421181 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bella
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sanson
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Monticelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Principe
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pipitone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
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2
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Callegari M, Danziger-Isakov LA, Rose A, Kaul D, Shaffer K, Chong PP, Florescu D, German K, Avery R, Nguyen MH, Wildfeuer B, Michaels MG, Green M, Guo K, Zhao L, Daud A, Ison MG. Presentation, management, and outcomes of norovirus in adult and pediatric solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: A multicenter, retrospective study. Transpl Infect Dis 2024; 26:e14270. [PMID: 38526183 PMCID: PMC11187763 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) can cause chronic relapsing and remitting diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. Few multicenter studies have described the clinical course, outcomes, and complications of chronic NoV in transplant recipients. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study of adult and pediatric SOT and HSCT recipients diagnosed with NoV between November 1, 2017, and February 28, 2021. Data were obtained from electronic medical records (EMR) and entered into a central REDCap database. Descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS A total of 280 NoV+ patients were identified across eight sites. The majority were adults (74.1%) and SOT recipients (91.4%). Initial diagnosis of NoV occurred a median of 36 months post-Tx (IQR [15.0, 90.0]). Most NoV cases had >3 diarrheal episodes daily (66.0%), nausea and vomiting (60.1%). Duration of diarrhea varied greatly (median = 10 days, mean = 85.9 days, range (1, 2100)). 71.3% were hospitalized. Adjustment of immunosuppression, including reduction and discontinuation of mToR inhibitor, CNI, and/or MMF, was the most common management intervention for NoV. Other therapies resulted only in temporary improvement. Four patients died within 30 days and three others died by 180 days postdiagnosis. Clinically significant renal dysfunction was observed in 12.5% by 30 days and 21.4% by 180 days post-NoV diagnosis. CONCLUSION In HSCT and SOT patients, NoV frequently resulted in severe symptoms, prolonged diarrhea (30% persistent with diarrhea for >30 days), and clinically significant renal dysfunction (up to 21% of patients). Utilized therapies did not reliably result in the resolution of infection demonstrating the need for more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Callegari
- Divisions of Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lara A. Danziger-Isakov
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Anne Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Daniel Kaul
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kelly Shaffer
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pearlie P. Chong
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Diana Florescu
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kaci German
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Robin Avery
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - M. Hong Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brett Wildfeuer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Marian G. Michaels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kexin Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Amna Daud
- Divisions of Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael G. Ison
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
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3
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Minniear TD, Vora S. How we treat diarrhea in pediatric transplant patients: a brief review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1287445. [PMID: 38161440 PMCID: PMC10755468 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1287445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a common problem faced by both hematopoietic and solid organ transplant recipients. The differential diagnosis is wide, ranging from infectious to non-infectious causes and from benign to emergent illness. Here we present two patients with diarrhea and discuss our approaches to the diagnostic evaluation and management of transplant recipients with diarrhea. We also include a review of the literature and discuss areas in need of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Dean Minniear
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Surabhi Vora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Abbas A, Zimmer AJ, Florescu D. Viral Enteritis in Solid-Organ Transplantation. Viruses 2021; 13:2019. [PMID: 34696449 PMCID: PMC8541384 DOI: 10.3390/v13102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk for infections due to chronic immunosuppression. Diarrhea is a commonly encountered problem post transplantation, with infectious causes of diarrhea being a frequent complication. Viral infections/enteritides in solid organ transplant recipients often result from frequently encountered pathogens in this population such as cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus. However, several emerging viral pathogens are increasingly being recognized as more sensitive diagnostic techniques become available. Treatment is often limited to supportive care and reduction in immunosuppression, though antiviral therapies mayplay a role in the treatment in certain diseases. Viral enteritis is an important entity that contributes to morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Abbas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.J.Z.); (D.F.)
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Nordström EA, Teixeira C, Montelius C, Jeppsson B, Larsson N. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v (LP299V ®): three decades of research. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:441-465. [PMID: 34365915 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the in vitro, animal, and clinical studies with the bacterial strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v (L. plantarum 299v; formerly named Lactobacillus plantarum 299v) published up until June 30, 2020. L. plantarum 299v is the most documented L. plantarum strain in the world, described in over 170 scientific publications out of which more than 60 are human clinical studies. The genome sequence of L. plantarum 299v has been determined and is available in the public domain (GenBank Accession number: NZ_LEAV01000004). The probiotic strain L. plantarum 299v was isolated from healthy human intestinal mucosa three decades ago by scientists at Lund University, Sweden. Thirty years later, a wealth of data coming from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies exist, showing benefits primarily for gastrointestinal health, such as reduced flatulence and abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Moreover, several clinical studies have shown positive effects of L. plantarum 299v on iron absorption and more recently also on iron status. L. plantarum 299v is safe for human consumption and does not confer antibiotic resistance. It survives the harsh conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract, adheres to mannose residues on the intestinal epithelial cells and has in some cases been re-isolated more than ten days after administration ceased. Besides studying health benefits, research groups around the globe have investigated L. plantarum 299v in a range of applications and processes. L. plantarum 299v is used in many different food applications as well as in various dietary supplements. In a freeze-dried format, L. plantarum 299v is robust and stable at room temperature, enabling long shelf-lives of consumer healthcare products such as capsules, tablets, or powder sachets. The strain is patent protected for a wide range of indications and applications worldwide as well as trademarked as LP299V®.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Teixeira
- Probi AB, Ideongatan 1A, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - B Jeppsson
- Department of Surgery, Lund University, Universitetssjukhuset, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - N Larsson
- Probi AB, Ideongatan 1A, 22370 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Gras J, Abdel-Nabey M, Dupont A, Le Goff J, Molina JM, Peraldi MN. Clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome of severe Norovirus infection in kidney transplant patients: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:351. [PMID: 33858369 PMCID: PMC8048172 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Norovirus (HuNoV) has recently been identified as a major cause of diarrhea among kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Data regarding risk factors associated with the occurrence of HuNoV infection, and its long-term impact on kidney function are lacking. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study including all KTR with a diagnosis of HuNoV diarrhea. Each case was matched to a single control according to age and date of transplantation, randomly selected among our KTR cohort and who did not develop HuNoV infection. Risk factors associated with HuNoV infection were identified using conditional logistic regression, and survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results From January 2012 to April 2018, 72 cases of NoV diarrhea were identified among 985 new KT, leading to a prevalence of HuNoV infection of 7.3%. Median time between kidney transplantation and diagnosis was 46.5 months (Inter Quartile Range [IQR]:17.8–81.5), and the median duration of symptoms 40 days (IQR: 15–66.2). Following diagnosis, 93% of the cases had a reduction of immunosuppression. During follow-up, de novo Donor Specific Antibody (DSA) were observed in 8 (9%) cases but none of the controls (p = 0.01). Acute rejection episodes were significantly more frequent among cases (13.8% versus 4.2% in controls; p = 0,03), but there was no difference in serum creatinine level at last follow-up between the two groups (p = 0.08). Pre-transplant diabetes and lymphopenia below 1000/mm3 were identified as risks factors for HuNoV infection in multivariate analysis. Conclusion HuNoV infection is a late-onset and prolonged infection among KTR. The current management, based on the reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, is responsible for the appearance of de novo DSA and an increase in acute rejection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gras
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,INSERM U944, "Cellular Biology of Viral Interactions" Team, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Moustafa Abdel-Nabey
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Department, APHP Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Dupont
- Biostatistics and Medical IT Department, APHP- Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris ECSTRA Team, UMR 1153 INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Le Goff
- Virology Department, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U944, "Cellular Biology of Viral Interactions" Team, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie Noëlle Peraldi
- INSERM U944, "Cellular Biology of Viral Interactions" Team, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Department, APHP Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
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7
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Kwon J, Stancampiano FF. 56-Year-Old Man With Profuse Diarrhea. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:478-482. [PMID: 33549265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kwon
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Fernando F Stancampiano
- Advisor to resident and Consultant in Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will focus on the epidemiology and cause of diarrheal illness in solid organ transplant and stem-cell transplant population recipients with a specific focus on the role of advanced multiplex technology in the diagnosis of diarrhea within this patient population. RECENT FINDINGS A wide range of infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea have been described in immunocompromised patients. The most common infections noted are Clostridioides difficile, norovirus, and cytomegalovirus, whereas immunosuppressive drugs and mucositis are the most common noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Historically, diagnostic evaluation has been limited to an array of single pathogen assays. Newer multiplex assays have become available that allow rapid, sensitive detection of a wide range of pathogens in a single assay. These assays have improved the number of patients with a diagnosed pathogen but may identify colonizing pathogens that are not pathogenic. Studies are needed to inform the discrimination and optimal use of these newer assays. SUMMARY Diarrhea is a common complication in immunocompromised patients and is associated with greater morbidity and rare mortality. New diagnostics facilitate detection of recognized pathogens and may allow for improved outcomes through the use of pathogen-targeted therapy.
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9
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Clostridioides difficile in transplant patients: early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:307-313. [PMID: 31116134 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clostridioides difficile infection is common in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These populations are also underrepresented in clinical trials, making optimal management difficult. Because of this, management of these populations follows national guideline recommendations. This review aims to summarize the recent relevant literature pertaining to the clinical management of C. difficile infection in transplant patients, with a particular focus on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Early diagnosis of C. difficile colonization may mitigate both horizontal and vertical transmission (progression from colonization to colitis) of infection. Once diagnosed, recent literature suggests antibiotic treatment should align with that recommended by national guidelines. Fecal microbiota transplant is an emerging therapy for recurrent C. difficile infection, and recent data have demonstrated safety and efficacy. Prevention strategies including antimicrobial stewardship, probiotic administration, antibiotic administration, and bezlotoxumab may be beneficial in transplant populations, but more data are needed to confirm recent findings. SUMMARY Studies evaluating C. difficile infection in transplant patients are only recently starting to emerge. Further research is needed to identify optimal treatment and prevention strategies, and to examine novel strategies such as microbiome manipulation.
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10
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Revolinski SL, Munoz-Price LS. Clostridium difficile in Immunocompromised Hosts: A Review of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:2144-2153. [PMID: 30281082 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen in healthcare today, impacting both hospitalized and community-based patients. Immunocompromised patients experience a high incidence of C. difficile infection, ranging from 6% to 33% in the hematology-oncology population and up to 23% among lung transplant recipients, and have a rate of 7.1-8.3 cases per 1000 patient-years in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recurrence of C. difficile infections among immunocompromised patients is also high, with rates up to 40% in both the hematology-oncology population and solid organ transplant recipients. This higher incidence of C. difficile infection and recurrence is believed to be secondary to frequent antimicrobial use, suppressed immune function, increased exposure to healthcare settings, and higher prevalence of C. difficile colonization. This review summarizes published data describing the epidemiology, risk factors for acquisition and infection, treatment, and prevention of C. difficile in hematology-oncology, solid organ transplant, and HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lynn Revolinski
- Department of Pharmacy, Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Froedtert Hospital, Milwaukee.,School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - L Silvia Munoz-Price
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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11
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Hanajiri R, Sani GM, Saunders D, Hanley PJ, Chopra A, Mallal SA, Sosnovtsev SV, Cohen JI, Green KY, Bollard CM, Keller MD. Generation of Norovirus-Specific T Cells From Human Donors With Extensive Cross-Reactivity to Variant Sequences: Implications for Immunotherapy. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:578-588. [PMID: 31562500 PMCID: PMC7325618 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic norovirus infection in immunocompromised patients can be severe, and presently there is no effective treatment. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of many viral infections, and this could represent a novel treatment approach for chronic norovirus infection. Hence, we sought to generate human norovirus-specific T cells (NSTs) that can recognize different viral sequences. METHODS Norovirus-specific T cells were generated from peripheral blood of healthy donors by stimulation with overlapping peptide libraries spanning the entire coding sequence of the norovirus genome. RESULTS We successfully generated T cells targeting multiple norovirus antigens with a mean 4.2 ± 0.5-fold expansion after 10 days. Norovirus-specific T cells comprised both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that expressed markers for central memory and effector memory phenotype with minimal expression of coinhibitory molecules, and they were polyfunctional based on cytokine production. We identified novel CD4- and CD8-restricted immunodominant epitopes within NS6 and VP1 antigens. Furthermore, NSTs showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to multiple variant epitopes from clinical isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify immunodominant human norovirus T-cell epitopes and demonstrate that it is feasible to generate potent NSTs from third-party donors for use in antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hanajiri
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gelina M Sani
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Devin Saunders
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Kizilbash SJ, Sudel B, Anderson JA, Verghese PS. Use of oral immunoglobulins to treat diarrhea in pediatric kidney transplant recipients-Single-center experience and review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13582. [PMID: 31515921 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment modalities for diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients are lacking. We evaluated the effect of oral IgG on clinical course of diarrhea in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. We retrospectively studied all pediatric kidney transplant recipients who required hospitalization for diarrhea between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017. We divided the recipients into two groups based on whether they had received oral IgG to treat diarrhea. Sixteen pediatric kidney transplant recipients required hospitalization for diarrhea over 3 years. Median age at admission was 9.25 years (IQR:12.54). Fifty-six percent of recipients were male, and 81% were white. Four patients received oral IgG for prolonged diarrhea. Oral IgG recipients had longer diarrheal duration before admission (median (days) 14.5 vs1; P .02), a trend for greater weight loss at admission (median (kilogram) 1.4 vs 0.2; P .3), and a trend for higher acute kidney injury (>75% reduction in glomerular filtration rate: 100% vs 42%; P .36). Diarrhea resolved completely in 3 (75%) oral IgG recipients and 7 (58%) non-oral IgG patients by discharge (P .99). One oral IgG recipient showed partial improvement but also had biopsy evidence of mycophenolate-induced colitis. All patients tolerated oral IgG well. No patients required re-hospitalization within 30 days of discharge. Oral IgG may be used safely and effectively to treat prolonged diarrhea in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. A larger, randomized, prospective study is needed to further assess the efficacy of oral IgG in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Kizilbash
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Boris Sudel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jessica A Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Priya S Verghese
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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13
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Young BA, Hanson KE, Gomez CA. Molecular Diagnostic Advances in Transplant Infectious Diseases. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:52. [PMID: 31773290 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The infectious complications of transplantation can have devastating consequences for patients. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to good outcomes. This review describes recent advances in pathogen-directed diagnostic testing and discusses the role of new methods for transplant infectious diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Several molecular assays have been introduced into clinical practice in recent years. When the results of rapid testing are linked to patient-specific interventions, improved outcomes can be realized. Syndromic testing along with metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) represents novel approaches to infection diagnosis. However, the optimal use of these tests for transplant patients along with an overall assessment of cost-effectiveness demands further study. Molecular diagnostics are revolutionizing transplant care. Clinicians need to be aware of the current diagnostic landscape and have a working knowledge of the nuances related to test performance, result interpretation, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Associated Regional and University Pathologists Laboratories (ARUP), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Associated Regional and University Pathologists Laboratories (ARUP), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carlos A Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Room 4B319, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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14
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Deltombe C, Lefebvre M, Morio F, Boutoille D, Imbert BM, Le Pape P, Raffi F, Hourmant M. Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis as causes of diarrhea in kidney and/or pancreas transplant recipients. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:407-413. [PMID: 31472993 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal disorders in solid organ recipients may have various origins including cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. The prevalence of these infections is poorly known in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients in industrialized countries. METHODS We prospectively assessed the infectious causes of diarrhea in SOT patients. Secondary objectives were to gain further insight into the main characteristics of cryptosporidiosis, and to assess risk factors for this infection. All adult kidney and/or pancreas recipients presenting with diarrhea and admitted to our facility between May 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015 were enrolled. A stool sample was analyzed using a standardized protocol including bacteriological, virological, and parasitological investigations. Data related to clinical symptoms, immunosuppression, and environmental potential risk factors were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and computerized medical records. RESULTS Out of 73 enrolled patients, 36 had infectious diarrhea (49.3%). Viruses ranked first (17/36), followed by parasites and fungi (11/17). Cryptosporidiosis was the most common parasitic disease (n=6 patients). We observed four microsporidiosis cases. The estimated prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in this cohort was 3.7 and 2.40/00, respectively. No significant risk factor for cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis, neither environmental nor immunological, could be evidenced. CONCLUSION Both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis represent a significant cause of diarrhea in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deltombe
- Institute for Transplantation, Urology and Nephrology (ITUN) Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - M Lefebvre
- Infectious Diseases Department and CIC 1413, Inserm, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - F Morio
- Parasitology and Medical Mycology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - D Boutoille
- Infectious Diseases Department and CIC 1413, Inserm, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - B M Imbert
- Virology Department, Nantes University Hospital, 4000 Nantes, France
| | - P Le Pape
- Parasitology and Medical Mycology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - F Raffi
- Infectious Diseases Department and CIC 1413, Inserm, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - M Hourmant
- Institute for Transplantation, Urology and Nephrology (ITUN) Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
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Clostridium difficile: A Frequent Infection in Children After Intestinal Transplantation. Transplantation 2019; 104:197-200. [PMID: 31205257 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ transplantation (Tx) is a risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). After intestinal transplantation (ITx), few data are available on the impact of this graft infection and the possible induction of rejection. METHODS We included retrospectively all children after ITx in our unit, with at least 1 year of graft survival. All samples positive for Clostridium difficile (CD) and its toxin were considered. RESULTS Among the 57 ITx recipients (60 Txs), 22 children (39%) developed culture-proven CDI, 12 after isolated small bowel Tx, 9 after liver-small bowel Tx, and 1 after multivisceral Tx. Twenty patients had diarrhea, 8 bloody stools, 4 fever, and 1 hypothermia. Nine were hospitalized for an average of 6.5 days (2-20) and 4 with severe dehydration. Nine (40%) had received antibiotics for an average of 19 days (7-60) before CDI. Two patients were asymptomatic. CDI was treated with metronidazole in 12 children, vancomycin in 6, and both in 3. Three children presented mild-to-severe rejections. Two patients presented concomitantly CDI and rejection. The third patient presented a rejection with severe complications 4 years after CDI. Recurrence of toxinogenic CD was observed in 9 children, in 7 associated with clinical symptoms. During the last follow-up, the stool number was the same as before CDI except for 1 patient with ongoing infection. CONCLUSIONS CDI is more prevalent in children after ITx compared with other organ Tx; it is most often symptomatic but mildly or moderately severe. Standard antibiotics efficiently control the symptoms. Induction of rejection is a rare event.
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16
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Kim JE, Ha J, Kim YS, Han SS. Effect of severe diarrhoea on kidney transplant outcomes. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 25:255-263. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Transplantation CenterSeoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Transplantation CenterSeoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Transplantation CenterSeoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Transplantation CenterSeoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
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Madden GR, Sifri CD. Reduced Clostridioides difficile Tests Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Through a Diagnostic Stewardship Bundled Intervention. Ann Transplant 2019; 24:304-311. [PMID: 31133632 PMCID: PMC6559179 DOI: 10.12659/aot.915168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a frequent complication of solid organ transplantation, especially in the early post-transplantation period. Overdiagnosis of CDI is likely common in hospitals using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), potentially leading to unnecessary iatrogenesis and cost. Recently, multiple studies have shown that computerized clinical decision support (CCDS)-based interventions can significantly reduce inappropriate C. difficile testing and healthcare facility-onset CDI events across hospitals and health systems. We aimed to determine if a CCDS-based intervention could reduce C. difficile testing and surveillance infection events among recent solid organ transplant recipients, a population at high risk for CDI. We also sought to determine the safety of the CCDS intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS Quasi-experimental census-adjusted interrupted time-series analyses were performed retrospectively to examine testing and CDI events pre- and post-intervention. Mortality and readmissions rates were also examined. RESULTS A significant 33% relative reduction in tests and a nonsignificant trend towards fewer CDI events were observed following the intervention, without significant differences in mortality or 30-day readmission. A review of patients with positive C. difficile NAATs after prevented tests revealed no specific adverse events attributable to a possible delay in CDI diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS CCDS may be a helpful and safe adjunctive strategy to reduce unnecessary testing in accordance with guideline recommendations among solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Madden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Costi D Sifri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Office of Hospital Epidemiology/Infection Prevention and Control, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA
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18
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Rolak S, Di Bartolomeo S, Jorgenson MR, Saddler CM, Singh T, Astor BC, Parajuli S. Outcomes of Norovirus diarrheal infections and
Clostridioides difficile
infections in kidney transplant recipients: A single‐center retrospective study. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13053. [PMID: 30689283 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Rolak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
| | - Sarah Di Bartolomeo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
| | | | - Christopher M. Saddler
- Division of Infection Disease, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
| | - Tripti Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
| | - Brad C. Astor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Population Health Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
| | - Sandesh Parajuli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
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Abstract
In June 2015, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with 35 cases (23 probable and 12 laboratory-confirmed) occurred among 191 attendees of a residential rehabilitation holiday for paediatric organ transplant patients (n = 49) and their families at a hotel in Somogy county, Hungary. The overall attack rate was 18%. Most of the cases were transplanted children who experienced severe acute disease and required adjustment to their tacrolimus immunosuppression. A retrospective case-control study suggested an association between recreational water exposures and illness: cases were seven times more likely than controls to have swum in the children's pool (odds ratio 7.17; 95% confidence interval 2.9–17.2; P < 0.0001) and five times more likely to have used the jetted whirlpool (odds ratio 5.25; 95% confidence interval 2.1–13.1; P < 0.0001). This was the first outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Hungary and it is especially unfortunate that it affected vulnerable children who experienced severe symptoms. Cryptosporidium presents specific infection control difficulties in treated recreational water venues; the link to a whirlpool is unusual and highlights the importance of the age-appropriate use of these facilities and reminding users not to immerse their heads or swallow the water. Cryptosporidiosis is more commonly linked to children’ pools where improved bather hygiene and promoting exclusion of diarrhoea cases could help to avoid similar outbreaks.
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20
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Traveler's Diarrhea Recommendations for Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors. Transplantation 2018; 102:S35-S41. [PMID: 29381576 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Reduces the Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection in Nephrology and Transplantation Ward-Results of One Year Extended Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111574. [PMID: 30355985 PMCID: PMC6266863 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (LP299v) is a probiotic strain which influences on the intestinal bacterial flora. This is why, it has been introduced into clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of diarrheal disorders and alleviation of their symptoms in patients during antibiotic therapy. However, the use of probiotics in the prophylaxis of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in these patients is problematic. The aim of this clinical, retrospective, single-centre study was to analyse the incidence of CDI among patients hospitalized in the nephrology and transplantation ward in the period before, during and after stopping of LP299v prophylaxis. Methods: Among 5341 patients hospitalized in the nephrology and transplantation ward over a three year period, 34 patients with CDI were diagnosed and included in this analysis. From December 2013 to December 2014 all patients under antibiotic and immunosuppressive therapies received LP299v as a prophylaxis of CDI. The observation period consisted of three twelve-months periods: before, during LP299v use and after stopping of such method of CDI prevention. Results: A significant (p = 0.0003) reduction of CDI incidence during LP299v use (0.11%) was observed compared to two other periods, that is, before and after LP299v use (1.03% and 0.77%, respectively). Conclusions: Routine use of LP299v as a CDI prophylaxis may prevent CDI during antibiotics therapy in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents in nephrology and transplantation ward.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the most important etiologic agents of infectious diarrhea in critically ill transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Diarrhea, frequently caused by infectious pathogens, can cause significant morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration, acute renal failure, medication toxicity, rejection, graft-versus-host disease and impairs patients' quality of life. Opportunistic infectious pathogens can pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in immunocompromised hosts. SUMMARY In transplant recipients, it is vital to differentiate infectious from noninfectious diarrhea to adequately manage their therapeutic approach. Supportive measures and reduction in immunosuppression are essential for the treatment management.
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23
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Guzman L, Qiu F, Kalil AC, Mercer DF, Langnas A, Florescu DF. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in intestinal transplant recipients during the first year post-transplant. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12858. [PMID: 29427406 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea. Risk factors for C. difficile infections (CDI) in intestinal transplant recipients (ITR) are not well-defined. The aim of our study was to assess specific risk factors for CDI in ITR. METHODS This is a 1:3 case-control study that included 29 ITR who developed CDI (cases) and 87 ITR without CDI (controls) observed during the first year post-transplantation. Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare variables. Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regressions analysis were performed to identify risk factors for CDI. RESULTS The multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors (PPI) administration (odds ratio [OR] = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.007-0.52; P = .01) was the only factor associated with lower rates of CDI. Outcomes for cases vs controls: rejection episodes 24.14% vs 20.69% (P = .7), graft loss 0% vs 2.3% (P = .99), and survival rate 1 year post-transplantation 79.3% (59.6-90.1%) vs 87.2% (78.1-92.7%) (P = .38). CONCLUSIONS Proton pump inhibitor administration might be protective for CDI in ITR. Risks factors for CDI might be different in ITR compared to other populations; anatomical differences and medications administered in the post-transplantation period may affect intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guzman
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - F Qiu
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A C Kalil
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - D F Mercer
- Transplant Surgery Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Langnas
- Transplant Surgery Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - D F Florescu
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Transplant Surgery Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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25
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Nanayakkara D, Nanda N. Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 22:314-319. [PMID: 28542111 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major healthcare-associated infection that causes significant morbidity and an economic impact in the United States. In this review, we provide an overview of Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients with an emphasis on recent literature. RECENT FINDINGS C. difficile in solid organ transplant population has unique risk factors. Fecal microbiota transplantation has shown favorable results in treatment of recurrent C. difficile in this population. Preliminary data from animal studies suggests excellent efficacy with immunization against C. difficile toxins. SUMMARY Over the last decade, number of individuals receiving solid organ transplants has increased exponentially making peri-transplant complications a common occurrence.C. difficile is a frequent cause of morbidity in solid organ transplant recipients. Early and accurate diagnosis of C. difficile requires a stepwise approach. Differentiating between asymptomatic carriage and infection is a diagnostic challenge. Microbial diversity is inversely proportional to risk of C. difficile infection. Antimicrobial stewardship programs help to retain microbial diversity in individuals susceptible to CDI. Recurrent or relapsing C. difficile infection require fecal microbiota transplantation for definitive cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Nanayakkara
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California, California, USA
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26
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Oral Serum-Derived Bovine Immunoglobulin for Management of Infectious Diarrhea due to Norovirus and Cryptosporidiosis in Solid Organ Transplant Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Brown LAK, Clark I, Brown JR, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1926. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Julianne R. Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College; London UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College London; London UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation; University College London, Royal Free Campus; London UK
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28
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Montague BT, Salas CM, Montague TL, Mileno MD. The immunosuppressed patient. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Montague
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University of Colorado; Aurora Colorado USA
| | | | | | - Maria D. Mileno
- Warren Alpert Medical School; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
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29
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Chronic norovirus infection among solid organ recipients in a tertiary care hospital, the Netherlands, 2006-2014. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:265.e9-265.e13. [PMID: 28003123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunocompromised patients can suffer prolonged norovirus symptoms and virus shedding for many years. Little is known about the prevalence of chronic norovirus infection among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. In this study, 2182 SOT recipients were retrospectively tested for chronic norovirus infection. METHODS The first and last norovirus positive faecal samples of SOT recipients were sequenced to distinguish between persisting infection and re-infection. Patient charts were reviewed to obtain data on health status and treatments. RESULTS In all, 101 of 2182 (4.6%) recipients were norovirus infected and 23 (22.8%) of these developed chronic norovirus infection. Chronic norovirus infection was found among allogeneic heart, kidney and lung transplant recipients. The median shedding period at the end of the study period was 218 days (range 32-1164 days). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that chronic norovirus infection is not a rare phenomenon among SOT recipients in a tertiary-care hospital. Further research is needed to study the risk of norovirus transmission to other immunocompromised patients in the hospital and to the general population.
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30
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Brakemeier S, Taxeidi SI, Dürr M, Hofmann J, Schmidt D, Bachmann F, Gaedeke J, Budde K. Clinical outcome of norovirus infection in renal transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2016; 30:1283-1293. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brakemeier
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Michael Dürr
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology; Charité University Medicine and Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes GmbH; Berlin Germany
| | - Danilo Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Friederike Bachmann
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Gaedeke
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charité Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
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31
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Cózar-Llistó A, Ramos-Martinez A, Cobo J. Clostridium difficile Infection in Special High-Risk Populations. Infect Dis Ther 2016; 5:253-69. [PMID: 27515721 PMCID: PMC5019980 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-016-0124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use continues to be the most important risk factor for the development of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) through disruption of the indigenous microbiota of the colon. This factor, together with environmental contamination, makes hospital and other healthcare facilities the perfect breeding ground for the infection. Several groups of patients are exposed to the hospital environment and, at the same time, affected by conditions that can make CDI more prevalent, more severe or make it present a different clinical picture. The list of such conditions appears too extensive to be reviewed in a single article. Nevertheless, several groups, including the critically ill, oncological patients, solid organ and hematopoietic transplant recipients, patients with inflammatory bowel disease, patients with kidney disease and pregnant women, have generated more attention and have been studied in more detail. On the other hand, pediatric patients constitute a controversial group because the large number of asymptomatic carriers makes interpretation of clinical findings and diagnostic tests difficult, as is the development of an appropriate approach to treatment. We present an in-depth discussion of CDI in these high-risk populations and we also review the issue of CDI in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cózar-Llistó
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos-Martinez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cobo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Wang HY, Yeh MK, Tian YF, Huang YB. Effect of Prolonged Diarrhea in Renal Transplant Recipients at a Single Center in Taiwan. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:870-3. [PMID: 27234755 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-renal transplantation diarrhea is a common complication; however, it is easily ignored. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing graft function for renal transplant recipients with diarrhea. METHODS A single-center retrospective study with the use of the Hyperion data warehouse was conducted to search and evaluate for renal transplant recipients who came for medical care for diarrhea at our transplant center from January 2009 to August 2015. The clinical features of patients with diarrhea were compared with the features of recipients without diarrhea. The causes and risk factors of post-transplantation diarrhea were also evaluated. RESULTS For the 67 patients collected for the study, infectious diarrhea (ID) was confirmed in 27 patients (40.3%), and the most common causes were cytomegalovirus and Clostridium difficile infection. A significant difference was found between ID and noninfectious (NID) groups for serum creatinine change (0.31 ± 0.51 vs 0.1 ± 0.27 mg/dL; P = .0319), revealing that the impact of diarrhea on renal function was greater for ID patients. When diarrhea of ≥10 days was used as a cutoff for serum creatinine change, the change of serum creatinine became greater when the diarrhea period was longer (<7 d vs >14 d: 0.07 ± 0.22 vs 0.55 ± 0.6 mg/mL; P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS Infectious diarrhea does more damage to the kidney graft than NID in transplant recipients. If the period of diarrhea is lengthened to >10 days, the renal function of the graft would be impaired and irreversible graft loss would be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - M-K Yeh
- School of Pharmacy, and Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-F Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y-B Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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